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This research aims to improve student environmental knowledge and literacy with natural products experiment activity worksheets. The methods used in this research are pre-experimental. The subjects of this research are 15 students from an Islamic high school. The research results show that natural products experiment activity worksheets effectively improve students' learning outcomes. The research results indicate that the pre-test results obtained an average score of 50.8, indicating that students needed help understanding the material before using natural products' experiment activity worksheets. Post-test results showed an average score of 80.5, indicating that students experienced increased learning outcome scores. The average normalized gain score is 0.59, indicating a medium increase in chemistry learning outcomes. The self-assessment questionnaire on environmental literacy, conducted after using the integrated natural products experiment activity worksheets, showed that knowledge had an average score of 4.33 and was rated as excellent, behavior had an average score of 4.31 and was rated as good, and attitude had an average score of 4.37 and was also rated as good. Overall, students' environmental literacy was rated as outstanding, with an average score of 86.74%.

The research aims to analyze the correlation between motivation, learning quality, critical thinking skills, industrial work practice quality, and vocational readiness of Industrial Chemistry students at vocational high schools (SMK). The research employs a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research used purposive sampling from industrial chemistry students in Central Java, with a sample consisting of 63 students in grade XI. Data collection is done through questionnaires and tests, then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Squares (SEM–PLS). The research results show that vocational readiness is directly influenced by learning quality and industrial work practice quality, while learning quality influences the quality of industrial work practice. The results of indirect influence analysis show that the quality of industrial work practice mediates the influence of learning quality on vocational readiness. In this study, the motivation and critical thinking skills of students are not proven to have an effect on vocational readiness, both directly and indirectly. Schools are advised to optimize the quality of learning and the quality of industrial work practice through industry collaboration and cooperation with higher education institutions (HEIs). The motivation and critical thinking skills of students should also be considered to play a role in their vocational readiness.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan e-modul ajar berbasis guided inquiry bermuatan etno-STEM, mengetahui tingkat kelayakan, respon siswa, dan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Pengembangan e-modul ajar menggunakan model 4D (define, design, development, disseminate) yang dibatasi sampai tahap ke 3. Penelitian dilaksanakan di MAN 1 KUDUS kelas X tahun ajaran 2023/2024. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 33 siswa pada uji coba skala kecil dan 72 siswa untuk uji coba skala besar. Instrumen pada penelitian ini adalah lembar validasi materi, lembar validasi media, lembar angket respon, dan instrumen tes berpikir kritis. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut (1) tingkat kelayakan e-modul ajar berbasis guided inquiry bermuatan etno-STEM pada materi kimia hijau pada aspek materi 94% dalam kategori “sangat valid” dan pada aspek media 95% dengan kategori “sangat valid”, (2) hasil respon siswa yaitu sebesar 85% yang termasuk dalam kategori “sangat praktis”, (3) e-modul ajar efektif dalam membekali kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa.

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effect of Leucaena at different proportions and doses of molasses on the nutritional quality, silage fermentation characteristic, and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Materials and Methods: The study was designed in a completely randomized factorial design 3*3 pattern. The first factor was the proportion addition of Leucaena, i.e., L0 (0%), L15 (15%), L30 (30%), and L45 (45%) of inclusion of Leucaena on the dry matter (DM) basis of corn stover. The second factor was the dose of inclusion of molasses, i.e., M2 (2%), M4 (4%), and M6 (6%) on the fed basis of silage. Each treatment had five replications. The variables observed included chemical composition [DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], silage fermentation characteristics (pH and NH3-N), DM digestibility (DMD), and OM digestibility (OMD) under in vitro conditions. Results: The result shows that the inclusion of Leucaena in the proportion of 30%–45% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition of corn stover silage, significantly suppresses the content of CF, and increases the CP content of the silage. Likewise, the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% also positively contributed to the quality of the resulting silage, especially its effect in suppressing the buffer capacity of proteins resulting in low pH values and NH3-N concentrations in silage. Conclusions: It was concluded that the inclusion of Leucaena in 30%–45% and the inclusion of molasses at a dose of 4% is very effective in increasing and improving the chemical composition, silage fermentability characteristics, and rumen degradation of corn stover silage. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 118-125]

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh penggunaan LKPD berbasis PjBL terhadap kemampuan metakognisi peserta didik dalam bahan kimia larutan elektrolit dan nonelektrolit. Sebuah desain pretest-posttest satu kelompok (one-group pretest-posttest design) digunakan dalam penyelidikan eksperimental penelitian ini. Wawancara, tes, angket, dan dokumentasi semuanya digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Hasil Penerapan Kerja Peserta Didik berbasis project based learning diperoleh data berupa nilai pretest dan postest yang diuji menggunakan uji t test berpasangan dan uji n-gain. Hasil uji t test diperoleh sig. 0,011 0,05. Hasil uji n-gain diperoleh nilai n-gain 0,4533 atau 45,33 % pada kategori sedang.Hasil kedua uji menunjukkan telah terjadi peningkatan kemampuan metakognisi peserta didik setelah menggunakan LKPD berbasis PjBL. Hasil analisis angket tanggapan peserta didik menyatakan 32,38% sangat setuju, 61,90% setuju, 3,33% kurang setuju, dan 2,38% tidak setuju pada penggunaan LKPD berbasis PjBL. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat dikatakan dengan adanya penggunaan LKPD berbasis PjBL berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan metakognisi peserta didik pada materi larutan elektrolit dan nonelektrolit.

Stabilitas forklift masih menjadi salah satu perhatian tersebar hingga saat ini, masih banyak kasus kecelakaan yang disebabkan hilangnya stabilitas saat forklift membawa beban. Dalam penelitian ini akan dianalisa kestabilan forklift dalam kondisi diam dan kondisi pengereman.. Model forklift yang menjadi obyek penelitian ini adalah Forklift TCM FD25T3Z dengan variasi beban dan kecepatan. Analisa dilakukan untuk mengetahui massa beban maksimum yang dapat diterima forklift dan pengaruh massa beban terhadap kestabilan forklift dalam kondisi diam dan dalam kondisi pengereman. Hasil analisa menunjukkan forklift akan terjungkal apabila mengangkat beban 3380,67 kg atau dengan penambahan 35,2% dari beban maksimum Operation Maintenance Manual (OMM) yaitu 2500 kg. Kestabilan forklift dalam kondisi statis jika dilihat dari nilai gaya kontak roda dengan tanah dan posisi Combined Center Gravity (CG) massa beban berpengaruh terhadap kestabilan forklift. Kestabilan forklift dalam kondisi dinamis jika dilihat dari jarak pengereman kritis yang menyebabkan forklift tidak stabil dipengaruhi oleh penambahan beban dan kecepatan. Semakin tinggi kecepatan dan semakin besar beban, semakin jauh pula jarak pengereman yang diperlukan untuk menghentikan forklift.

