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In molecular simulations, efficient methods for investigating equilibration and slow relaxation in dense systems are crucial yet challenging. This study focuses on the diffusional characteristics of monodisperse hard disk systems at equilibrium, comparing novel methodologies of event-chain Monte Carlo variants, specifically the Newtonian event-chain and straight event-chain algorithms. We systematically analyze both event-based and CPU time-based efficiency in liquid and solid phases, aiming to elucidate the microscopic mechanisms underlying structural relaxation. Our results demonstrate how chain length or duration, system size, and phase state influence the efficiency of diffusion dynamics, including hopping motion. This work provides insights into optimizing simulation techniques for highly packed systems and has the potential to improve our understanding of diffusion dynamics even in complex many-body systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To utilize highly spin-polarized Heusler alloys in practical spintronic devices, the realization of highly textured and structurally ordered polycrystalline thin films under limited annealing temperatures (TA) is critical. Compared to the natural [110]-texture of Heusler alloys, the [001]-texture is considered to be favorable for current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance devices due to the reduced lattice misfit with the face-centered-cubic Ag spacer layers. In this study, we fabricated [001]-oriented polycrystalline Co2FeGa0.5Ge0.5 (CFGG) Heusler alloy films epitaxially grown on a [001]-oriented polycrystalline Ag buffer layer on a thermally oxidized Si substrate, and the microstructure of the [001]-oriented Ag/CFGG bilayer film was investigated in detail. The [001]-oriented Ag films were obtained by introducing N2 into Ar during the sputtering process. The [001]-oriented CFGG films exhibited smooth interfaces, B2 ordering, and a high saturation magnetization close to the theoretical value under relatively low annealing at TA = 300 °C, which are critical for industrial applications such as read heads of hard disk drives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure clustering is a general but time‐consuming work in the study of life science. Up to now, most published tools do not support the clustering analysis on graphics processing unit (GPU) with root mean square deviation metric. In this work, we specially write codes to do the work. It supports multiple threads on multiple GPUs. To show the performance, we apply the program to a 33‐residue fragment in protein Pin1 WW domain mutant. The dataset contains 1,400,000 snapshots, which are extracted from an enhanced sampling simulation and distribute widely in the conformational space. Various testing results present that our program is quite efficient. Particularly, with two NVIDIA RTX4090 GPUs and single precision data type, the clustering calculation on 1 million snapshots is completed in a few seconds (including the uploading time of data from memory to GPU and neglecting the reading time from hard disk). This is hundreds of times faster than central processing unit. Our program could be a powerful tool for fast extraction of representative states of a molecule among its thousands to millions of candidate structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the research is the laser bonding process that joins the laser diode silicon chip with the head gimbal assembly (HGA) slider in the hard disk drive. This study introduces a new technique for Au–Sn bonding using continuous wave (CW) laser transmission. The laser beam is transmitted through a quartz crystal to heat Alumina titanium carbide (AlTiC). The absorbed laser energy melts the Au–Sn substrates, effectively joining them. Key quality characteristics for ensuring bond quality and long-term reliability include shear strength, pitch angle, and gap of the bonded joint. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to investigate the influence of process parameters such as y-stage position, x-stage position, laser power, bonding time, and bonding force on quality characteristics. Multi-response surface optimization was then carried out to achieve optimal settings for all these characteristics simultaneously. The optimal process parameters were determined to be y-stage at − 0.0166°, X-stage at − 0.0660°, laser power at 3.8 W, time at 245 ms, and force at 13 kgf. Finally, empirical model validation was performed, resulting in slight differences between the predicted and actual values of shear strength, pitch angle, and gap, which were 2.00%, 3.70%, and 0.09%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state drives (SSDs) are widely adopted in mobile devices, desktop PCs, and data centers since they offer higher throughput, lower latency, and lower power consumption to modern computing systems and applications compared with hard disk drives (HDDs). However, the performance of the SSDs can be degraded depending on the I/O access pattern due to the unique characteristics of SSDs. For example, random I/O operation degrades the SSD performance since it reduces the spatial locality and induces garbage collection (GC) overhead. In this paper, we present an address reshaping scheme in a virtual file system (VFS) called sVFS for improving performance and easy deployment. To do this, it first sequentializes a random access pattern in the VFS layer which is an abstract layer on top of a more concrete file system. Thus, our