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Introduction Following the withdrawal of Sabin type 2 from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) in 2016, the introduction of ≥1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization was recommended, either as 1 full dose (0.5mL, intramuscular) or 2 fractional doses of IPV (fIPV—0.1mL, intradermal). India opted for fIPV. We conducted a comparative assessment of IPV and fIPV. Methods This was a 4-arm, open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Infants were enrolled and vaccines administered according to the study design, and the blood was drawn at age 6, 14, and 18 weeks for neutralization testing against all 3 poliovirus types. Results Study enrolled 799 infants. The seroconversion against type 2 poliovirus with 2 fIPV doses was 85.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.1%-90.0%) when administered at age 6 and 14 weeks, 77.0% (95% CI: 70.5-82.5) when given at age 10 and 14 weeks, compared to 67.9% (95% CI: 60.4-74.6) following 1 full-dose IPV at age 14 weeks. Conclusion The study demonstrated the superiority of 2 fIPV doses over 1 full-dose IPV in India. Doses of fIPV given at 6 and 14 weeks were more immunogenic than those given at 10 and 14 weeks. Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI). Clinical trial registration number was CTRI/2017/02/007793.

Mucoadhesive buccal films of rivastigmine were prepared by the solvent casting technique using HPMC K15M, sodium alginate, glycerine, and Eudragit RL100. Arranged films assessed for weight variation, thickness, % drug substance, % moisture loss, % moisture take-up, folding endurance, in-vitro medicament release, and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The films showed a controlled release (CR) over 8 h. The preparation observed to be a worthy candidate for the development of buccal patches for therapeutic purposes. Drug-polymer compatibility considers FTIR demonstrated no contradiction between the medicament and the polymers. The optimized formulation found F7 indicated drug release 85% at the end of 8 h. Thinking about the correlation coefficient (R2) values got from the kinetic equations, the drug release from the formulations F1-F8 has discovered zero-order release mechanism. It can be concluded that oral buccal patches of rivastigmine, for treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, can be formulated. The study suggests that rivastigmine can be conveniently administered orally in the form of buccal patches, with the lesser occurrence of its side effects and improved bioavailability.

Introduction There has been an exponential rise in number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive infections since March 23, 2020. However, cancer management cannot take a backseat. Objective The aim of this study was to identify any difference in the complication and mortality rates for the cancer patients operated during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database of five centers situated in different parts of India. Variables such as demographics, intraoperative, and postoperative complications were compared between COVID-19 (group A—March 23, 2020–May 22, 2020) and pre-COVID time period (group B—January 1 to January 31, 2020). Results One-hundred sixty-eight cancer surgeries were performed in group B as compared with 148 patients who underwent oncosurgeries in group A. Sixty-two percent lesser cancer surgeries were performed in the COVID-19 period as compared with the specific pre-COVID-19 period. There was no significant difference in age group, gender, comorbidities, and type of cancer surgeries. Except for the duration of surgery, all other intraoperative parameters like blood loss and intraoperative parameters were similar in both the groups. Minimally invasive procedures were significantly lesser in group A. Postoperative parameters including period of intensive care unit stay, rate of infection, need for the change of antibiotics, and culture growth were similar for both the groups. While minor complication like Clavien-Dindo classification type 2 was significantly higher for group A, all other complication rates were similar in the groups. Also, postoperatively no COVID-19-related symptoms were encountered in the study group. A subset analysis was done among the study groups between those tested preoperatively for COVID-19 versus those untested showed no difference in intraoperative and postoperative parameters. No health-care worker was infected from the patient during the time period of this study. Conclusion Our study shows that there is no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality rates in surgeries performed during COVID-19 pandemic as compared with non-COVID-19 time period.

Highlights • The last polio seroprevalence study in India before the tOPV-bOPV vaccine switch • Fraction IPV doses in routine immunization help to close immunity gaps • India had best immunity against polioviruses just before the tOPV-bOPV switch • Type 2 seroprevalence has been highest ever, just prior to the tOPV-bOPV switch • No cVDPV2 post tOPV- bOPV switch could be due to high population immunity, Introduction This study assessed the seroprevalence against all three polioviruses among the last cohort of infants aged 6-11 months who received tOPV before the tOPV-bOPV switch and had an opportunity to receive a full dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine introduced in the routine immunization schedule. Methods Serum was tested for neutralizing antibodies against polioviruses among infants residing in three different risk- category states for poliovirus transmission in India viz., Bihar historically high-risk state for polio, Madhya Pradesh a State with low routine immunization coverage and Chhattisgarh with lower acute flaccid paralysis surveillance indicators. Results A total of 1113 serum samples were tested across the three states. The overall seroprevalence was 98.5% (97.7-99.2), 98.9% (98.3-99.5) and 94.4% (93.0-95.8) for poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The median antibody titers for corresponding serotypes were 575, 362 and 181. Infants who received five doses of tOPV showed respective seroprevalence rates of 98.7%, 98.7% and 93.7% against types 1, 2 and 3 polioviruses. There was no significant difference in seroprevalence across the group of IPV recipients. The median reciprocal titers across the groups of IPV recipient was significantly higher (p = 0.006) for poliovirus-3. Conclusion The seroprevalence rates observed in the study are historically the highest in the series of serosurveys that India has conducted to assess the population immunity against polioviruses. Poliovirus 2 seroprevalence was very high at the time of the tOPV-bOPV switch in India effected in April 2016.