Currently, there is an outbreak of a new infectious disease in Indonesia, namely coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease is spread quickly through close contact and droplets expelled when coughing, sneezing, talking, or contacting contaminated surfaces. Some effective methods include always wearing a mask outside the house, maintaining a distance of at least 2 meters when interacting with people, and diligently washing hands with soap for at least 20 seconds. The community service program aimed to make portable and hygienic handwashing stations as a form of participation in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the community. The station is easy to move, and users do not need totouch the faucet and soap dispenser. The user only needs to step on the foot pedal to open the faucet and soap dispenser. Viruses, bacteria, or germs can stick to the handle, and the touchless faucet will minimize contact. This station is expected to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. This community service program was carried out in Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta and supported by partners such as, Nglipar I, Ponjong, Tepus 1 and 2, Patuk 1 and 2, Semin 2, Panggang 1 dan 2, Gedangsari 2, and Girisubo Community Health Center. The distribution of the station ran smoothly, and it could be used properly. The Community Health Centers were helped with this program.

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) is one of the important agricultural commodities for residents in the Bolo village, Gresik. The resident of Bolo Village owns an average of 1/4 hectare of lime plantations. However, the price of lime is not stable. In the harvest season, when conditions become surplus in the market, lime prices often drop, causing losses for the farmers. Lack of knowledge about lime product processing is also an obstacle in the utilization and processing of crops. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of citrus farmers in Bolo Village to utilize and process lime crops into Home Industry products, so they do not suffer losses when the lime price drops. Activities are carried out through learning using interactive lecture methods and training through product manufacturing demos. The successful indicator was carried out by evaluating the participants' level of understanding before and after the activity. The training activities significantly increased the participants' knowledge and experience. In addition, this activity also obtained data on the needs of lime farmers. It is hoped that this data can be used for the continuation of the next activity or can also be used by the local government, which wants to help advance agriculture and product diversification in the village of Bolo.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi Indigofera dengan interval pemotongan berbeda yang dibudidayakan di Pulau Lombok. Penelitian dirancang dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok interval pemotongan yaitu 30, 45 dan 60 hari setelah potong paksa. Pemotongan paksa dilakukan pada ketinggian 50 cm di atas tanah pada 11 minggu setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan Indigofera 30, 45 dan 60 hari setelah pemotongan berturut-turut adalah 89,2, 120,0 dan 161,0 cm. Sedangkan laju pertumbuhan tanaman sebesar 7,96, 10,47 dan 13,89 cm/minggu. Pembentukan percabangan pada minggu pertama sebanyak 5,0 cabang/pohon dan tumbuh signifikan menjadi 25,0 cabang/pohon setelah 4 minggu. Pembentukan cabang mencapai 40 cabang pada 60 hari setelah pemotongan paksa. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa tanaman tetap tumbuh dengan cepat dan tepat meskipun tanaman ditebang. Produksi Indigofera tertinggi diperoleh pada interval pemotongan 60 hari (864,40gram/pohon) diikuti dengan peningkatan bahan kering dan bahan organik, tetapi kadar protein menurun secara signifikan. Disimpulkan bahwa Indigofera merupakan tanaman potensial yang dapat dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pakan ternak andalan di Pulau Lombok. Kata kunci: produksi hijauan, Indigofera zollingeriana, interval pemotongan, pertumbuhan

Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a relatively short release time. This short release time promotes a more frequent drug consumption and could lead to side effects in the stomach, e.g., gastrointestinal disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastric ulcers. A drug delivery system with a slow-release activity is one of the promising technologies to control the drug amount released to the stomach. A surfactant-modified natural zeolite as a carrier for diclofenac sodium has been used in this study. This study focused on the preparation, characterization, and slow-release performance of HDTMA-modified natural zeolite as a carrier for diclofenac sodium. The zeolite underwent chemical and physical activation, as well as milling prior to use. It was proven that the zeolite used was dominated by mordenite and clinoptilolite with high stability properties towards acid treatments, as indicated by the XRD patterns. A modification of the zeolite surface using HDTMABr was also successfully performed, indicated by the appearance of peaks at wavenumbers of 2923.05 cm-1 and 2853.39 cm-1 (symmetrical and asymmetrical CH2 strains of HDTMA molecules, respectively) in the FTIR spectra. The synthesized HDTMA-modified natural zeolite also showed an excellent surface property such as surface area, pore-volume, and size, as indicated by the BET-BJH isotherms on the nitrogen adsorption. The slow-release performance of the zeolite-based drug delivery system was studied by investigating the adsorption-desorption behavior of HDTMA-modified zeolite towards diclofenac sodium. The HDTMA-modified zeolite adsorbed the diclofenac sodium of 54.01% at a pH of 7.5, the contact time of 60 min, and the initial concentration of 100 ppm. The adsorbed diclofenac sodium of 73.95% could be released from the HDTMA-modified adsorbent for 8 h, mimicking the time length of drug metabolism in the human body.

Perubahan suhu global dapat mengubah sistem iklim, terutama presipitasi melalui peningkatan konveksi. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi terhadap kenaikan intensitas dan frekuensi hujan ekstrem. Hujan ekstrem merupakan sebab dari bencana hidrometeorologi seperti banjir, banjir bandang, dan kekeringan. Selain itu, pemanasan global berakibat pada El Nino/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dengan durasi kala ulang lebih pendek. ENSO berpengaruh terhadap iklim di sekitar wilayah monsunal Indonesia, terutama bagian timur. Jawa bagian timur mengalami kekeringan ekstrem ketika ENSO positif kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: a) mengidentifikasi perubahan curah hujan ekstrem di Bengawan Solo Hilir tahun 1979-2017; b) menjelaskan kejadian hujan ekstrem saat fenomena ENSO (El Niño/ Southern Oscillation). Penelitian menggunakan data curah hujan harian dari 16 stasiun hujan di Bengawan Solo Hilir mulai 1979 – 2017 (39 tahun) yang telah diuji homogenitas dan konsistensi. Data tersebut digunakan untuk memperoleh indeks ekstrem hujan berupa Rx1hari, Rx5hari, P95, P99, dan intensitas hujan harian. Tren hujan monotonik dihitung menggunakan statistik Mann-Kendall, adapun besarnya perubahan dianalisis menggunakan uji Sen’s slope. Hubungan antara hujan ekstrem dengan kejadian ENSO diketahui berdasarkan nilai korelasi Spearman-rank. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar stasiun hujan bagian timur-selatan mengalami penurunan hujan ekstrem berupa Rx1hari, P95, dan intesitas hujan harian (tren negatif) justru pada puncak musim hujan (Desember – Januari – Februari) dan transisi penghujan-kemarau (Maret-April-Mei). Penurunan hujan harian maksimum (Rx1hari) pada rentang 0,3 mm/tahun hingga 1,1 mm/tahun. Kejadian ENSO tidak otomatis berakibat pada intensitas hujan ekstrem skala harian. Indeks ENSO dapat digunakan untuk analisis indeks ekstrem dengan skala kumulatif antarmusim maupun antartahun. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa variabel ENSO lebih tepat digunakan pada analisis kekeringan dan tidak berkaitan erat dengan bencana hidrometeorologi dalam skala pendek seperti banjir maupun banjir bandang.