scheme is independent and easily deployed on any concrete file systems, block layer configuration (e.g., RAID), and devices. Second, we adopt a mapping table for managing sequentialized addresses, which guarantees correct read operations. Third, we support transaction processing for updating the mapping table to avoid sacrificing the consistency. We implement our scheme at the VFS layer in Linux kernel 5.15.34. The evaluation results show that our scheme improve the random write throughput by up to 27%, 36%, 34%, and 2.35× using the microbenchmark and 25%, 22%, 20%, and 3.51× using the macrobenchmark compared with the existing scheme in the case of EXT4, F2FS, XFS, and BTRFS, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using colloids effectively confined in two dimensions by a cell with a thickness comparable to the particle size, we investigate the nucleation and growth of crystallites induced by locally heating the solvent with a near-infrared laser beam. The particles, which are "thermophilic," move towards the laser spot solely because of thermophoresis with no convection effects, forming dense clusters whose structure is monitored using two order parameters that gauge the local density and the orientational ordering. We find that ordering takes place when the cluster reaches an average surface density that is still below the upper equilibrium limit for the fluid phase of hard disks, meaning that we do not detect any sign of a proper "two-stage" nucleation from a glass or a polymorphic crystal structure. The crystal obtained at late growth stage displays a remarkable uniformity with a negligible amount of defects, arguably because the incoming particles diffuse, bounce, and displace other particles before settling at the crystal interface. This "fluidization" of the outer crystal edge may resemble the surface enhanced mobility giving rise to ultra-stable glasses by physical vapor deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-1) With the increasing demand for large-scale data management and analytics, applications have diverse I/O needs, and various storage devices are being adapted for database systems to meet these specific I/O requirements. For example, traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), known for their cost-efficiency and high capacity, are used to store cold data and handle large-scale analytics. In addition, emerging Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) and Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) Solid-State Drives (SSDs), which offer high performance, are utilized for storing hot data and executing real-time analytical tasks. However, due to the distinct characteristics of these devices, careful consideration of queries, databases, I/O operations, and storage devices is essential to effectively utilize underlying storage devices in database systems. In this paper, we analyze SQL hints, which are directives or suggestions provided to the database optimizer, and examine their implications on I/O performance using two popular databases with various storage devices, including HDD, SATA SSD, and NVMe SSD. Our analysis shows that when SQL hints are not used, databases can fully leverage HDD performance but cannot exploit the full potential of SATA and NVMe SSDs. Notably, the performance with NVMe SSDs can even be worse than that of HDDs in certain situations. By adopting SQL hints, while performance with HDD decreases by up to 77.14% due to the characteristics of the device, the performance of SATA and NVMe SSDs can be improved by up to 83.74% and 92.07%, respectively. These results emphasize the importance of carefully adapting SQL hints by considering the unique characteristics of devices, and with correct adoption, SQL hints can improve the performance of databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotic disassembly of hard disk drives during their recycling process is a promising technology with significant ecological importance and high economic profitability. However, the efficiency of the robotic disassembly of screws in the cost-efficient process using the robotic system in the selective compliance assembly robot arm configuration is highly dependent on the accuracy of positioning. In such a case, the robot works based on known screw positions without a visual control loop. The paper presents the generalised method of analysis of key factors influencing the process, starting from visual geometry analysis to mechanical setup accuracy. The formalised metrological analysis was performed on the base of the Monte-Carlo method to identify the key factors influencing the screw positioning accuracy. It was stated that the robot control uncertainty plays a crucial role in the total uncertainty of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of four approximations proposed along time as equations of state for a homogeneous system of hard disks is compared against molecular dynamics results of $ 10^5 $ 10 5 disks in equilibrium [L. Mier-y-Terán, J. Munguía and J. Antonio Moreno-Razo, Mol. Phys. (2023). doi:]. Three of the equations studied here are Padé approximants. Only one of the approximations studied, based on the virial expansion of the compressibility factor of the homogeneous fluid, is considered to have sound physical grounds. Assuming that the total pressure predicted generates the positional part of the Helmholtz free energy, only, the four approximations, combined with the molecular dynamics simulation results referred above, allow identifying four linear