Background We conducted a trial in Nigeria to assess the immunogenicity of the new bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine + inactivated poliovirus vaccine (bOPV+IPV) immunization schedule and gains in type 2 immunity with addition of second dose of IPV. The trial was conducted in August 2016–March 2017, well past the trivalent OPV-bOPV switch in April 2016. Methods This was an open-label, 2-arm, noninferiority, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. We enrolled 572 infants aged ≤14 days and randomized them into 2 arms. Arm A received bOPV at birth, 6, and 10 weeks, bOPV+IPV at week 14, and IPV at week 18. Arm B received IPV each at 6, 10, and 14 weeks and bOPV at 18 weeks of age. Results Seroconversion rates for poliovirus types 1 and 3, respectively, were 98.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96.7–99.8) and 98.1% (95% CI, 88.2–94.8) in Arm A and 89.6% (95% CI, 85.4–93.0) and 98.5% (95% CI, 96.3–99.6) in Arm B. Type 2 seroconversion with 1 dose IPV in Arm A was 72.0% (95% CI, 66.2–77.3), which increased significantly with addition of second dose to 95.9% (95% CI, 92.8–97.9). Conclusions This first trial on the new Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule in a sub-Saharan African country demonstrated excellent immunogenicity against poliovirus types 1 and 3 and substantial/enhanced immunogenicity against poliovirus type 2 after 1 to 2 doses of IPV, respectively.

Objective: The motivation behind the current examination was to build the solvency and dissolution rate of an antihypertensive drug telmisartan by the planning of nanosuspension by precipitation method at the research facility scale. We researched the nanoparticle manufacture of telmisartan employing a 33 factorial experimental configuration considering the impacts of nanosuspension on the physical, morphological, and dissolution properties of telmisartan. Methods: To get ready, nanosuspension particles of an ineffectively dissolvable drug are moreover of a drug solution to the anti-solvent leads to abrupt supersaturation and precipitation the making of nanoparticles. The nanosuspension particles of a poorly soluble drug loaded with urea and surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), poloxamer 188, Tween 80) have been prepared by a precipitation method. The nanosuspension particles were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro drug release, and release kinetics. Results: The readily optimized batch nanosuspension particles evaluated and exhibited the particle size (750 nm), zeta potential (-24.33 mV), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) drug exhibited a change in crystalline form to amorphous, in vitro dissolution (F12 was higher 95% within 5 min) and drug release kinetics. The formulation parameter of surfactant concentration is optimized. Conclusion: The formulation of the nanosuspension approach has been shown to substantial improvement in the dissolution rate, thereby enhancing the oral bioavailability with the future development of this technology.

Background The polio eradication endgame called for the removal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and introduction of bivalent (types 1 and 3) OPV and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). However, supply shortages have delayed IPV administration to tens of millions of infants, and immunogenicity data are currently lacking to guide catch-up vaccination policies. Methods We conducted an open-label randomized clinical trial assessing 2 interventions, full or fractional-dose IPV (fIPV, one-fifth of IPV), administered at age 9–13 months with a second dose given 2 months later. Serum was collected at days 0, 60, 67, and 90 to assess seroconversion, priming, and antibody titer. None received IPV or poliovirus type 2-containing vaccines before enrolment. Results A single fIPV dose at age 9–13 months yielded 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6%–82%) seroconversion against type 2, whereas 2 fIPV doses resulted in 100% seroconversion compared with 94% (95% CI, 89%–97%) after a single full dose (P < .001). Two doses of IPV resulted in 100% seroconversion. Conclusions Our study confirmed increased IPV immunogenicity when administered at an older age, likely due to reduced interference from maternally derived antibodies. Either 1 full dose of IPV or 2 doses of fIPV could be used to vaccinate missed cohorts, 2 fIPV doses being antigen sparing and more immunogenic. Clinical Trial Registration NCT03890497.