Computer students need a dictionary of computer terms to deepen lectures. In developing dictionary applications, the term computer will choose the fastest and most efficient memory algorithm. The comparison algorithm is Knuth Morris Pratt (KMP) and Boyer Moore (BM) algorithm. Based on previous research, the KMP algorithm has a better performance compared to other string matching algorithms. However, other studies have concluded that the BM algorithm has better performance. Besides, the Zhu-Takaoka algorithm is more efficient than the KMP algorithm in dictionary development. The BM algorithm has the same search concept as the Zhu-Takaoka algorithm. The determination of the fastest and most efficient algorithm in this study uses the Exponential Comparison Method (ECM). ECM sets criteria for when searching and using the memory in the search process. The results of the comparison of the KMP and BM algorithm are the search time for the BM algorithm is 37.9%, and the KMP algorithm is 62.1%. The results of the use of search memory for the KMP algorithm are 50.6%, and the BM algorithm is 49.4%. The total ECM score shows that the BM algorithm is 0.55% better than the KMP algorithm.

Backpropagation (BP) merupakan salah satu paradigma pembelajaran dalam jaringan syaraf tiruan yang dibangun dengan banyak lapisan untuk mengubah bobot–bobot yang terhubung dengan neuron pada lapisan tersembunyi. Pengubahan bobot dilakukan oleh sebuah algoritma pelatihan sehingga mendekati bobot optimal. Kinerja algoritma pelatihan dikatakan optimal dapat dilihat dari error yang dihasilkan (MSE). Semakin kecil MSE, semakin optimal kinerjanya. Beberapa penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya, diperoleh informasi bahwa algoritma pelatihan yang paling optimal berdasarkan MSE terkecil adalah algoritma Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) dengan rata–rata MSE 0.001 dengan tingkat pengujian α=5%. Penelitian tersebut menggunakan 10 neuron dalam lapisan tersembunyi. Keadaan optimal banyaknya neuron dalam lapisan tersembunyi yang dapat menghasilkan MSE paling kecil belum diketahui. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui jumlah neuron yang paling optimal dalam lapisan tersembunyi pada algoritma LM. Parameter jaringan yang digunakan yaitu 15 neuron dalam lapisan input, target error=0.001 (10-3) dan variasi nilai laju pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran yaitu pengembangan program komputer dan pengujian data statistik menggunakan ANOVA. Pengembangan program komputer digunakan untuk membangkitkan data random sebagai masukan jaringan, menjalankan algoritma LM, dan menghasilkan data keluaran. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dengan 27 neuron pada lapisan tersembunyi menghasilkan MSE terkecil yaitu 0.0000807±0.0001220 dengan laju pembelajaran=0.8.

Gedung bertingkat memiliki banyak sub elemen, elemen, sub komponen dan komponen di tiap bagian struktur, arsitektur, dan utilitasnya. Kerna kompleksnya elemen dan sub elemen di dalam bangunan gedung bertingkat, sehingga diperlukan rencana kegiatan dan mekanisme yang terencana untuk menentukan prioritas perbaikan. Penelitian ini mengkaji implementasi Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) untuk menentukan prioritas perbaikan gedung berdasarkan aspek kerusakan pada sub elemen, elemen, dan komponen. Metode SPK yang digunakan yaitu Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan Profile Matching. Metode AHP digunakan untuk menentukan priority vector atau bobot prioritas sub elemen, elemen, dan komponen, sedangkan Profile Matching digunakan untuk menentukan perangkingan gedung yang menjadi prioritas perbaikan berdasarkan pengukuran volume kerusakan, jenis kerusakan, nilai pengurang dan faktor koreksi serta nilai Skala Indeks Kondisi Mckay pada sub elemen, elemen dan komponen gedung. Berdasarkan hasil proses Profile Matching, didapatkan nilai total aspek struktur gedung 1 yaitu 1,05, gedung 2 yaitu 1,5, dan gedung 3 yaitu 0,75, untuk nilai total aspek struktur gedung 1 yaitu 1,40, gedung 2 yaitu 1,20 dan gedung 3 yaitu 1,50, sedangkan nilai total aspek utilitas gedung 1 yaitu gedung 1 yaitu 0, gedung 2 yaitu 1,5, dan gedung 3 yaitu 0. Sehingga berdasarkan persamaan 10, diperoleh rangking prioritas pertama perbaikan gedung yaitu gedung 2 dengan nilai 1,36, prioritas kedua yaitu gedung 1 dengan nilai 1,05, dan prioritas ketiga adalah gedung 3 dengan nilai 0,98.

Erosion and sedimentation are two interrelated problems. In the Pacal river catchment area, in its development there has been environmental damage which has caused problems in watershed management in the form of changes in the function of paddy fields which basically results in a decline in the amount of water demand. The aim of the study was to monitor and evaluate the performance of the Pacal River sub-watershed using water management criteria. The results of the study found that the Flood calculation for 5 years with the Harpes method with Debit yields of 443,678 m³ / sec, the Rational method produced 413,495 m³ / sec and the Melchoir method produced 412,824 m³ / sec.

Ethernet is the most popular network technology today. All devices connected within the network must follow protocols in order to communicate. One of the protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suites is the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). The function of ARP is to translate logical addresses into physical addresses. This research aims to simulate the role of ARP in the Ethernet using Packet Tracer. The address resolution process performed by ARP, which originaly took place very quickly and was not visible. It can be observed in detail and clearly by the simulation. In the simulation, communication betwen hosts in the network can be done if the physical address of the destination host is known. If the physical address is not known then ARP will perform its function.