regions, where different orientational processes can be associated with the well known steps of the melting transition. Results for a finite system are consistent with the KTHNY theory. In particular, under this assumption, the four approximations, with small quantitative differences, show the ordering effects present in the fluid at the low-density-end of the fluid-hexatic first-order phase transition. It is shown that the latter region continues to exist under the assumption proposed. In addition, a linear combination of the virial and compressibility coefficients is used to obtain a more accurate version of the Carnahan-Starling type approximation for the hard-disk system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For molecular dynamics simulations of hard particles, we define dynamic neighbours as the distinct particles that collide with a given reference one during a specific time interval. This definition allows us to determine the distribution of the number of dynamic neighbours, its average, and its standard deviation. We will show that regardless of the time window used to identify dynamic neighbours, their distribution is correlated with diffusion coefficients, structure, and configurational entropy. Thus, it is likely that the distribution of the number of dynamic neighbours may be employed as another tool to gain insights into the dynamic behaviour of hard-core systems. We tested this approach on 2D and 3D systems consisting of monodisperse and binary mixtures of hard disks and spheres. Results show that implementing dynamic neighbours to define order parameters can sharpen the signals where transitions take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been both experimentally and theoretically observed that the structural and dynamical properties of glass-forming fluids can be scaled and described within the dynamic universality class of hard spheres. One of the key predictions of this universality is the long-time dynamic equivalence between Brownian and Molecular dynamics systems governed by the same kind of interaction potential. However, the application and extent of this principle has not been validated for two-dimensional systems. To this end, we employ Brownian and Molecular Dynamics simulations to validate this principle in the two-dimensional case, analysing the long-time properties of systems made up of monodisperse hard disks. By introducing a suitable density-dependent scaling factor, we successfully extend the principle of dynamic equivalence to two dimensions. This dynamic correspondence will facilitate the interpretation of long-time molecular dynamic properties in the context of colloidal dynamics. For instance, this correspondence will allow us to establish the extension of the colloidal freezing criterion to the molecular case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an equilibrium thermodynamic scheme, this work studies the separation of the Helmholtz free energy of a hard-disk system into its positional and orientational contributions. For the positional part, an accurate two dimensional version of the Carnahan-Starling equation of state is proposed, while a simple ansatz of the one particle partition function for the orientational part is proposed. The latter expression, which contains information about the probability of the norm of the six-fold orientational order parameter, is obtained through molecular dynamics simulations. Perhaps due to finite size effects, the ordering of the fluid is not a sudden phenomenon: the fluid-hexatic phase transition is preceded by a linear increase in the orientational contribution to the pressure of the fluid. A similar result is obtained for the hexatic-solid phase transition. Thus, the hexatic first-order phase transition is located between two linear ordering processes, consistent with the KTHNY theory. The proposed separation also predicts the existence of first order fluid-hexatic phase transition by using two procedures: the first, based on a purely bimodal probability density function, produces a pressure with a van del Waals-like first-order phase transition, while the second, considering density fluctuations, results in a flattened pressure phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential use of components from a hard disk drive (HDD) for physics teaching demonstrations. Specifically, the article highlights the spindle motor and voice coil motor (VCM) within the HDD as useful tools for teaching various physics concepts. The spindle motor can be used to demonstrate electromagnetic induction, while the VCM can be used to demonstrate wireless power transfer, resonance, and interference of waves. The author provides examples of simple physics demonstrations that can be conducted using these motors, which can aid students in understanding fundamental physics principles. [Extracted from the article]