Summary Background A rapid increase in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreaks, and the need to reserve inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) for routine immunisation, has increased the value of fractional dose IPV (fIPV) as a measure to prevent acute flaccid paralysis. However, the intradermal route of administration has been viewed as prohibitive to outbreak response campaigns. We aimed to establish the immunogenicity and safety of administering intradermal fIPV with a disposable syringe jet injector (DSJI) or an intradermal adaptor (IDA) compared with standard administration with a BCG needle and syringe (N&S). Methods This pragmatic, non-inferiority trial was undertaken in a campaign setting in communities in The Gambia. Children aged 4–59 months without contraindication to vaccination were eligible. Children were not individually randomly assigned; instead, the vaccination teams were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three administration methods. Parents and the field team were not masked, but laboratory personnel were masked. Baseline demographic and anthropometric data were collected from the participants. Public health officers experienced at intradermal immunisation, and nurses without experience, had 2 h of training on each of the administration methods before the campaign. Participants were vaccinated using the administration method in use by the vaccination team in their community. Poliovirus serum neutralising antibodies (SNA) were measured in children aged 24–59 months before and 4 weeks after vaccination. Adverse events and data on injection quality were collected from all participants. The primary outcome was the type 2 immune response rate (seroconversion in seronegative [SNA titre

National Human Rights Commission of India has completed more than 25 years of its establishment. Since its formation on October 12, 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, the Commission took upon itself the responsibilities to monitor and protect human rights in India. Over the years under review, its role and efforts in dealing with human rights issues has been admirable. However, during working of more than 25 years, flouting and ignoring of the Commission’s directions, recommendations, reviews and reports by the Governments and public functionaries has also been common which raises question marks on its autonomy, powers and jurisdiction conferred on it. The functions and powers of the Commission have also been strife with various other limitations. Having this background in mind, the present paper discusses working and performance of the NHRC in the area of the protection and promotion of human rights and further aims to examine critically the role played by it. The study would also point out areas which require immediate intervention to make NHRC more effective body to accomplish the task assigned to it. The data for the present study has been taken from the Annual Reports of the NHRC and news, articles and journals published in the area of human rights.

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is evident in about 20-50% of cases at presentation in papillary carcinoma thyroid (PTC). There are no clear recommendations for the need and extent of lateral and central compartment dissection in PTC.A total of 83 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and bilateral selective neck dissection for diagnosed PTC from September 2011 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Tumor site was bilobar or involving isthmus in 40 patients. Contralateral LNM was seen in 42 patients. Both radiological (median size 2.6 cm, P = 0.051) and pathological (median size 3.65 cm, P = 0.015) size of tumor, tumor involving isthmus or bilateral lobes (P = 0.006), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P = 0.026) had significant correlation with contralateral LNM.Size and site of tumor, ipsilateral lateral compartment nodes involvement, and LVI status of tumor significantly increases the probability of contralateral LNM in patients of PTC.

ICAR-CISH has developed four mobile apps on mango products, two on guava products and two on aonla products to disseminate value addition protocols of respective fruits. In this work, mobile apps have been developed to provide advisory on preparing quality processed products of main fruits of Subtropical region. For developing apps, cloud- based tool viz. ‘’MIT app Inventor2.0’’ was used. This tool can be used for app development using visual, event-based block programming method in browser itself. The apps were developed to provide advisories on preparation of quality processed fruit products such as different types of pickles, squash, murabba, candy, RTS drinks, etc. Apps provide audio facility as well as calculation of ingredients amount on a mouse click. These apps are very interactive and helpful to the farmers in preparing quality processed products of fruits even at cottage scale. These apps are available on ‘Google Play’ for free download. The information provided by app will be helpful in reducing post harvest losses of fruits, generation of employment opportunities and improve the livelihood status of the farmers.

Background Kano state has been a protracted reservoir of poliovirus in Nigeria. Immunity trends have been monitored through seroprevalence surveys since 2011. The survey in 2015 was, in addition, intended to assess the impact of use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Methods It was a health facility based seroprevalence survey. Eligible children aged 6-9, 12-15 and 19-22 months of age brought to the paediatrics outpatient department of Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital between 19 October and 6 November 2015, were screened for eligibility. Eligible children were enrolled after parental consent, history taken, physical examination conducted, and a blood sample collected to test for neutralizing antibody titres against the three poliovirus serotypes. Results Overall, 365 results were available in the three age groups. In the 6-9-month-old age group, the seroprevalence was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 64-80%), 83% (95% CI 75-88%), and 66% (95% CI 57-73%) for serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the 12-15- and 19-22-month-old age groups, seroprevalence was higher but still remained Conclusions Seroprevalence for serotypes 1 and 3 remains low (