Harmonic content is an important parameter in relation to the power generated by inverter. In power conversion technology of inverter, sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the most popular used by many researchers. The advantages of SPWM inverter operation as a conversion technique compared to other inverter types can be seen from the low harmonic distortion in the output voltage of inverter. Therefore, the SPWM signal generation process becomes a determining factor for the performance of the overall system. This paper present the method for selecting the modulation index (ma) and frequency ratio (mf) using Cubic Spline Interpolation to get minimum harmonic of SPWM inverter that generated. Both parameters controlled with varied values digitally using microcontroller to generate SPWM, then the output of inverter with and without LC filter was investigated. The results show that the use of Cubic Spline Interpolation method in the selection of ma and mf precisely managed to produce SPWM inverter with minimum harmonic content. At the inverter output, the use of LC filter is not only useful for converting SPWM signals to sinusoidal waveforms but can also reduce harmonic content significantly less than 3 %.

Saat ini UMP telah memiliki 11 Fakultas dan 33 Program Studi. Jumlah mahasiswa UMP meningkat setiap tahunnya. Hal ini terlihat dari jumlah mahasiswa baru yang semakin banyak di setiap penerimaan mahasiswa baru. Namun, jumlah mahasiswa baru masih belum mencapai target yaitu 3500 mahasiswa. Berbagai macam strategi dan cara sudah dilakukan oleh pihak Biro Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru (BPMB) UMP untuk mencapai target tersebut. Namun, beberapa strategi tersebut tidak tepat sasaran, sehingga minat calon mahasiswa tidak sesuai harapan. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan suatu terobosan untuk meningkatkan jumlah mahasiswa baru UMP. Kelebihan model ARIMA adalah memiliki sifat yang fleksibel (mengikuti pola data), memiliki tingkat akurasi peramalan yang cukup tinggi dan cocok digunakan untuk meramal sejumlah variabel dengan cepat, sederhana, akurat karena hanya membutuhkan data historis untuk melakukan peramalannya. Model ARIMA(1,1,1) tanpa konstan merupakan model yang terbaik untuk meramalkan data mahasiswa FKIP dan FT, hasil peramalan menunjukkan bahwa FKIP terjadi trend kenaikan positif mencapai 649 mahasiswa di tahun 2021 dan dapat dimaksimalkan mencapai 1080 mahasiswa, sedangkan hasil peramalan menunjukkan bahwa FT terjadi trend penurunan mencapai 187 mahasiswa di tahun 2021 dan dapat dimaksimalkan mencapai 355 mahasiswa. Kata kunci: Peramalan, mahasiswa baru, ARIMA

The purpose of this research is to determine the achievement of students' knowledge competence on the salt hydrolysis subject matter through learning POE models. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method. The qualitative descriptive method is a research conducted to explain systematically factual and accurate about the facts and nature of a particular population. The research procedure starts by designing instructional tools, performing expert validation, instrument testing, giving POE learning treatment and doing posttest. Subjects in this research were students of class XI IPA 1 and XI IPA 3 SMA Negeri 1 Demak taken on the advice of the teacher or purposive sampling technique. The research design used is a quasi-experimental design. Collecting data using the methods of testing, and documentation. The results showed that students obtain a percentage of classical completeness in class XI IPA 1 and XI IPA 3 which reached 76,32% and 78,95%. Students who complete knowledge competence in class XI IPA 1 as many as 29 students and class XI IPA 3 as many as 30 students. Based on the results of the research can be concluded that with the model POE, students are able to achieve knowledge competence.

Although there have been many studies investigating international students, many of them focused on the students who travel in pursuit of higher education in English countries and/or universities. This current qualitative study is intended to explore the experiences of international students, particularly the challenges, and strategies to deal with the challenges and the culture shock while studying in Jambi, Indonesia. In order to collect the data, a semi-structured interview was employed and guided by an interview protocol to stimulate the participants in answering the questions during the interview. The participants of this study were nine international students who studied at one public university in Jambi. Through thematic analysis, we found that international students faced some challenges living and studying in Jambi, such as language issues, academic issues, individual issues, and living style and related issues. To overcome the challenges, international students employed two main strategies, including self-management strategies and seeking help. Moreover, although the culture of international students is quite similar to the culture of the hosting country, we identified a lack of foreigner sense and physical contact as the culture shocks experienced by one international student. Looking at the challenges and culture shocks experienced by international students, this study suggests that preparation is crucial for prospective international students before pursuing their studies overseas.

Peranan pekarangan dalam usaha meningkatkan ketahanan nasional rakyat pedesaan.

Mechanism of parasitism of Trichoderma harzianum on Fusarium oxysporum on Acacia mangium seedlings. Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most important soil-borne fungi the causal agent of damping-off disease. Detailed information it needed to know how the pathogen can be inhibited by Trichoderma harzianum. The objective of this research was to investigate the inhibition mechanism of T. harzianum on F. oxysporum in vitro and in planta. Green Flourescent Protein (GFP) T. harzianum was used as biocontrol agent of F. oxysporum. An in vitro inhibition test of T. harzianum was performed using dual culture method. In the in planta inhibition tests, seedlings of A. mangium were applied with GFP T. harzianum two days before inoculation of F. oxysporum; GFP T. harzianum was simultaneously applied with F. oxysporum and GFP T. harzianum was applied two days after inoculation of F. oxysporum. The inhibition effect of T. harzianum GFP was observed at seven days incubation, indicated by attachment of T. harzianum to F. oxysporum hyphae. GFP T. harzianum hyphae covered the colonies of F. oxysporum at 12 days after incubation. The highest life percentage of A. mangium seedlings was found on the treatment of GFP T. harzianum two days before inoculation of F. oxysporum (82.22%), whereas the lowest life percentage was found on seedling applied with GFP T. harzianum two days after inoculation of F. oxysporum (64.44%).