In hard disk drive (HDD) manufacturing, a reflow soldering process (RSP) employs heat generated at the welding tip (WT) to bond tiny electrical components for assembling an HDD. Generally, the heat was generated by an electric current applied to the WT. This article reports a feasibility study of using hot air based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a choice to assist heat generation. First, the WT and hot air tube (HAT) prototypes were designed and created. The HAT is a device that helps to supply hot air directly to generate heat at the WT. Then, the experiment was established to measure the temperature (T) supplied by the hot air. The measure results were employed to validate the CFD results. Next, the prototype HAT was used to investigate the T generated at the WT by CFD. The comparison revealed that the T measured by the experiment was in the 106.2 °C–133.5 °C range and that the CFD was in the 107.3 °C–136.6 °C range. The maximum error of the CFD results is 2.3% compared to the experimental results, confirming the credibility of the CFD results and methodology. The CFD results revealed that the operating conditions, such as WT, HAT designs, hot air inlet velocity, and inlet temperature, influence the T. Last, examples of suitable operating conditions for using hot air were presented, which confirmed that hot air is a proper choice for a low-temperature RPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text is a collection of messages discussing various topics related to microscopy. The first set of messages addresses an issue with parallel lines seen in a STEM image, which is caused by leaking airbags in the vibration isolation system. The second set of messages discusses problems with LaB6 cathodes in SEM instruments, with users sharing their experiences and providing installation and maintenance tips. The final set of messages discuss a problem with a glow discharge apparatus, where small flashes are observed during grid preparation, which is caused by hydrocarbon contamination and requires regular cleaning. The messages also provide recommendations for network storage systems for microscopy data. [Extracted from the article]

Emerging topological polar domains have a wide range of potential applications in electronic devices. It is critical to accurately manipulate these topological domains by electrical fields and explore their exotic properties for making more energy-efficient high-density non-volatile memories. Herein, we demonstrate that skyrmion-like polar nanodomains appear at room temperature in SrTiO3/PbTiO3 bilayer heterostructures by balancing the elastic and electrostatic energies via varying the SrTiO3 capping layer thickness. These polar nanodomains, stable at room temperature, can be electrically written, erased, and rewritten into the bilayer by applying an appropriate bias on the conductive tip of an atomic force microscope. The lateral size and location of these polar nanodomains can be precisely controlled. Moreover, ring-shaped conductive domain walls are observed around these polar nanodomains, with on/off ratios of more than two orders of magnitude with respect to the ferroelectric background. Based on these characteristics, the polar nanodomains can be created, erased, and probed electrically, suggesting applications for high-density ferroelectric hard disks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes an automated pilot plant for the extraction of rare-earth (RE) permanent magnets from computer hard-disk drives (HDDs), demonstrating a commercially viable way to exploit these abundant sources of end-of-life (EOL) magnets. A mobile approach is provided for the on-site destruction of the HDDs in server farms, in compliance with the European Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enabling both separation of the magnets and automated shredding of the data carrier. This fully automated process identifies (both optically and magnetically) the location of the rare-earth magnets and cuts off the corner of the hard drive containing the rare-earth material in the voice coil motor. This allows for a significant reduction in magnet extraction time (6 s per HDD) compared to previously reported semi-automated (2 min) and manual (5 min) dismantling times. This work will also help to transfer the experience gained in the mobile pilot plant to other future sources of EOL materials such as drive motors and mixed electronic scrap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hard disk drive (HDD) manufacturing, a reflow soldering process (RSP) implements heat generated by the welding tip to melt a solder ball for bonding the following essential HDD components: a flexible printed circuit (FPC) and a printed circuit cable (PCC). Since the mentioned components are tiny and comprise many thin material layers, an experiment to study thermal and mechanical responses is complex and not worth it. Therefore, a static state multiphysics consisting of thermal analysis (TA) and structural analysis (SA) was employed to investigate both responses. First, the experiment was established to mimic the RSP, measuring the temperature generated by the actual welding tip. Then, the measured temperature was defined as the boundary conditions with the pressing force (F) for the TA and SA based on the actual operating conditions. As expected, the TA results revealed the temperature distribution in the HDD components, which was consistent with the theory and results from previous work and confirmed this work's credibility. Significantly, the SA reported severe total deformation (δ) in FPC's top and bottom ends. The maximum δ was 0.72–0.88 mm for the F of 0–1 N. The stronger the F, the greater the δ. This research highlights that multiphysics can investigate both responses in HDD components as slight as 0.1–100 microns thick, which can be used to develop a high-efficacy RSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern manufacturing and quality monitoring involve multi-class out-of-control (OOC) information from the training sample. It is essential to use such information during online monitoring of data streams from complex processes. In this paper, a monitoring framework is designed