Highlights • Polio seroprevalence surveys help measure progress towards polio eradication. • Nigeria program conducted multiple seroprevalence surveys in northern states. • This article covers seroprevalence survey in Kano Nigeria in 2013 and 2014. • Data represents levels before and after the interruption of poliovirus transmission. • Significant improvement in seroprevalence in 2014 over 2013, but gaps continue. • Good participation even by vaccine refusers in this health facility based project., Introduction In September 2015, Nigeria was removed from the list of polio-endemic countries after more than 12 months had passed since the detection of last wild poliovirus case in the country on 24 July 2014. We are presenting here a report of two polio seroprevalence surveys conducted in September 2013 and October 2014, respectively, in the Kano state of northern Nigeria. Methods Health facility based seroprevalence surveys were undertaken at Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital, Kano. Parents or guardians of children aged 6–9 months, 36–47 months, 5–9 years and 10–14 years in 2013 and 6–9 months and 19–22 months (corresponding to 6–9 months range at the time of 2013 survey) in 2014 presenting to the outpatient department, were approached for participation, screened for eligibility and asked to provide informed consent. A questionnaire was administered and a blood sample collected for polio neutralization assay. Results Among subjects aged 6–9 months in the 2013 survey, seroprevalence was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI] 51–66%) to poliovirus type 1, 42% (95% CI 34–50%) to poliovirus type 2, and 52% (95% CI 44–60%) to poliovirus type 3. Among children 36–47 months and older, seroprevalence was 85% or higher for all three serotypes. In 2014, seroprevalence in 6–9 month infants was 72% (95% CI 65–79%) for type 1, 59% (95% CI 52–66%) for type 2, and 65% (95% CI 57–72%) for type 3 and in 19–22 months, 80% (95% CI 74–85%), 57% (49–63%) and 78% (71–83%) respectively. Seroprevalence was positively associated with history of increasing oral poliovirus vaccine doses. Conclusions There was significant improvement in seroprevalence in 2014 over the 2013 levels indicating a positive impact of recent programmatic interventions. However the continued low seroprevalence in 6–9 month age is a concern and calls for improved immunization efforts to sustain the polio-free Nigeria.

Wild poliovirus type 2 was declared eradicated in September 2015 (1). In April 2016, India, switched from use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV; containing types 1, 2, and 3 polio vaccine viruses), to bivalent OPV (bOPV; containing types 1 and 3), as part of a globally synchronized initiative to withdraw Sabin poliovirus type 2 vaccine. Concurrently, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was introduced into India's routine immunization program to maintain an immunity base that would mitigate the number of paralytic cases in the event of epidemic transmission of poliovirus type 2 (2,3). After cessation of use of type 2 Sabin vaccine, any reported isolation of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) would be treated as a public health emergency and might need outbreak response with monovalent type 2 oral vaccine, IPV, or both (4). In response to identification of a VDPV2 isolate from a sewage sample collected in the southern state of Telangana in May 2016, India conducted a mass vaccination campaign in June 2016 using an intradermal fractional dose (0.1 ml) of IPV (fIPV). Because of a global IPV supply shortage, fIPV, which uses one fifth of regular intramuscular (IM) dose administered intradermally, has been recommended as a response strategy for VDPV2 (5). Clinical trials have demonstrated that fIPV is highly immunogenic (6,7). During the 6-day campaign, 311,064 children aged 6 weeks-3 years were vaccinated, achieving an estimated coverage of 94%. With appropriate preparation, an emergency fIPV response can be promptly and successfully implemented. Lessons learned from this campaign can be applied to successful implementation of future outbreak responses using fIPV.

Background As a risk-mitigation strategy to minimize paralytic polio following withdrawal of Sabin type 2 from the oral poliovirus vaccine in April 2016, a single full dose or 2 fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) are recommended. However, limited knowledge exists on long-term persistence of immune memory following 1- or 2-dose IPV schedules. Methods We examined induction and maintenance of immune memory following single- vs 2-dose IPV schedules, either full-dose intramuscular or fractional-dose intradermal, in rhesus macaques. Humoral responses, bone marrow–homing antibody-secreting plasma cells, and blood-circulating/lymph node–homing memory B cells were examined longitudinally. Results A single dose of IPV, either full or fractional, induced binding antibodies and memory B cells in all vaccinated macaques, despite failing to induce neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) in many of them. However, these memory B cells declined rapidly, reaching below detection in the systemic circulation by 5 months; although a low frequency of memory B cells was detectable in draining lymph nodes of some, but not all, animals. By contrast, a 2-dose vaccination schedule, either full or fractional, efficiently induced NT Abs in all animals along with bone marrow–homing plasma cells and memory B cells. These memory B cells persisted in the systemic circulation for up to 16 months, the maximum duration tested after the second dose of vaccination. Conclusions Two doses of IPV, regardless of whether fractional or full, are more effective than a single dose for inducing long-lasting memory B cells.

