Search

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate onion (Allium cepa) root growth, cell division, and mitotic index. The onions were placed into four different water samples (Control water, Azadi bridge, Sar Razan, and Sar Baskan) for 72 hours in beakers. The results showed that the number of divided cells decreased significantly in the sewage water compared with the control water. The control water had a high percentage of divided cells (18%), whereas the Sar Razan sewage water had the least percentage of divided cells (1.3%). The percentage of divided cells in Sar Baskan sewage water was 2%, and the percentage of divided cells in Azadi Bridge was 2.6%. It was found that the mitotic index and the number of divided cells increased in the control water compared to the sewage water. The results showed that sewage water has a greater impact on root growth, cell division, and mitotic index of root tips of Allium cepa.

Micronuclei in lymphocytes can indicate DNA damage or chromosomal instability. This study aimed to compare the Micronuclei to the different period diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four groups were created out of 140 people: type 2 diabetes mellitus 1 year, type 2 diabetes mellitus 1e3 years, type 2 diabetes mellitus 3e5 years, and control. Each group had 35 participants. The blood sample taken from the individuals was put on a slide, fixed with 5% geimsa solution or Leishman stains, and examined under a microscope. Micronuclei scoring was completed afterwards. Additionally, p ≤ 0.05 was utilized to determine the significance of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient. The mean score of the micronuclei observed in group type 2 diabetes mellitus 1 year, type 2 diabetes mellitus 1e3 years, type 2 diabetes mellitus 3e5 years, and control. Were 0.2857, 0.6571, 0.7714, and 0.1143, respectively, type 2 diabetes mellitus 3e5 years showed significantly greater damage than the other three groups. Increased micronuclei frequency in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients according to the time since diagnosis may be associated with the aetiology and be regarded as an important biomarker of genotoxic damage, or DNA damage, in the disease's T2DM 1e3 years and third to fifth years.

The review aimed to understand and explain the association between some major endocrine conditions and COVID-19. Since March 2019, COVID-19 has been identified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and has infected millions of individuals worldwide. According to the literature review, endocrine disorders include diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and thyroid. The development and progress of COVID-19 patients could be affected but not yet approved by all the studies. In diabetes mellitus, COVID-19 may affect cytokines and increase releases of IL-1, IL-6, and complications caused by diabetes. In obese patients, there was an increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19. Because of the international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, clinicians should pay special attention to obese patients who should be monitored closely with timely and aggressive care. COVID-19 pathophysiology and risk in a high incidence of hypertension has been found in patients with COVID-19 and can be studied in many kinds of studies, such as in China. However, hypertension is considered one of the most significant risk factors for COVID-19. In addition to the above data on associations between COVID-19 and endocrine disorders, data on thyroid function or thyroid disease in COVID-19 is not yet available and cannot be commonly reported.

This analysis aimed to clarify the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome and explain the role of genetic material in the genetic disease's development and treatment. Fragile X syndrome is an X-linked mutation inheritance disorder. The mutated gene is called FMR-1. This is important for normal brain development and synaptic plasticity, which was verified and recognized in 1991, and this has become a hope for more clarification. FMR1 influences the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), but identifying functional targets was complex and directly related to translational control and showed that dysregulated translation initiation signaling was observed for the FMR1 gene in the FMR1 knockout mouse model of FXS. Because of the epigenetic alteration, such as hypermethylated at the DNA promoter region, and chromatin modification, such as H3K9 methylation, the FMR1 gene can be imprinted. Still, their mechanisms of aberrant epigenetic marks play a role in the etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders, some of which we still do not fully understand and need to show more. The opportunities for epigenetic markers to map and alter epigenetic marks and the potential for therapies based on epigenetics and noncoding manipulation. For neurodevelopmental and behavioral conditions, including mental retardation, autism, anxiety, and mood disturbance, FMR1 loss of control is a model. Most studies have focused on the new and effective approach for Fragile X syndrome, which is Gene therapy is unarguably the definitive way to treat and possibly cure genetic diseases. Many of them are under clinical trial, but more studies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9-based method, should be approved. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are highly effective for generating models. Most research is used in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome, where AAVs have been used to express fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is missing or highly reduced in the disorder. The vast expansions need southern blotting in myotonic dystrophy. Fragile X is diagnosed by a form of Southern blotting that relies on the size and the FRAXA gene's methylation status. Almost always, genetic testing is performed by PCR. The few Southern blotting uses include checking for significant destructive gene rearrangements and complete mutations of fragile X and myotonic dystrophy. Expansions suppress the expression of closely adjacent genes, causing loss of function. A named FMRI (fragile-X mental retardation syndrome) gene cDNA probe. Some unique molecular mechanisms, such as CGG expansion in Fragile-X syndrome, can make a particular sequence change in a gene far more probable than any other change.