by combining the random forest technique with the exponentially weighted moving average method for monitoring complex processes with multi-class OOC information. To be specific, a process surveillance technique in the form of a control chart is proposed based on the probability that the online data is classified as an in-control (IC) sample, and the control chart triggers an alarm when the probability is lower than the control limit. Our numerical findings based on the Monte–Carlo simulation show that the proposed control chart performs more effectively than its competitors under various distributions and data types, especially for high-dimensional cases when multi-class OOC information is known in advance. Moreover, the proposed method is illustrated with an application using the data related to the hard disk manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neodymium magnet waste recycling and precious metal recovery have drawn a lot of researchers' attention because of their vital role in contemporary technology. In this work, the potential of citric acid for the leaching of neodymium from hard disk drive waste magnets has been examined using statistical approaches like full factorial design(FFD) and central composite design (CCD).The variables have been screened and conditions are optimized to obtain higher leaching. The polynomial quadratic Model proves effective to predict optimized conditions for neodymium leaching. Leachant concentration and temperature were screened as the most effective factors. Optimization conditions for the leaching process were achieved through central composite design, revealing that 2 mol/L citric acid and a temperature of 333 K provide the ideal conditions for the complete dissolution of neodymium. This extensive study contributes to sustainable materials management and resource conservation by illuminating the effective recovery of important metals from neodymium magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age of information explosion, the exponential growth of digital data far exceeds the capacity of current mainstream storage media. DNA is emerging as a promising alternative due to its higher storage density, longer retention time, and lower power consumption. To date, commercially mature DNA synthesis and sequencing technologies allow for writing and reading of information on DNA with customization and convenience at the research level. However, under the disconnected and nonspecialized mode, DNA data storage encounters practical challenges, including susceptibility to errors, long storage latency, resource-intensive requirements, and elevated information security risks. Herein, we introduce a platform named DNA-DISK that seamlessly streamlined DNA synthesis, storage, and sequencing on digital microfluidics coupled with a tabletop device for automated end-to-end information storage. The single-nucleotide enzymatic DNA synthesis with biocapping strategy is utilized, offering an ecofriendly and cost-effective approach for data writing. A DNA encapsulation using thermo-responsive agarose is developed for on-chip solidification, not only eliminating data clutter but also preventing DNA degradation. Pyrosequencing is employed for in situ and accurate data reading. As a proof of concept, DNA-DISK successfully stored and retrieved a musical sheet file (228 bits) with lower write-to-read latency (4.4 min of latency per bit) as well as superior automation compared to other platforms, demonstrating its potential to evolve into a DNA Hard Disk Drive in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This study developed algorithms to enhance the data write performance for exceptionally high sampling rate measurements, such as acoustic emission measurements, using conventional hard disk drives. This study aimed to enhance the data write performance in measurements with exceptionally high sampling rates, such as acoustic emission measurements. This is particularly crucial when employing conventional hard disk drives to store data. This study introduced algorithms for handling binary formats, thereby reducing the data file size, increasing write rates, and ultimately shortening data write times during measurements. The suggested approaches included utilizing specialized binary formats and implementing self-created buffers. These approaches resulted in a remarkable write time reduction of up to 40×. Furthermore, employing multiple drives for writing significantly enhanced performance compared with that of using a single drive. Therefore, the proposed algorithms offer promising results for managing large amounts of data in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential distribution can provide a simple and appealing survival-time model in reliability analysis and life tests. Due to certain experimental designs, time limitations, budgetary requirements, and other reasons, however, only censored data can be obtained. In this paper, we propose a novel estimation procedure for the mean survival time of an exponential distribution under a sequential censoring scheme, which can be treated as a combination of type I censoring and type II censoring. The procedure makes a trade-off between estimation error and sampling cost, using the minimum number of observations. An extensive set of Monte Carlo simulations is conducted to further validate its remarkable performance. To demonstrate the practical applicability, we then implement this newly proposed procedure to assess the reliability of various Backblaze's hard disk