Undoped and calcium substituted hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles are synthesized by surfactant-directed co-precipitation and post annealing method. The annealed nanoparticles were found to be in single phase in nature and crystallize in the rhombohedral structure with space group R3c as confirmed by Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Average crystallite sizes are calculated to be 20 to 30 nm and 50 to 60 nm for the nanoparticles annealed at 400 and 600 °C respectively. Mossbauer spectra for all the nanoparticles could be fitted with a sextet corresponding to the single magnetic state of the iron atoms in its Fe³⁺ state in the hematite matrix. The FTIR and Raman spectra of all the samples correspond to specific modes of α-Fe₂O₃. UV-Vis spectra of annealed samples showed broad peaks in the range of 525-630 nm resulting from spin-forbidden ligand field transition together with the spin-flip transition among the 2t₂g states. The estimated band gap energies were in the range of 1.6 to 1.9 eV which are much lower than the reported values for nano hematite. From the room temperature magnetic hysteresis loop measurements, weak ferromagnetic behavior is observed in all undoped and Ca²⁺ doped hematite samples. Morin temperature (T(M)) is calculated to be 257 and 237 K for 1.45% doped samples with particle size 54 and 27 nm respectively. The sample with Ca content of 1.45 wt% when annealed at 400 °C showed that the particles were of different shapes which included both quasi spherical and rod shaped. On annealing the same sample at 600 °C, the nanorods collapsed to form bigger spherical and ellipsoidal particles.

Mn-doped NiO nanoparticles of the series Ni 1− x Mn x O ( x =0.00, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06) are successfully synthesized using a low temperature hydrothermal method. Samples up to 6% Mn-doping are single phase in nature as observed from powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Rietveld refinement of the XRD data shows that all the single phase samples crystallize in the NaCl like fcc structure with space group Fm-3m . Unit cell volume decreases with increasing Mn-doping. Pure NiO nanoparticles show weak ferromagnetism, may be due to nanosize nature. Introduction of Mn within NiO lattice improves the magnetic properties significantly. Room temperature ferromagnetism is found in all the doped samples whereas the magnetization is highest for 2% Mn-doping and then decreases with further doping. The ZFC and FC branches in the temperature dependent magnetization separate well above 350 K indicating transition temperature well above room temperature for 2% Mn-doped NiO Nanoparticle. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature is found to be 653 K for the same sample as measured by temperature dependent magnetization study using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) in high vacuum.

Here, we report on the enhancement in the magnetic properties of polycrystalline Bi1−xBaxFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) ceramic samples as a consequence of mechanical activated solid-state-reaction in comparison to standard solid-state-reaction processed samples. Our results suggest that mechanical activation has pronounced effect on the temperature of phase evolution as well as magnetic characteristics of Ba doped BiFeO3. The temperature, at which perovskite phase crystallizes is lower for mechanical activation assisted samples than for standard solid-state-reaction processed samples, attributed to pre-alloying during mechanical activation process. All the samples crystallize in a distorted perovskite structure with space group R3c and no structural change is found up to highest Ba doping. Mechanical activation also leads to significantly altered magnetic properties, particularly in higher Ba-doping samples which show about 50% increase in the magnetization and more than three fold increase in the coercive field. Local magnetic behavior investigated by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy rules out any valence fluctuations of Fe and the hyperfine field corroborates the magnetization data.

We report systematic investigations on structural and magnetic properties of nanosized NiO powders prepared by the ball milling process followed by systematic annealing at different temperatures. Both as-milled and annealed NiO powders exhibit face centered cubic structure, but average crystallite size decreases (increases) with increasing milling time (annealing temperature). Pure NiO exhibits antiferromagnetic nature, which transforms into ferromagnetic one with moderate moment at room temperature with decreasing crystallite size. The on-set of ferromagnetic behavior in the as-milled powders was observed at higher temperatures (>750 K) as compared to bulk Ni (~630 K). On the other hand, annealing of as-milled powders showed a large reduction in magnetic moment and the rate of decrease of moment strongly depends on the milling conditions. The observed properties are discussed on the basis of crystallite size variation, defect density, oxidation/reduction of Ni and interaction between uncompensated surfaces and particle core with lattice expansion.