Ribosomal pauses are a critical part of cotranslational events including protein folding and localization. However, extended ribosome pauses can lead to ribosome collisions, resulting in the activation of ribosome rescue pathways and turnover of protein and mRNA. While this relationship has been known, there has been little exploration of how ribosomal stalls impact translation duration at a quantitative level. We have taken a method used to measure elongation time and adapted it for use in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to quantify the impact of elongation stalls. We find, in transcripts containing Arg CGA codon repeat-induced stalls, a Hel2-mediated dose-dependent decrease in protein expression and mRNA level and an elongation delay on the order of minutes. In transcripts that contain synonymous substitutions to nonoptimal Leu codons, there is a decrease in protein and mRNA levels, as well as similar elongation delay, but this occurs through a non-Hel2-mediated mechanism. Finally, we find that Dhh1 selectively increases protein expression, mRNA level, and elongation rate. This indicates that distinct poorly translated mRNAs will activate different rescue pathways despite similar elongation stall durations. Taken together, these results provide new quantitative mechanistic insight into the surveillance of translation and the roles of Hel2 and Dhh1 in mediating ribosome pausing events.

Susceptibility of Urban Trees Polyalthia longifolia and Pterocarpus indicus to Infection of the red root rot fungus Ganoderma sp. Urban trees on the Gadjah Mada University (UGM) area play an important role in increasing environmental qualities as well as in supporting the teaching and learning processes. However, red root rot disease caused by Basidiomycete Ganoderma sp. has severely infected some existing urban trees. This experiment was aimed to determine the susceptibility of Polyalthia longifolia (glodokan) and Pterocarpus indicus (angsana) to the infection of Ganoderma sp. Identification of infected trees was performed in UGM area. Further steps were carried out to achieve those objectives : (1) isolation of Ganoderma spp. and testing of Koch’s postulate and (2) examination of the susceptibility of P. longifolia and P. indicus to infection of Ganoderma sp. The susceptibility test of P. longifolia and P. indicus to Ganoderma sp. indicated that P. longifolia was more resistant to fungal pathogen infection than that of P. indicus. Based on this experiment, it can be concluded that P. longifolia is a species that is more suitable than P. indicus. P. longifolia should be planted on the areas that have been infested with inocula of Ganoderma sp..

Pinus merkusii or tusam is an original Indonesian plant and it is naturally distributed in Aceh and North Sumatra. Damping-off disease is the main problem in its nurseries. Fusarium subglutinans is one of the leading causes of damping-off disease. The knowledge of fungal infections process of tusam seedlings is essential to control damping- off disease effectively.The aim of this research is to understand (1) infection process of F. subglutinans in tusam seedlings and the defence response of seedlings against the infection of F. subglutinans. The methods used in this research were (1) identification of fungal pathogens that causing the disease, (2) pathogenicity test of F. subglutinans, (3) detection the accumulation of lignin, accumulation of callose and hypersensitive reactions by staining of seedling tissue using phloroglucinol, aniline blue and lactophenol trypan blue.The results of this study revealed that spores germination occurred in two days after inoculation. Direct penetration through cell wall and stomata was observed on the third day after inoculation. There was hypersensitive reaction in stomata. Accumulation of callose and lignin appeared on the third day after inoculation. However, defence response of seedlings was not effective, as F. subglutinans is a necrotroph fungus.

ABSTRACT Seasonal effect on the growth of Atelocauda digitata, the cause of rust disease on Acacia auriculiformis in Yogyakarta. The research was aimed to determine the growth of Atelocauda digitata which attacks Acacia auriculiformis in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta and determine the process of A. digitata infection on A. auriculiformis. Quantification of the presence of pathogen and the damage as part of tree health monitoring was represented by the percentage of disease incidence and severity, that was used as a benchmark of A. digitata dynamics. Pathogenic organisms were confirmed by pathogenicity test. The process of infection was studied microscopically and macroscopically. Percentage of disease incidence and severity of all three observation plots during the rainy and the dry season were dynamic, with the highest damage discovered in Plot 5. A. digitata infecting A. auriculiformis produces three types of spores, namely teliospores, uredospores and aeciospores. The hyphae infected the leaf tissue two days after inoculation through stomata. Intracellular hyphae were found five days after inoculation.

Leukemia drug discovery based on calanone compound was conducted in previous research and produced 6 calanone derivatives. Most of them have lower activities against leukemia cell L1210 than pure calanone. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis is conducted in this work to find more active calanone derivatives. Six compounds were used as the material of the research because they already have anti-leukemia activity data expressed in Inhibitory Concentration of Fifty Percent Cell Lethal (IC50, in mg/mL). Calculation of predictors was performed by AM1 semiempirical method. QSAR equation is determined using Principle Component Regression (PCR) analysis, with Log IC50 as dependent variable. Independent variables (predictors) are atomic net charges, dipole moment (m), and coefficient partition of n-octanol/water (Log P). This work recommends 3 novel designs of calanone derivatives that may have higher activities (in mg/mL) than those already available, i.e. gemdiol calanone (57.78), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone calanone (30.94) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylhydrazone calanone (18.96).

Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of damping-off disease. The fungus attacks seedlings of many plant species, including Acacia mangium. In order to effectively control the disease, detailed information on how the fungus infects seedlings of A. mangium and how the plant responds to the fungal infection is essentially needed. The objectives of this research were to investigate: (1) the infection process of F. oxysporumon seedlings of A. mangium, (2) the defence response of A. mangium seedling to infection by F. oxysporum. The fungal pathogen was identified, followed by performance of pathogenicity test. The infection process was followed by macroscopic observation as well as microscopic observation. The result indicated that fungal spore germination was observed at two-day post inoculation in planta. At four-daypost inoculation, hyphae of F. oxysporum had penetrated the collar root of A. mangium seedling via stomata aperture. In addition, fungal hyphae had grown intercellulary in to the vascular tissue. Correspondingly, hypersensitive response was also detected at the stomata aperture. However, this defence mechanism is not effective in stopping the fungus since F. oxysporum is a necrotropic pathogen. Moreover, accumulation of lignin, but not callose, was observed.

The critical thinking skills must be possessed by students in order to face various problems. To enhance students' critical thinking abilities, a teaching model that can support these skills is needed. This study aims to examine the effect of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) model based on STEAM on students' physics critical thinking skills. The material used in this study is elasticity. This study explores the impact of the Project-Based Learning model as an independent variable on critical thinking skills as a dependent variable. The research method used is a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. The population of this study consists of all 159 students of class XI MIPA at MAN 1 Lombok Tengah. The sample used in this study includes class XI MIPA 5 as the experimental class and class XI MIPA 6 as the control class, selected using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis in this study was conducted using normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis testing. Based on the data analysis, the final results show that the average critical thinking score for the experimental class was 82.71, categorized as high, and for the control class was 72.96, categorized as medium. The research hypothesis was analyzed using the t-test for pooled variances. The obtained t-value was 5.54, and the t-table value was 1.706 at a 5% significance level. Therefore, since the t-value > t-table, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that there is an effect of the Project-Based Learning model on students' physics critical thinking skills.

