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BACKGROUND Over the last few decades, 3 pathogenic pandemics have impacted the global population; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. The global disease burden has attributed to millions of deaths and morbidities, with the majority being attributed to SARS-CoV-2. As such, the evaluation of the mental health (MH) impact across healthcare professionals (HCPs), patients and the general public would be an important facet to evaluate to better understand short, medium and long-term exposures. AIM To identify and report: (1) MH conditions commonly observed across all 3 pandemics; (2) Impact of MH outcomes across HCPs, patients and the general public associated with all 3 pandemics; and (3) The prevalence of the MH impact and clinical epidemiological significance. METHODS A systematic methodology was developed and published on PROSPERO (CRD42021228697). The databases PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were used as part of the data extraction process, and publications from January 1, 1990 to August 1, 2021 were searched. MeSH terms and keywords used included Mood disorders, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Psychological stress, Psychosis, Bipolar, Mental Health, Unipolar, Self-harm, BAME, Psychiatry disorders and Psychological distress. The terms were expanded with a ‘snowballing’ method. Cox-regression and the Monte-Carlo simulation method was used in addition to I2 and Egger’s tests to determine heterogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS In comparison to MERS and SARS-CoV, it is evident SAR-CoV-2 has an ongoing MH impact, with emphasis on depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. CONCLUSION It was evident MH studies during MERS and SARS-CoV was limited in comparison to SARS-CoV-2, with much emphasis on reporting symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and sleep disturbances. The lack of comprehensive studies conducted during previous pandemics have introduced limitations to the “know-how” for clinicians and researchers to better support patients and deliver care with limited healthcare resources.

In an evaporative cooling system, hot air from outside is forced through wet cooling pads by means of a motor-driven fan. The cooling pads are moistened continuously by a water pump that delivers water to it. The cooled down air is then blown into the building. Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling. Evaporative cooling is the addition of water vapour into air, which causes a lowering of temperature of the air. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the surrounding air in the form of sensible heat, which affects the temperature of the air, and convert it into latent heat. In Evaporative cooler, pads consist of excelsior (wood wool) inside containment net. Padding media plays a large part in cooling efficiency and water consumption. The purpose of this paper is to make an evaporative desert cooler more efficient and maintenance free, by making wood wool pad slide. They are assembled in such a manner that it can slide through u-channel and the top portion is duct which can also be placed or removed easily.

The congruently melting, single phase intermetallic Ni5Ge3 has been subject to rapid solidification via drop-tube processing wherein powders, with diameters between> 850 and 150 µm, are produced. At low cooling rates (> 850 µm diameter particles,< 700 K s−1) the dominant solidification morphology, revealed after etching, is that of partial plate and lath microstructure in an otherwise featureless matrix. At slightly high cooling rates (850–150 µm diameter particles, 700–7800 K s−1) complete plate & lath microstructure observed, again imbedded within a featureless matrix. Selected area diffraction analysis in the TEM reveals that partial plate & lath are the disordered form of έ-Ni5Ge3 in a matrix of the ordered (double-superlattice) form. Partial plate & lath has a very different EBSD to the plate & lath structure. Histogram of the correlated grain orientation angle distribution across grain orientation in partial plate & lath microstructure sample from the> 850 µm fraction showing random grain orientation. However, grain orientation in plate & lath structure from 300 to 212 µm fraction displaying the distribution predominance of low angle grain boundaries.

Pandemics disrupt clinical trials worldwide, with lasting effects on research. It can severely impact clinical trialists ability to conduct safe and ethically uncompromised trials. Hence, the mounting pressure results in ethically and morally distressing decisions faced by clinical trial professionals during pandemic situations. Whilst clinical trialists attempt to think about preparedness and responses during a pandemic, the need to have an ethical framework that has real-world applicability is imperative. Pandemics are a challenging time for all, however, the safety and access to support for clinical trialists and patients within clinical trials should be at the forefront for their organisations and the government.

Metastable monotectic Cu – 50 at. % Co alloy produced by arc melting has been processed under micro gravity condition using a drop tube and subjected to differential thermal analysis (DTA). Microstructural evidence from the as solidified sample revealed that rapid cooling of the arc melt process was enough to incite liquid phase separation in the alloy. In the drop tube samples, the melting temperature of the β- phase (Cu – rich) was determined to be 1294.8 K while that of the α- phase (Co – rich) was found to vary with cobalt content.

The most devastating pandemic of this era coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although it is primarily a respiratory pathogen, it can also result in several extra-pulmonary manifestations includes gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatocellular injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), the entry receptor for the causative coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is co-express in the gastrointestinal tract, hepatocyte, and cholangiocytes similar to the respiratory mucosa. The presence of these receptors facilitates the entry into the tissue and causes direct viral tissue damage, which is a proposed mechanism of injury. Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort are common gastrointestinal manifestations, whereas derangement of liver function tests is the most hepatic manifestation in COVID-19. In this article, we reviewed on SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19 regarding gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic manifestation, the mechanisms by which the virus may inflict damage, and their management perspective.