Indian films cannot be imagined without music. The hallmark of Indian cinema is its vibrant music. Indian films, whether they are in any language (ie Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada or Malayalam), music predominates. Music is their basic element in films made in regional dialects like Bhojpuri, Rajasthani, Bandeli, Chhattisgarhi etc. Most of the films in India are made in Hindi language which are popular all over the world. Hence, we will discuss about Indian films by keeping Hindi films at the center. संगीत के बिना भारतीय फिल्मों की कल्पना भी नहीं की जा सकती। भारतीय सिनेमा की पहचान उसका सषक्त संगीत ही है। भारतीय फिल्में चाहे वे किसी भी भाषा (अर्थात् हिन्दी, तमिल, बंगाली, मराठी, तेलुगु, कन्नड़ या मलयालम) की हों, संगीत उनमें प्रमुख होता है। क्षेत्रीय बोलियों जैसे भोजपुरी, राजस्थानी, बंुदेली, छत्तीसगढ़ी आदि में बनने वाली फिल्मों में तो संगीत ही उनका मूल तत्व होता है। भारत में सर्वाधिक फिल्में हिन्दी भाषा में बनती हैं जो विश्व भर में लोकप्रिय होती हैं। अतः आगे हम भारतीय फिल्मों की चर्चा हिन्दी फिल्मों को केन्द्र में रखकर ही करेंगे।

In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio worldwide [1]. In that year, the estimated number of paralytic cases was 350 000 in 125 countries. In 2009 there were 6 years of intense efforts and enormous resources to rid India of WPV. The strategy to target children

Two vaccines together are better than one alone Polio is proving difficult to eradicate. Making the choice between administering a live attenuated vaccine orally (Sabin) or an inactivated vaccine (Salk) by injection has been highly controversial. Patients prefer the Sabin vaccine, but it requires many doses to offer immunity. Jafari et al. tested the two vaccines together in northern India. The injected vaccine significantly reduced virus shedding and boosted intestinal mucosal immunity in children already given the oral vaccine. Thus, using both vaccines could help speed the eventual global demise of polio. Science , this issue p. 922

The iron-bearing phases in a ureilite fragment (AS#051) from the Almahata Sitta meteorite are studied using Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). AS#051 has a typical ureilite texture of medium- to coarse-grained silicates (olivine, orthopyroxene, and pigeonite) with minor opaques (Fe-Ni metal, troilite, and graphite). The silicate compositions, determined by EMPA, are homogeneous: olivine (Fo90.2), orthopyroxene (En86.3Fs8.6Wo5.1), and pigeonite (En81.6Fs8.9Wo9.5), and are similar to those of magnesian ureilites. The modal abundance of mineral phases was determined by Rietveld refinement of the powder XRD data. The Mossbauer spectra at 295 K and 78 K are composed of two sharp well-defined paramagnetic doublets superimposed on a well-resolved magnetic sextet and other weak absorption features. The two paramagnetic doublets are assigned to olivine and pyroxene (orthopyroxene and pigeonite), and the ferromagnetic sextet to kamacite (magnetic hyperfine field ≈ 33.2 T), in agreement with the XRD characterization. The Mossbauer results also show the presence of small amounts of troilite (FeS) and cohenite ([Fe,Ni,Co]3C). Using the Mossbauer data, the relative abundance of each Fe-bearing phase is determined and compared with the results obtained by XRD.

Lithium-based ferrites are promising and potential magnetic materials for microwave applications. They possess a spinel (AB 2 O 4 ) type crystal structure, where the distributions of metal cations over the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) voids play a crucial role for exhibiting different physical properties. Among various parameter of synthesis, pH is an important factor that influences the cation distribution over A and B voids, overall growth of the nanoparticles and different physical properties. In the present work single phase Cr substituted lithium ferrite nanoparticles have been synthesized by the sol–gel method at different pH. The phase identification and crystallite size have been probed by X-ray diffraction studies. The crystallite size changes by 44.2–48.8 nm upon varying the pH from 3.5 to 11.5. In order to investigate the cations distribution at A/B sites, Mossbauer spectroscopic measurements were done. The values of magnetic hyperfine field obtained from the Mossbauer data for the A and B sites are ≈49.5 T and 51 T, respectively. Moreover, it is observed that the area ratio of B site to A site increases with increasing the pH. This observation further suggests that the B site is more preferable for Fe 3+ cations at higher pH than the A site. The magnetic parameter such as saturation magnetization ( M s ), remanent magnetization ( M r ), coercive field ( H C ) and squareness ( S ) are determined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements, which show a consistent increase with increasing pH. The reason for the variation in magnetic properties has been explained on the basis of increased Fe 3+ cation occupancies at the B site and size effect, which is well supported by Mossbauer spectroscopic and XRD studies.