Recently, the use of renewable sources in the preparation of various industrial materials has been revitalized in response to environmental concerns. Natural oils are considered to be the most important genre of renewable sources. Jatropha curcas oil (JPO) based polyol is an alternative material that may possibly replace petrochemical-based polyol for polyurethane coating material. Polyurethane was synthesized by reacting JPO-based polyol with isocyanate. To produce JPO-based polyol, JPO was first epoxidized to form epoxidized J. curcas oil (EJP), subsequently it was converted to polyol by the opening ring reaction with acrylic acid (AA) using triethylamine (TEA) as a catalyst. The JPO-based polyurethane film resulting from this study is compared with polyurethane film from commercial polyol for gloss, hardness, and adhesion quality. The result showed that the source of polyol has an influence on gloss, hardness, and adhesion of polyurethane film, but the differences with using isocyanate has less influence. Using visual observation, polyurethane film produced from L.OHV polyol, H.OHV polyol and commercial polyol have similar quality.

Hyperacidity causes gastric injury, and in severe situations, ulcer could develop. The growth factors known asthe basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been recognized to promoteulcer healing. Fucoidan is extracted from a brown seaweed of Okinawa called Mozuku or Cladosiphon okamuranus.Fucoidan is effective for the healing of gastric ulcers by inducing epithelial cells to produce growth factors. The aimof this study is to explore the efficacy of fucoidan in patient who suffered by gastric ulcer. A randomized control trialdouble blind was conducted to 33 eligible samples. By using four-blocks random samples were divided into fucoidanand placebo groups. 100 mg of fucoidan was given to the fucoidan group and 100 mg of glucose was given to theplacebo group. Due to ethical reasons, for both groups were given a proton pump inhibitor. There was no differencein the age category between the fucoidan group (mean: 46.23 ± 14.8 years) and the placebo group (mean: 46.18 ± 18.4years) (p: 0.28). There was also no difference in sex between the fucoidan group (female: 10/33; male 7/33) and theplacebo group (female: 7/33; male: 9/33); p: 0.38. According to the SAKITA and MIWA criterias 32 patients fulfilledA1 which indicate active severe ulcer, and 1 patient fulfilled A2 which indicate active moderate ulcer. Most of theulcers were gastric ulcer. There was a significant improvement of the grade of ulcer in fucoidan group (94%) (16/17)compared to placebo group (37.5%) (6/16,p: 0.005). There was a significant reduction of abdominal pain after 5 daysin the fucoidan group, compared to the placebo group (p: 0.04). Vomiting tends to decrease in day 6 of the fucoidangroup however its proportion is similar with that of the placebo group (p: 0.9). Fucoidan is effective for ulcer healingand reducing ulcer symptoms.Key words : fucoidan, gastric ulcer, anti-peptic activity

Sengon is a fast growing species that is cultivated widely in Indonesia. Lately, sengon is severely attacked by fungus Uromycladium tepperianum that causing gall rust disease. It is also known to attack various types of acacia. This study aims to determine the fungal infection process U. tepperianum on sengon leaves and the possibility of infection on Acacia mangium in the laboratory trial. Leave samples and fungal pathogen teliospores obtained from Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Several approach procedures conducted to achieve these objectives were: (1) identification of diseased trees, (2) collecting samples of diseased leaves, branches, twigs, and stems, and (3) artificial inoculation and investigating the infection process of U. tepperianum teliospores in the laboratory. The results showed that the process of infection in sengon started by teliospores germination and germ tube formation. Successive germ tube forming penetration pegs. In the plant tissue, the penetration peg formed hypha and further developed into intracellular and intercellular hyphae. The artificial inoculation on A. mangium leaf surface showed few spores can germinate. However, none of them managed to penetrate. Keywords: Uromycladium tepperianum, sengon, acacia, gall rust, infection DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.19.3.187

This experiment was aimed to purify and characterize the endochitinase of Trichoderma reesei. Extracellular endochitinase was produced by T. reesei strain T13, a fungal biocontrol agent in colloidal chitin medium as sole carbon source. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by gel filtration chromatography and chromatofocusing. The results showed that T. reesei produced endochitinase with molecular weight of 32 kDa and the activity was optimum at pH of 5,5 and temperature of 30 to 35oC. Key words: endochitinase, Trichoderma reesei

The objective of the experiment was to select optimal medium composition to induce endochitinase production of Trichoderma reesei. Growing media were prepared by substitution of 0.5% colloidal chitin, 0.5% colloidal chitin and 1% Polyvinyl Pyrrolidon (PVP), 1% crab shell chitin (Sigma), 1% crab shell chitin and 1% PVP into Richard’sMedium (RM). Selected bioagent T. reesei isolate 13 was grown onto the media and the specific activity of endochitinase was measured. The results showed that T. reesei grown in all media performed enzyme expression. The highest specific activity of endochitinase was detected on T. reesei grown in RM medium substituted with colloidal chitin and PVP, followed by the same fungi in RM medium substituted with crab shell chitin plus PVP, colloidal chitin and crab shell chitin alone. Key words: endochitinase, Trichoderma reesei, mycoparasite

The experiment was aimed to measure the distribution and intensity of root rot disease of Acacia spp. in the urban forest at the campus of Gadjah Mada University, to isolate and identify the causal organism and to select Trichoderma sp. as biological agent for controlling the disease. The pathogenicity of the causal organism was tested using Crotalaria juncea L. and trunk of A. mangium Willd. (10 cm diameter, 8 cm length) as indicator plant. The ability of Trichoderma sp. as antagonist was tested in vitro. It was concluded that the pathogen of the root rot disease was Ganoderma philippii. The pathogen attacked for species of Acacia spp. in the location namely A. auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. oraria, and A. crassicarpa. Of the total individual trees of those species in the campus, as much as 38.6%, 22.2%, and 66.7% were attacked by the root rot pathogen respectively. Of the 20 Trichoderma spp. isolate capable to inhibit the pathogen in vitro, three isolates were found as promising agents for biological control of the pathogen. The promising isolates were T. resei/T23, T. koningii/T1, and T. koningii/T16 with inhibition effectivity of 94.58%; 93.66%; and 91.76% respectively. Key words: biological control, red root-rot disease, Trichoderma, acacia

