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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating plant pathogen with a broad host range and worldwide distribution. The application of chemical fungicides is a primary strategy for controlling this pathogen. However, under the high selective pressure of chemical fungicides, fungicide resistance has emerged and gradually increased, resulting in the failure to control S. sclerotiorum in the field. Quinofumelin is a novel quinoline fungicide, but its antifungal activities against plant pathogens have been rarely reported. Here, we determined the antifungal activity of quinofumelin against S. sclerotiorum in vitro and in planta. The median effect concentration (EC50) values ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0059 µg ml−1 with a mean EC50 of 0.0017 ± 0.0009 µg ml−1 and were normally distributed (P = 0.402). In addition, no cross resistance was observed between quinofumelin and other fungicides, dimethachlone, boscalid, or carbendazim, which are commonly used to manage S. sclerotiorum. Quinofumelin did not affect glycerol and oxalic acid production of either carbendazim-sensitive or -resistant isolates. Moreover, quinofumelin exhibited excellent protective, curative, and translaminar activity against S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape leaves. Protective activity was higher than curative activity. Interestingly, quinofumelin inhibited the formation of the infection cushion in S. sclerotiorum, which may contribute to the control efficacy of quinofumelin against S. sclerotiorum in the field. Our findings indicate that quinofumelin has excellent control efficacy against S. sclerotiorum in vitro and in planta as compared with extensively used fungicides and could be used to manage carbendazim- and dimethachlone-resistance in S. sclerotiorum in the field.

In this paper, the heat transfer of microcolumn radiators with different spacing and arrangement was studied. Under the condition of constant heat flux qw , linear arrangement (LA) and cross arrangement (CA) were used to simulate the heat transfer of 10 fin spacing under different mass flow rates. The results show that Nusselt Nu and fin heat transfer coefficient hfin reduce with the increase of the transverse spacing and reduce with the increase of the vertical spacing. The Nusselt Nu and fin heat transfer coefficient hfin with the reduction of the fin spacing, and the changing trend does not change with the change of heat flux qw.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the

This paper aims to deeply understand the influence of different columnar rib spacing on the comprehensive thermal hydraulic performance of miniature columnar rib radiator, and further explore the influence of flow and heat flow density Taking 10 miniature columnar rib radiator models as research objects, the single-phase heat transfer process of square miniature columnar rib radiator was studied. The experimental results show that for 10 kinds of miniature columnar rib radiators, the relationship between the maximum temperature difference at the bottom of the ribbed substrate will change with the change of temperature, with linear arrangement and cross arrangement.The maximum and minimum values are, respectively, when the longitudinal spacing is 0.75mm and 0.25 mm, and the maximum and minimum values are, respectively, when the transverse spacing is 0.5 mm and 1.25 mm.

With the shortage of traditional fossil energy and the aggravation of global warming, the demand for transformation from traditional fossil energy to renewable energy becomes more and more urgent. Compressed air energy storage technology is a guaranteed technology to overcome the time limit of renewable energy and achieve sustainable, efficient and large-scale application of renewable resources. In order to solve the traditional compressed air energy storage technology energy output variety is single, there is low grade energy waste defects. This paper presents a compressed air energy storage system based on intermediate cooling. Through the intercooler, the system adjusts the inlet temperature of the expander, improves the output cooling quality, and realizes the coupling operation of refrigeration and energy storage. This paper establishes a thermodynamic model of the system, analyzes the effects of ambient air temperature and inlet temperature of expander on system performance, and compares the energy efficiency ratio of the system with that of compressed air refrigeration system. The simulation results show that the system can adjust the inlet temperature of expander to increase the net power consumption and achieve high quality cooling output.