In this work, we have explored the effect of surface functionalization in ZnO:Fe nanostructures. The ZnO:Fe nanostructures (NS), synthesized through hydrothermal route, have been surface functionalized (capped) by Tri-n-butylamine (amine). These samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) illustrate that obtained nanostructures are high aspect ratio nanorods. Room temperature Mossbauer spectra (MS) of the samples indicate the presence of paramagnetic iron state i.e. Fe3+ in ZnO host. The ferromagnetic (FM) behavior of the samples was investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) which shows that the significant enhancement of saturation magnetization in amine capped ZnO:Fe samples. This observed/enhanced ferromagnetism has been explained in terms of modification in the ZnO conduction band. The enhanced ferromagnetism due to surface functionalization has been justified by XRD, PL, FTIR and MS.

Introduction In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. Since then, much progress towards this goal has been made, but three countries including Nigeria remain polio-endemic as of end 2012. To assess the immunity level against poliomyelitis in young children in Northern Nigeria, we conducted a seroprevalence survey in the Kano Metropolitan Area (KMA) in May 2011. Methods Parents or guardians of infants aged 6–9 months or children aged 36–47 months presenting to the outpatient department of Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital were approached for participation, screened for eligibility and were asked to provide informed consent. After that, a questionnaire was administered and blood was collected for neutralization assay. Results A total of 327 subjects were enrolled. Of these, 313 (96%) met the study requirements and were analyzed (161 [51%] aged 6–9 months and 152 [49%] aged 36–47 months). Among subjects aged 6–9 months, seroprevalence was 81% (95% confidence interval [CI] 75–87%) to poliovirus type 1, 76% (95% CI 68–81%) to poliovirus type 2, and 73% (95% CI 67–80%) to poliovirus type 3. Among subjects aged 36–47 months, the seroprevalence was 91% (95% CI 86–95%) to poliovirus type 1, 87% (95% CI 82–92%) for poliovirus type 2, and 86% (95% CI 80–91%) to poliovirus type 3. Seroprevalence was associated with history of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) doses, maternal education and gender. Conclusions Seroprevalence is lower than required levels for poliovirus interruption in the KMA. Persistence of immunity gaps in the 36–47 months group is a big concern. Since higher number of vaccine doses is associated with higher seroprevalence, it implies that failure-to-vaccinate and not vaccine failure accounts for the suboptimal seroprevalence. Intensified efforts are necessary to administer polio vaccines to all target children and surpass the threshold levels for herd immunity.

Summary Locating and profiling porosity or cavities in materials science has been of great interest and importance. However, it has been a great challenge to detect and analyze these hidden cracks because of lack of efficient measurement technique. Artificial voids are created and covered by self-supporting thin films in order to replicate a hidden crack situation. Subsequently, these hidden voids are located in the scanning electron microscope images and the backscattered electrons, which emerge from a deeper part of a material and depend on the material property (such as atomic number, atomic density, etc.), are shown to play the key role in locating these hidden voids. Detection has been done by collecting the backscattered electrons as well as the secondary electrons (produced by the backscattered electrons). The efficacy of the detection technique is presented in terms of variation in the grayscale intensity values of the scanning electron microscope images. The role of the primary beam energy and the beam dwell time in the detection efficiency is discussed. The successful demonstration of the imaging technique in profiling hidden voids shows a promising and efficient analytical technique in detecting and analyzing invisible cracks in materials. SCANNING 36:430–436, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This review-essay considers Mighty Beast, a radio feature by Sean Borodale, Sara Davies and Elizabeth Purnell, exploring how it approaches vernacular speech using poems based on auctioneering, sounds of market places and interviews with farmers and other workers. Listening closely to key passages, I highlight the role of Borodale’s 'in the moment' process and the use of sound editing as a form of writing, while situating the work within a longer history of livestock poetry and auctioneering in the sound arts. In the end, I argue that Mighty Beast is an outstanding piece to help think through larger issues of the future of the radio feature as a format, alongside questions about what can or cannot be depicted in vernacular-focused radio, a genre that seems to work on us at the 'creaturely' scale.