This paper aimed to understand and compare the two popular cytogenetic techniques of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in detecting breast cancer chromosomal abnormality. Several chromosomal anomalies play a role in the development of breast cancer, and the two above approaches play an important role in confirming fluorescence in situ hybridization in particular (FISH). However, comparative genomic hybridization has developed DNA copy number profiles for most of the publicly available breast cancer cell lines for the FISH methods rely on the fluorescent probes. Chromosomal profiles can be generated for the suspected chromosomal abnormality, copy number changes between the tumour and the DNA control can be compared, and the results can be registered. Today, modern cytogenetic tools such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are more commonly used to detect any microdeletion that cannot be detected by conventional cytogenetic karyotypes that involve a high rate of cell division and good chromosomal morphology, which pose challenges for cytogeneticists, and a long period of testing and research. Usually, this is a problem for physicians, and there are still many drawbacks and disadvantages concerning the high benefits, such as false findings. Normal chromosome in situ hybridization requires the hybridization of a labelled DNA probe into denatured chromosomal DNA present in metaphase chromosomes in an air-dried microscope slide preparation. Metaphase spreads are used for traditional chromosome FISH (metaphase FISH). Positive and positive signs of hybridization also appear as a double spot, corresponding to the hybridized probe for both sister chromatids. A further extension of chromosome painting is comparative genomic hybridization (CCI-I). CCH involves simultaneous chromosome painting in two different colours using complete DNA from two similar sources as probes, which reveal variations concerning the benefit or loss of sub-chromosomal regions or even entire chromosomes.

From this review, I discussed the epigenetics of panic disorder .epigenetic is the changes in the heritable phenotype without any change from the DNA sequence. The roles of different types of epigenetics (DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling) have been controversial from one study to another. The researcher focused on the roles of the candidate genes in the development and progress of panic disorder .there different candidate genes located the different chromosomes such as 1q, 2p, 2q, 3, 7, 9, 11, 12q13, 12q23, and 15 that may be used as markers give for the future promise to diagnosis panic disorder in early life span. Recently, no studies have demonstrated gene therapy's roles in treating panic disorder, and the basic contribution of interventions such as exposure, cognitive therapy, relaxation training, and breathing retraining has not yet been identified. Differences between these patients that assess the efficacy of exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy and related neuroplastic changes can be demonstrated by altered protection signal processing and anterior cingulate cortex-amygdala coupling

The main aims of this review were to understand the roles of gene therapy in the treatment and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus and I will discuss a brief history, approaches, vector types with the future of diabetes following clinical use. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that is identified by insufficient insulin development due to pancreatic damage to beta cells. Control, long life, and diagnosis of these metabolic disorders have become vital sources for many scientists and researchers. After 2000, the latest approaches to molecular medicine were introduced as one of the possible therapeutic options for diabetes type 1 diagnosis. Many genes have been reported as a clinical trial so that damaged genes can be treated and three main approaches shown about 50 years ago are islet transplantation, β cell regeneration, and insulin gene therapy to cure and prevent diabetes type. Treating diabetes through gene therapy can promise children and adolescents, but more clinical applications are needed to recognize it as a permanent route.

The aims of this review were to understand the roles of bitter taste genes in humans. Some of the peoples have the capacity to taste some chemical substance such as phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) while others cant not based on the dietary hazards and food preferences. There are two alleles responsible to express these phenotypes which are homozygous recessive. In human TAS2R38 genes located on the chromosome number 7 and consist of different nucleotide polymorphism that related to detection of the phenotype of different chemical compounds such as 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and phenylthiocarbamide bitterness and this Gene is the member of the TAS2R genes which are eleven pseudogenes and twenty that has roles in many biological processes. There are many factors that affect the bitter taste such as food, age, sex, and different diseases. The mechanism of food bitter taste and genotype of TAS2R38 until know not well understood due to that the proof of relation between bitter taste sensitivity and food is harmful. there are many different diseases can impact the influence of taste such as neoplasm and lifestyle such as consumption of alcohol along with the use of medication, head trauma, upper tract infections. On the other hand, A relation between TAS2R38 genotype and meal preferences has been observed among children, however, no associations have been mentioned among older adults. Some previous research proved some vital points that show an association between type 1 of diabetes and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) but other studies cannot demonstrate that. However, of other disease such as obesity is controversial but other studies reported to the relationship between them.

The objectives of this review were once to understand the roles of the epigenetics mechanism in different types of diabetes, obesity, overweight, and cardiovascular disease. Epigenetics represents a phenomenon of change heritable phenotypic expression of genetic records taking place except changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications can have an impact on a whole of metabolic disease with the aid of specific alteration of candidate genes based totally on the change of the target genes. In this review, I summarized the new findings in DNA methylation, histone modifications in each type of diabetes (type 1 and type 2), obesity, overweight, and cardiovascular disease. The involvement of histone alterations and DNA methylation in the development of metabolic diseases is now widely accepted recently many novel genes have been demonstrated that has roles in diabetes pathway and it can be used for detection prediabetic; however Over the modern-day years, mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques positioned and mapped one-of a kind range of histone modifications linking obesity and metabolic diseases. The main point of these changes is rapidly growing; however, their points and roles in obesity are no longer properly understood in obesity. Furthermore, epigenetic seen in cardiovascular treatment revealed a massive quantity of modifications affecting the improvement and development of cardiovascular disease. In addition, epigenetics are moreover involved in cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking. The aberrant epigenetic mechanisms that make a contribution to cardiovascular disease.