models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boundary lubrication with extremely thin films widely occurs in various situations, for instance, in micro-electromechanical system lubrication and hard disk drive lubrication. Lubrication performance is significantly affected by the surface layer properties and interactions between solids and liquids. However, the molecular dynamical behaviors are still unclear. Thus, our work considers the dynamical behaviors of molecules under boundary lubrication via molecular dynamics simulations. Different pressures and metal slab shapes are chosen as the variable conditions. The results indicate that a smooth metal slab model has a special conformation recovery process during compressing under medium pressures. After inducing shear velocity, the lubrication film exhibits sticky, stick–slip, or slip flows under different pressures. Sticky flow is accompanied by a conformation adjustment consisting of conformation recovery, chain alignment, and structure equilibrium, but there is no chain alignment step in the other two flow modes. The conformation recovery includes atomic adsorption onto the Fe wall under small and medium pressures. Under large pressures, the conformation recovery refers to atomic desorption phenomena. In addition, some properties, such as gyration and chain orientation, are strongly modified by the solid surface and show distinct differences along the pressing direction. Under the same simulation conditions, the rough wall model shows no slip behaviors attributed to the increased equivalent contact wall area and stronger pinning effect. Our work provides new insights into understanding the in-depth mechanism of boundary lubrication, providing theoretical guidance in developing advanced boundary lubrication techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Brownian vibrators, we investigated the structures and dynamics of quasi-2d granular materials, with packing fractions (ϕ) ranging from 0.111 to 0.832. Our observations revealed a remarkable large-scale flocking behavior in hard granular disk systems, encompassing four distinct phases: granular fluid, flocking fluid, poly-crystal, and crystal. Anomalous flocking emerges at ϕ = 0.317, coinciding with a peak in local density fluctuations, and ceased at ϕ = 0.713 as the system transitioned into a poly-crystal state. The poly-crystal and crystal phases resembled equilibrium hard disks, while the granular and flocking fluids differed significantly from equilibrium systems and previous experiments involving uniformly driven spheres. This disparity suggests that collective motion arises from a competition controlled by volume fraction, involving an active force and an effective attractive interaction resulting from inelastic particle collisions. Remarkably, these findings align with recent theoretical research on the flocking motion of spherical active particles without alignment mechanisms. An experimental method is needed to measure the effective interparticle attraction resulting from inelastic collisions for a quantitative study of non-equilibrium systems. In this study, the authors report the large-scale collective motion of non-polar particles and identify the phase transition point between the granular fluid phase and the collective fluid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new Weibull log-logistic mixture distribution accumulation generation operator is established. • A novel grey model with multiple interaction effects is established. • The robustness and stability of the proposed method is proved and validated. • A new parameter estimation method is designed. • The proposed method is superior to other seven benchmark models in four case studies. Forecasting the failure of hard disk drives is important in server operation and has attracted increasing attention. However, current disk drive warning systems suffer from high false positive rates and high resource consumption when dealing with hard disk drive overall failure. Therefore, to accurately and stably predict hard disk drive overall failure, this paper develops a new Weibull Log-Logistic grey forecasting model with multiple interaction effects. Firstly, to capture and fit the trend of hard disk failure data flexibly and reduce the volatility, a new accumulation generation operator is established by introducing the Weibull Log-Logistic mixture distribution. Secondly, the proposed model constructs a multiple interaction term to describe the nonlinear relationship of the dependent variables on the system behavior series and the multiple interaction effects between the independent variables. Then, the parameter estimation method is designed to improve the fitting accuracy of the new model, in which linear estimation method, nonlinear estimation method, and meta-heuristic optimization algorithm are used to calculate the parameter values according to their categories. Finally, four varieties of hard disk drive data sets from BackBlaze are selected as study cases to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that the mean MAPE of the proposed method is 2.1181 %, 2.2306 %, 8.1712 %, and 4.3417 %, respectively, corresponding to (hard disk drives ST8000NM0055, ST12000NM0007, ST10000NM0086, and ST14000NM0138), and the average value of the evaluation metrics are optimal in all competing models. Furthermore, it is observed that the number of reallocated sectors has the greatest influence in causing the failure of hard disk drives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]