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Background/Context: Prior research has stressed the importance of timing in the college choice process, especially as it relates to receiving early information and making plans and decisions. Little has been done, however, in terms of empirically demonstrating how soon students make their decisions about college and the ways in which the timing of student decisions are related to planning behaviors. Focus of Study: This paper examines the relationships between the timing of decisions related to college attendance and outcomes such as aspirations, course-taking patterns in high school, and eventual college application. It also considers how the timing and various sources of information are related to when students make these decisions. Research Design: This study provides secondary statistical analysis of data obtained from a statewide survey of high school seniors in New Hampshire during the spring of the 2004-2005 school year. Conclusions/Recommendations: Findings suggest that the dominant model of college choice involving predisposition, search, and choice should be updated to acknowledge that predisposition may begin much earlier than the literature has typically considered. To wit, many students begin gathering information and making decisions about postsecondary education as early as elementary school. Additional resources should be dispatched to address the needs of economically disadvantaged and first generation students who often lack the types of human, social, and financial capital needed to make the most of their early educational opportunities.

An estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although most affected individuals maintain a latent infection. This control is attributed to the formation of granulomas, cell masses largely comprising infected macrophages with T cells aggregated around them. Inflammatory DCs, characterized as CD11[c.sup.+]CD11[b.sup.+]Ly6[C.sup.+], are also found in granulomas and are an essential component of the acute immune response to mycobacteria. However, their function during chronic infection is less well understood. Here, we report that [CD11c.sup.+] cells dynamically traffic in and out of both acute and chronic granulomas induced by Mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in mice. By transplanting Mycobacterium-induced granulomas containing fluorescently labeled [CD11c.sup.+] cells and bacteria into unlabeled mice, we were able to follow [CD11c.sup.+] cell trafficking and T cell activation. We found that half of the [CD11c.sup.+] cells in chronic granulomas were exchanged within 1 week. Compared with tissue-resident DC populations, [CD11c.sup.+] cells migrating out of granulomacontaining tissue had an unexpected systemic dissemination pattern. Despite low antigen availability, systemic [CD4.sup.+] T cell priming still occurred during chronic infection. These data demonstrate that surveillance of granulomatous tissue by [CD11c.sup.+] cells is continuous and that these cells are distinct from tissue-resident DC populations and support T cell priming during both stages of Mycobacterium infection. This intense DC surveillance may also be a feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and other granuloma-associated diseases., Introduction The initiation and maintenance of an adequate cellular immune response have enabled an estimated 2 billion people worldwide to control, but rarely eliminate, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1). This [...]

We investigated emigration behavior, habitat use, and [Na.sup.+], [K.sup.+]-ATPase activity levels of juvenile steelhead trout (searun rainbow trout; Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Scott Creek, a small coastal watershed with a seasonally closed estuary in central California, USA. Migratory fish moved downstream in the spring with elevated [Na.sup.+],[K.sup.+]-ATPase activity levels. Larger fish (>150 mm) moved downstream during February and March, leaving the stream, whereas fish moving between April and June were typically smaller and tended to recruit to the estuary. The [Na.sup.+],[K.sup.+]-ATPase activity levels of estuarine fish varied during the summer as a function of salinity and temperature, but overall levels declined from peak spring values. Many summer recruits were observed retreating upstream into the watershed when estuarine water quality declined in the fall. Rather than entering the ocean when winter storms reconnected the estuary with the ocean in early winter, many migrated downstream several months later during subsequent springs. The largest smolts observed (>190 mm fork length (LF)) were primarily those that had reared in the estuary the previous summer. Smolts were observed making a single migration from the upper watershed, but they were smaller (~120-190 mm LF) with potentially reduced marine survival. In summary, we observed fish moving between freshwater and estuarine habitats seasonally and adjusting their osmoregulatory physiology as needed. Nous avons etudie le comportement d'emigration, l'utilisation de l'habitat et les niveaux d'activite de la [Na.sup.+], [K.sup.+]-ATPase chez de jeunes truites-arc-en-ciel anadromes (Oncorhynchus mykiss) dans Scott Creek, un petit bassin versant cotier avec un estuaire qui est ferme une partie de l'annee dans le centre de la Californie, E.-U. Les poissons migrateurs se deplacent au printemps avec des niveaux eleves d'activite de la [Na.sup.+],[K.sup.+]-ATPase. Les poissons plus grands (>150 mm) se deplacent vers l'aval en fevrier et mars et quittent le cours d' eau, alors que les poissons qui se deplacent entre avril et juin sont typiquement plus petits et tendent a se rassembler dans l'estuaire. Les niveaux d'activite de la [Na.sup.+],[K.sup.+]-ATPase des poissons dans l'estuaire varient au cours de l'ete en fonction de la salinite et de la temperature, mais diminuent en general a partir des valeurs maximales du printemps. On a observe plusieurs des recrues d' ete retourner en amont dans le bassin versant lorsque la qualite de l'eau de l'estuaire diminue en automne. Au lieu de penetrer dans l'ocean lorsque les tempetes hivernales rattachent a nouveau l'estuaire a l'ocean au debut de l'hiver, de nombreux poissons migrent vers l'aval plusieurs mois plus tard durant les printemps suivants. Les saumoneaux observes les plus gros (>190 mm longueur a la fourche (LF)) sont en majorite ceux qui se sont developpes dans l'estuaire durant l'ete precedent. On observe des saumoneaux faire une migration unique a partir du bassin versant superieur, mais ce sont des poissons plus petits (~120-190 mm LF) dont la survie en mer est potentiellement reduite. En resume, nous avons observe des poissons qui se deplacent aux diverses saisons entre les habitats d' eau douce et de l'estuaire et qui ajustent leur physiologie d'osmoregulation selon leurs besoins. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, sea-run rainbow trout, hereafter called steelhead) exhibit tremendous life history variation that is typically interpreted as an adaptive response to [...]

Abstract--The coastal Pacific Ocean off northern and central California encompasses the strongest seasonal upwelling zone in the California Current ecosystem. Headlands and bays here generate complex circulation features and confer [...]

Few differences exist between adolescents from divorced families and those from intact families. A study on the effects of divorce on relationships and psychological variables revealed that adolescents from divorced families felt less intimacy with their fathers and less social support, while reporting that they assume more family responsibilities. Aside from these variables, divorce appears to have had minimal socioemotional effects on adolescents from divorced families.

The 2011 Budget Control Act eliminated the in-school interest subsidy for graduate and professional students borrowing under the Stafford Loan Program. As a result, starting on July 1, 2012, graduate and professional students borrowing Stafford Loans became responsible for the interest accruing during their in-school deferment period. This study assesses the effect of this de-subsidization on students' compositional attributes (e.g. gender, ethnicity, income), borrowing behaviors (e.g. extensity or participation in and intensity or magnitude of borrowing), total annual amounts borrowed, sources of lenders, and anticipatory effects (i.e., changes in borrowing behaviors based on the knowledge of policy change before this policy was implemented). To address this goal, we relied on repeated cross-sectional data drawn from three iterations of the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. We found evidence of compositional changes that signaled a reduction of white and an increase of first-generation in college for graduate students. We found no evidence of declines in student loan participation; however, we found anticipatory effects with about 45,000 (6%) graduate and professional students maxing out their allowed Stafford amounts before July 2012, a strategy that allowed graduate students continuing graduate school enrollment to be grandfathered this subsidy into the new policy era. Although debt burden increased by 3.86% post-policy, effect heterogeneity tests indicated that law students decreased their total debt amounts by 18.8%, with 83% of this reduction resulting from borrowing less from Stafford loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]