This work aimed to investigate the use of epithelial cells from the oral cavity in identifying smoking-related effects in male smokers, normal male, normal female. To establish the relationships between micronucleated cell, binucleated cell, condensed chromatin cell. A total of 59 subjects, corresponding to 11 normal males, 19 normal female, 29 male smokers were registered for this study. The buccal epithelial cell was selected because of the direct exposure of tobacco smoke. We appraised the incidence of micronucleus formation from 29 male smokers and who had smoked a minimum of 1 pack-year and a maximum of 12. Because of their increased smoke intake, male smokers group showed high buccal micronuclei frequency, significantly P

The goal was to research the pattern of fingerprints in all the fingers of both hands and to study the association between obesity and fingerprint among university students in different faculties of Koya University with statistical analysis. Dactylography or the fingerprint system relies on the study of stratum ridges and their configurations [dermatoglyphic (derma = skin+ glyph = carving)] in the fingers, palms, and soles. Estimates that probabilities are about one in sixty-four thousand million for two individuals with similar finger impressions. Arbitrate heredity and environment in combination affect the pattern of ridges. We have conducted a study with 120 individual (30 males and 30 females normal and obesity) having the different weight of (normal and obesity), this study was carried out in different faculties in Koya University. All the 10 fingerprint patterns were divided into loop, whorl, and arch. The fingerprint was taken with the help of a stamp pad imprinting the fingerprint ridges over A4 size white paper. The general distribution of the pattern of fingerprint showed high frequency (58.41%) of the loop, whereas whorls were moderate (37.83%) and arches were least (3.75%) in frequency. Loops are dominated in both normal and obesity for both individual males and females. The study suggests an association between fingerprint pattern and obesity ( whorls in left hand of male and female, and arches in different finger of right and left hand of male, also whorls in different finger of right and left hand of female, and arches in different finger of right hand of female) but there is no association between fingerprint pattern and obesity in (loops, whorls, arches, among subject normal and obesity male right hand, loops, and arches among subject normal and obesity of male in left hand, also there is no association between loops, whorls, arches among subject normal and obesity of female right hand, and loops and arches among subjects normal and obesity of female in left hand, also loops and whorls in different finger of right and left hand of male, then loops in different finger of right hand of female, and also loops and arches in different finger of left hand of female) based on statistical analysis of chi-square test when results combined between both genders.

Nowadays, inhaled allergens are the main causes of allergic diseases, which are derived from different sources such as animal dander, grasses, tree, insects and fungi/molds. Identification and detection of allergens play a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of many allergic diseases. Aims were to determine the prevalence of most common inhaled allergens in Erbil province and determination the intensity of allergic response among allergic patients against 35 identified inhaled allergens items. A total number of 170 patients suffering from suspected inhalant allergy were checked in the present study. The study was carried out for patients who visited the private clinical sectors between 2018-2020 in Erbil province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Determination of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies was examined for suspected patients. The country-specific inhaled allergy profile “Euroline inhaled Iraq 1” (Catalog no: DP 313816011 E, IVD approved, and CE certified EUROLINE immunoblot), containing strip for 35 different inhalant allergens, has been used in this study. Positive specific IgE to inhaled allergens was detected in 22.35% of our suspected patients. Orchard grass (21.05%) was the most inhaled allergen in our 38 allergic patients, followed by the Meadow foxtail (15.78%), Cockroach German and Sweet vernal grass (13.15%). Based on the present study results, we conclude that the prevalence of inhaled allergy differed between men and women in different age groups. Our study reached that there were no associations between inhaled allergens and sex or age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4395149

Nowadays in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, the number of patients have common symptoms with COVID-19 infection rapidly increased. 123 patients which they had common symptoms with COVID-19 and 94 healthy control individuals (non-COVID-19) were subjected for quantitative analysis for each one of the following biochemical parameters, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. We analyze clinical features and compared the differences between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 symptoms. Among the healthy control individuals, the absolute value of LDH, CPK Creatine Kinase and CRP were determined in between the normal range, and in compare with patients with COVID-19 symptoms their values were smaller and, the P value was (P ＜0.05). All three biochemical parameters increased among patients with COVID-19 symptoms, but more significantly, steadily increase was observed only in LDH value in age above and under 40 years (284.43±10.29 and 321.23±16.32 U/L), and p-value was (0.0488). Male patients had higher levels of LDH (299.32±11.42 U/L), CPK Creatine Kinase (195.90±26.65 mg/L), and C-Reactive Protein (5.86±3.96 mg/L) in compared with the female patients. Our study suggested that among patients who have COVID 19 symptoms, increased LDH is the advised and helpful biochemical marker among routine panel for COVID-19 infection evaluation. Also, CRP levels were positively correlated with male patients when compared with the healthy control.