The present investigation describes the evolution of nano iron oxide/oxyhydroxide phases synthesized under identical conditions of precipitation using different starting reagents. Depending on the Fe(III) source and the neutralizing agent, single-phased nanogoethite, single-phased ferrihydrite and a combination of goethite, hematite and ferrihydrite phases were evolved in the synthesized samples. The prepared precursors were annealed at 400, 600 and 800 °C to study the changes in the morphology, optical and magnetic properties of single phase α-Fe2O3. Detailed characterization studies of the precursors and hematite obtained by annealing the samples were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Raman spectra of α-Fe2O3 obtained upon annealing the precursors showed changes in peaks' positions and intensities. These changes have been attributed to surface defects, the phonon confinement effect, the particle shape, and surface morphology. TEM images of the as-synthesized and annealed samples clearly showed differences in the shape, size and crystallinity. The direct and indirect band gap energies of annealed samples estimated from UV-vis absorption spectra showed these values to be smaller as compared to the bulk value for α-Fe2O3. The band gaps were not much affected by the nature of the precursor for the formation of α-Fe2O3 but did depend on annealing temperature. Very interesting trends were observed for the magnetic behaviour of α-Fe2O3. The coercivity values varied in the range of 28.7 to 2966 Oe. Probable mechanisms of formation of different phases have been outlined.

We report systematic investigations on structural, magnetic and optical properties of NiO nanoparticles prepared by mechanical alloying. As-milled powders exhibit face centred cubic structure, but average particle size decreases and effective strain increases for the initial periods of milling. Lattice volume increases monotonically with a reduction in particle size. Antiferromagnetic NiO particles exhibit significant room temperature (RT) ferromagnetism with modest moment and coercivity. A maximum moment of 0.0147 μB/f.u at 12 kOe applied field and a coercivity of 160 Oe were obtained for 30 h milled NiO powder. Exchange bias decreases linearly with a decrease in NiO particle size. Thermo-magnetization data reveal the presence of mixed magnetic phases in milled powders and shifts magnetic phase transition towards high temperature with increasing milling. Annealing of milled NiO powder and photoluminescence studies show a large reduction in RT magnetic moment and blue-shifting of band edge emission peak. The observed properties are discussed on the basis of finite size effect, defect density, oxidation/reduction of Ni, increase in number of sublattices, uncompensated spins from surface to particle core, and interaction between uncompensated surfaces and particle core with lattice expansion.

In order to fabricate a nanostructure precisely, the effect of different parameters involved in the fabrication processes should be extensively studied. We have studied the effect of beam parameters such as beam dwell time, mode of deposition as well as pattern size, on focused-ion-beam-induced deposition of nanopillars. While fabricating the nanopillars in the circular and serpentine mode deposition, long tails of the deposited material are observed. The amount deposited in the tails is found to be a function of the beam dwell time as well as the diameter of the pillar. The tail disappears at higher beam dual time and pillar diameter. The elemental composition of the tail is found to be same as that of the pillar.

Ultrafine (2-5 nm) particles of amorphous Ca-Mg co-doped ferrihydrite have been synthesized by surfactant mediated co-precipitation method. The evolution of the amorphous ferrihydrite by Ca-Mg co-doping is quite different from our earlier investigations on individual doping of Ca and Mg. Amorphous phase of ferrihydrite for the present study has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and low temperatures (40 K and 20 K). Hematite nanoparticles with crystallite size about 8, 38 and 70 nm were obtained after annealing the as-prepared samples at 400, 600 and 800 degrees C respectively in air atmosphere. Superparamagnetism has been found in 8 nm sized hematite nanoparticles which has been confirmed from the magnetic hysteresis loop with zero remanent magnetization and coercive field and also from the superparamagnetic doublet of its room temperature Mössbauer spectrum. The magnetic properties of the 38 and 70 nm sized particles have been studied by room temperature magnetic hysteresis loop measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The coercive field in these hematite nanoparticles increases with increasing particle size. Small amount of spinel MgFe2O4 phase has been detected in the 800 degrees C annealed sample.

Multiferroic nano-composite (1-x) BiFeO3–x Li0.5Fe2.5O4 (x=0.25 and 0.5) have been successfully synthesized by mixing the two phases, prepared independently by two different methods followed by annealing at 600 0 C. Existence of the two phases in the composite is confirmed by x-ray diffraction pattern. Average particle size is calculated to be about 45 nm for both of these phases. The saturation magnetization, remnant magnetization and coercive field increases linearly with increasing ferromagnetic phase (Li0.5Fe2.5O4) as investigated by VSM measurement. Local magnetic behaviors have been investigated by 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopic studies. Large dielectric constant of the order of 10 3 -10 4 has been observed in these composites. Copyright © 2013 VBRI press