Abstrak __________________________________________________________________________________________ Nanopartikel perak merupakan produk berbasis nanoteknologi yang sedang berkembang saat ini dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai katalis dan detektor sensor optik. Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi ukuran nanopartikel adalah konsentrasi garam dan agen pereduksi. Nanopartikel perak bersifat tidak stabil. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya penambahan polivinil alkohol sebagai agen stabilisator dalam sintesis nanopartikel perak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio mol reduktor EG/Ag+ dan % PVA (b/v) dalam sintesis nanopartikel perak terhadap karakteristik produk yang dihasilkan. Nanopartikel perak disintesis dengan metode poliol yaitu melarutkan AgNO3 ke dalam etilen glikol sebagai reduktor dan polivinilalkohol (PVA) sebagai stabilisator. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan Spek-trofotometer UV-Vis dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). Analisis terhadap spektra UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel yang relatif stabil pada pengukuran panjang gelombang maksimum 417 hingga 418 nm adalah nanopartikel yang disintesis menggunakan PVA 3%. Karakterisasi dengan TEM menunjukkan nanopartikel perak yang disintesis berdasarkan rasio mol etilen glikol terhadap Ag+ 50:1 memiliki ukuran terkecil dengan kisaran 10,15–27,56 nm dengan struktur kristal face centered cubic (FCC). Semakin tinggi rasio mol EG /Ag+ dalam sintesis nanopartikel perak, semakin tinggi pula peningkatan absorbansinya. Abstract __________________________________________________________________________________________ Silver nanoparticles are nanotechnology based product which can be applied as a catalyst and optic sensor detector. The factors that can effect on nanoparticle size are salt concentration and reductor agent. Silver nanoparticles are unstable material, so polyvinylalcohol needs to be added as a stabilizer agent in their synthesis. The aims of this research are to find out the effect of mole ratio of EG/Ag+ reductor and % PVA (b/v) in silver nanoparticles synthesis toward the characteristic of the resulted product. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by using polyol method by dissolving AgNO3 into ethylen glycol as a reductor and polyvinylalcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer agent. Then, the characteristic of colloidal silver nanoparticles are analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrofotometre and TEM. The analysis of UV-Vis spectra showed that the most stable particle was silver nanoparticles which used polyvinylalcohol (PVA) 3 % on λ maks 417 to 418 nm. The TEM’s characterization showed that silver nanoparticles which were synthesized by mole ratio EG/Ag+ 50:1 had the smallest particle size by range of 10.15–27.56 nm with the structure of face centered cubic’s (FCC) crystal. The higher of the mole ratio reductor EG/Ag+ in silver nanoparticle synthesis, the higher absorbance’s increasing.

Indonesia has abundant potentials of new and renewable energy that can be used for electricity generation, especially in rural areas which have no access for grid electricity yet. The energy resources can be from solar, water, biomass or biofuel. Many villagers still use diesel generators to produce electricity in their villages. It is considered expensive because fuel price in rural areas increases 2-3 times than the normal price due to transportation cost. Hybrid system using renewable energy resources is one of the solutions to produce electricity in affordable cost for rural area. The idea is to combine diesel generators and photovoltaic toproduce electricity. Moreover, the diesel engine fuel can be replaced with biofuel. This study will analyze the hybrid system in a small scale which consists of 1kWp photovoltaic and 3 kW diesel engine. Electric load power will vary. The system is controlled by a single bidirectional inverter whichconverts power from DC to AC and vice versa

This research has developed learning tools of inquiry models combined with advance organizers in order to activate students' initial knowledge and improve their problem-solving skills. This article focuses on delivering the trial phase of the development process. The trial phase used non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design to determine the effectiveness the combination of inquiry learning models and advance organizer approach. The population involved high school students in Mataram city and sampling was done by using cluster random sampling technique. Two groups were chosen and divided into experimental and control classes. The instrument used in the study is problem solving essay test consisting of 5 questions. Data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney test at a 5% level of significance, followed by the effect size and N-gain to find out the level of students' problem-solving skills improvement. Based on the result, it was found that the students in the experimental class who used a combination of inquiry learning models and advance organizer had significantly problem-solving skills' improvement than the control class that only used inquiry learning models. Also. the experimental group had a higher ability to focus on the problems, make a plan and implement it to find the solutions.

Telah dilakukan penelitian pengembangan media pembelajaran untuk mata pelajaransains kimia di SMP. Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah adanya kendala implementasimedia pembelajaran interaktif berbasis komputer. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan mediapembelajaran alternatif berbasis VCD dengan pendekatan konsep edutainment denganpertimbangan kemudahan penerapan dan ketersediaan alat pemutar VCD. Penelitian inidilaksanakan di laboratorium PBM jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNNES. Proses pembuatan mediapembelajaran diawali dengan tahapan pemilihan materi, penyusunan skenario, dan desainmedia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden memberikan apresiasi yang cukupbaik terhadap media pembelajaran chemo-edutainment yang sedang diujicobakan. Desainmedia pembelajaran sains-kimia untuk siswa SMP telah berhasil dibuat dalam bentuk VCDdengan memasukkan aspek-aspek yang perlu dimasukkan dalam paket media pembelajaransains-kimia SMP sesuai dengan karakteristik siswa SMP. Konsep Chemo-edutainment dalammedia pembelajaran model VCD untuk siswa SMP merupakan konsep yang perlu diwujudkandalam bentuk media pembelajaran yang inovatif dan menarik. Media pembelajaran yangtelah dikembangkan mendapatkan respon yang cukup baik untuk dapat digunakan sebagaimedia pembelajaran sains kimia di SMP baik di kelas maupun di rumah. Kata kunci: media pembelajaran, chemo-edutainment,sains-kimia SMP

Telah dilakukan penelitian tindakan kelas di SMA Negeri 5 Semarang pada mata pelajaran Kimia dengan objek penelitian siswa kelas X. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk memaksimalkan implementasi KTSP khususnya pada mata pelajaran kimia di kelas X. Model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD dipilih untuk diterapkan setelah melalui hasil observasi dan refl eksi yang dilakukan oleh tim peneliti. Tim peneliti merencanakan tindakan berdasarkan hasil observasi dan refl eksi yang telah dilakukan melalui penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis pembelajaran kooperatif STAD yang terdiri dari LKS, soal-soal kuis, lembar observasi dan rencana pembelajaran serta perangkat pembelajaran pendukung lainnya. Model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD terdiri dari 4 tahap utama yaitu: penyajian materi oleh guru, siswa belajar didalam tim yang terdiri 4-5 siswa, pemberian kuis dan penghargaan tim berdasarkan hasil penilaian kuis. Penelitian ini dapat diselesaikan dalam 3 siklus selama 8 minggu dengan 6 kali pemberian kuis dan 1 (satu) kali tes akhir. Hasil penelitian yang merupakan data observasi dan rekapitulasi kuis menunjukkan telah terjadi peningkatan aktifi tas belajar siswa yang positif di kelas dari minggu ke minggu selama siklus penelitian berlangsung. Aktifi tas siswa selama proses pembelajaran diamati oleh tim peneliti sebagai data untuk melakukan evaluasi dan refl eksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD di kelas X SMAN 5 Semarang mampu memaksimalkan implementasi KTSP pada mata pelajaran Kimia yang ditunjukkan oleh aspek-aspek kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik selama pembelajaran berlangsung. Kata Kunci: kooperatif STAD, KTSP

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memaksimalkan implementasi KTSP pada mata pelajaran kimia di kelas X. Penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD berdasarkan hasil observasi dan refleksi melalui penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis pembelajaran kooperatif STAD yang terdiri dari LKS, soal-soal kuis, lembar observasi dan rencana pembelajaran serta perangkat pembelajaran pendukung lainnya. Model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD terdiri dari 4 tahap utama yaitu: penyajian materi oleh guru, siswa belajar didalam tim yang terdiri 4-5 siswa, pemberian kuis dan penghargaan tim berdasarkan hasil penilaian kuis. Penelitian dapat diselesaikan dalam 3 siklus selama 6 minggu dengan 6 kali pemberian kuis dan 1 (satu) kali tes akhir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi peningkatan aktifitas belajar siswa yang positif di kelas dari minggu ke minggu selama siklus penelitian berlangsung. Aktifitas siswa selama proses pembelajaran diamati oleh tim peneliti sebagai data untuk melakukan evaluasi dan refleksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif STAD di kelas X mampu meningkatkan kompetensi siswa pada mata pelajaran Kimia yang ditunjukkan oleh aspek-aspek kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik selama pembelajaran berlangsung. Kata Kunci: kooperatif STAD, KTSP, Kimia.

Hyperacidity causes gastric injury, and in severe situations, ulcer could develop. The growth factors known as the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been recognized to promote ulcer healing. Fucoidan is extracted from a brown seaweed of Okinawa called Mozuku or Cladosiphon okamuranus. Fucoidan is effective for the healing of gastric ulcers by inducing epithelial cells to produce growth factors. The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of fucoidan in patient who suffered by gastric ulcer. A randomized control trial double blind was conducted to 33 eligible samples. By using four-blocks random samples were divided into fucoidan and placebo groups. 100 mg of fucoidan was given to the fucoidan group and 100 mg of glucose was given to the placebo group. Due to ethical reasons, for both groups were given a proton pump inhibitor. There was no difference in the age category between the fucoidan group (mean: 46.23 ± 14.8 years) and the placebo group (mean: 46.18 ± 18.4 years) (p: 0.28). There was also no difference in sex between the fucoidan group (female: 10/33; male 7/33) and the placebo group (female: 7/33; male: 9/33); p: 0.38. According to the SAKITA and MIWA criterias 32 patients fulfilled A1 which indicate active severe ulcer, and 1 patient fulfilled A2 which indicate active moderate ulcer. Most of the ulcers were gastric ulcer. There was a significant improvement of the grade of ulcer in fucoidan group (94%) (16/17) compared to placebo group (37.5%) (6/16,p: 0.005). There was a significant reduction of abdominal pain after 5 days in the fucoidan group, compared to the placebo group (p: 0.04). Vomiting tends to decrease in day 6 of the fucoidan group however its proportion is similar with that of the placebo group (p: 0.9). Fucoidan is effective for ulcer healing and reducing ulcer symptoms. Key words : fucoidan, gastric ulcer, anti-peptic activity

During times of unpredictable stress, organisms must adapt their gene expression to maximize survival. Along with changes in transcription, one conserved means of gene regulation during conditions that quickly repress translation is the formation of cytoplasmic phase-separated mRNP granules such as P-bodies and stress granules. Previously, we identified that distinct steps in gene expression can be coupled during glucose starvation as promoter sequences in the nucleus are able to direct the subcellular localization and translatability of mRNAs in the cytosol. Here, we report that Rvb1 and Rvb2, conserved ATPase proteins implicated as protein assembly chaperones and chromatin remodelers, were enriched at the promoters and mRNAs of genes involved in alternative glucose metabolism pathways that we previously found to be transcriptionally upregulated but translationally downregulated during glucose starvation in yeast. Engineered Rvb1/Rvb2-binding on mRNAs was sufficient to sequester mRNAs into mRNP granules and repress their translation. Additionally, this Rvb tethering to the mRNA drove further transcriptional upregulation of the target genes. Further, we found that depletion of Rvb2 caused decreased alternative glucose metabolism gene mRNA induction, but upregulation of protein synthesis during glucose starvation. Overall, our results point to Rvb1/Rvb2 coupling transcription, mRNA granular localization, and translatability of mRNAs during glucose starvation. This Rvb-mediated rapid gene regulation could potentially serve as an efficient recovery plan for cells after stress removal.

Background One of the most common mental illnesses worldwide and that has significant negative effects on well-being and physical health, is depression. Many factors that affect the occurrence of depression are biopsychosocial. Elderly people have high risk factors for depression. This study aims to review and find a gap in current evidence of biopsychosocial factors affecting depression in the elderly. Methods We conducted an advanced search on PubMed database between October and November 2021. We screened the bibliographies of the articles from the database search using a set of inclusion criteria: studies with quantitative design; elderly population sample; exploration of at least one biopsychosocial factor; depression as the outcome or dependent variable; written in English; and published between 2011 and 2021. Results We found 54 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, five papers discussed biopsychosocial factors, 18 discussed biological and psychological/social factors, five discussed psychosocial factors, and the rest of the studies discussed one component of biopsychosocial factors. Biological factors influencing elderly depression include being female, having health problems or low health status, older age, genetics, brain structure, and biomarkers, taking certain drugs, and lack of or inability to carry out daily activities. Psychosocial factors include lack of social support, low education level, financial problems, single/unmarried, lack of contact with family/friends, living alone, low self-perceived health, stressful life events, loneliness, and losing hobbies. From the literature search, it was also found that there are biopsychosocial factors that have not been studied and are expected to be able to make references for future research. From this literature review, we found gaps in the availability of evidence about biopsychosocial factors that require further research. Conclusions Knowing the biopsychosocial factors that affect them can help to prevent depression in the elderly.