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Abstract Background Mental and neuropsychological disorders make up approximately 14% of the total health burden globally, with 80% of the affected living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of whom 90% cannot access mental health services. The main objective of the TREAT INTERACT study is to adapt, implement, and evaluate the impact of a novel, intersectoral approach to prevent, identify, refer, and treat mental health problems in children through a user centred task-sharing implementation of the TREAT INTERACT intervention, inspired by the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG) for primary school staff in Mbale, Uganda. Health care personell will be trained in the mhGAP-IG. Methods This is a pragmatic mixed-methods hybrid Type II implementation-effectiveness study utilizing a co-design approach. The main study utilize a stepped-wedged trial design with six starting sequences, randomizing three schools to the intervention at each interval, while the remaining act as “controls”. Other designs include a nested prospective cohort study, case control studies, cross-sectional studies, and qualitative research. Main participants’ outcomes include teachers’ mental health literacy, stigma, and violence towards the school children. Implementation outcomes include detection, reach, sustainability, and service delivery. Child and caregiver outcomes include mental health, mental health literacy, and help-seeking behaviour. Discussion Based on the results, we will develop sustainable and scalable implementation advice on mental health promotion and draft implementation guidelines in line with current WHO guidelines. This project will generate new knowledge on the structure, organization, delivery, and costs of mental health services in a LMIC setting, as well as new knowledge on the implementation and delivery of new health services. Trial registration ClinicalTrials, NCT06275672, 28.12.2023, retrospectively registered.

Abstract Background Globally, there is a concerning surge in the prevalence of substance use among adolescents and children, creating a substantial public health problem. Despite the magnitude of this issue, accessing healthcare explicitly for substance use remains challenging, even though many substance users frequently visit healthcare institutions for other health-related issues. To address this gap, proactive screening for substance use disorders has emerged as a critical strategy for identifying and engaging patients at risk of substance use. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of probable alcohol and other substance use disorders, and associated factors, among children aged 6 to 17 years old attending health facilities in Mbale, Uganda. Methods We conducted a health facility cross-sectional study, involving 854 children aged 6–17 years. The prevalence of probable alcohol and other substance use disorders was assessed using a validated Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble (CRAFFT) screening tool. Univariable and multivariable modified Poisson regression analyses were performed using STATA 15 software. Results The overall prevalence of probable alcohol use disorders (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUD) was 27.8% (95% CI 1.24–1.31) while that of probable AUD alone was 25.3% (95% CI 1.22–1.28). Peer substance use (APR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.10–1.32), sibling substance use (APR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23), catholic caregiver religion (APR = 1.07 95% CI 1.01–1.13), caregiver income of more than $128 (APR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.98), having no parental reprimand for substance use (APR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10) and having no knowledge of how to decline an offer to use substances (APR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.12) were found to be significantly associated with probable AUD/SUD. Conclusions Our findings suggest a high prevalence of probable AUD and SUD among children and adolescents visiting healthcare facilities for other conditions, along with a strong link between AUD and SUD prevalence and social factors. The implication for our healthcare system is to actively screen for and treat these conditions at primary healthcare facilities.

Abstract Background Substance use disorders (SUD) pose a significant public health problem in Uganda. Studies indicate that integrating mental health services into Primary Health Care can play a crucial role in alleviating the impact of SUD. However, despite ongoing efforts to integrate these services in Uganda, there is a lack of evidence regarding the preparedness of health facilities to effectively screen and manage SUD. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the readiness of health facilities at all levels of the health system in Mbale, Uganda, to carry out screening, diagnosis, and management of SUD. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out among all the 54 facilities in Mbale district. A composite variable adapted from the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment manual (2015) with 14 tracer indicators were used to measure readiness. A cut-off threshold of having at least half the criteria fulfilled (higher than the cutoff of 7) was classified as having met the readiness criteria. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe readiness scores across various facility characteristics and a linear regression model was used to identify the predictors of readiness. Results Among all health facilities assessed, only 35% met the readiness criteria for managing Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Out of the 54 facilities, 42 (77.8%) had guidelines in place for managing SUD, but less than half, 26 (48%), reported following these guidelines. Only 8 out of 54 (14.5%) facilities had staff who had received training in the diagnosis and management of SUD within the past two years. Diagnostic tests for SUD, specifically the Uri stick, were available in the majority of facilities, (46/54, 83.6%). A higher number of clinical officers working at the health centres was associated with higher readiness scores (score coefficient 4.0,95% CI 1.5–6.5). Conclusions In this setting, a low level of health facility readiness to provide screening, diagnosis, and management for substance use disorders was found. To improve health facility readiness for delivery of care for substance use disorders, a frequent inventory of human resources in terms of numbers, skills, and other resources are required in this resource-limited setting.

Background Following a finding of alcohol use among children aged 5–8 years old in Mbale, Uganda, this project investigates the magnitude of alcohol and substance use among children ged 6–13 years old and related household, community, school, health system and clinical factors.Methods The project includes four larger work packages (WPs). WP1 comprises management, WP2 and 3 include the scientific components and WP4 includes integration of results, dissemination, policy and implementation advice. This protocol presents the planned research work in WP 2 and 3. WP2 comprises the adaptation and validation of the alcohol use screening tool Car-Relax-Alone-Forget-Family and Friends-Trouble (CRAFFT) to the age group and setting. WP3 comprises four substudies (SS). SS1 is a cross-sectional community household survey with an estimated sample size of 3500 children aged 6–13 years and their caregivers. We apply cluster sampling and systematic sampling within the clusters. Data collection includes a structured questionnaire for caregiver and child, measuring social and demographic factors, mental health status, alcohol and substance use, nutrition history and anthropometry. Urine samples from children will be collected to measure ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a biological marker of alcohol intake. Further, facilitators, barriers and response mechanisms in the health system (SS2) and the school system (SS3) is explored with surveys and qualitative assessments. SS4 includes qualitative interviews with children. Analysis will apply descriptive statistics for the primary outcome of establishing the magnitude of alcohol drinking and substance use, and associated factors will be assessed using appropriate regression models. The substudies will be analysed independently, as well as inform each other through mixed methods strategies at the stages of design, analysis, and dissemination.Ethics and dissemination Data protection and ethical approvals have been obtained in Uganda and Norway, and referral procedures developed. Dissemination comprises peer-reviewed, open access research papers, policy recommendations and intersectoral dialogues.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.gov 29.10.2020 (#NCT04743024).

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition contributes to half of all deaths among children under-five years in developing countries such as Uganda. Optimal complementary feeding is one of the crucial interventions that could prevent these deaths. This study measured adherence to complementary feeding guidelines and its associated factors among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months in Lamwo district, rural Uganda. METHODS: a household cross-sectional study was used to collect data on adherence to complementary feeding among 349 caregivers. A composite variable with 9 indicators of complementary feeding was used to measure adherence. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used for statistical analysis using STATA software. RESULTS: a household cross-sectional study was used to collect data on adherence to complementary feeding among 349 caregivers. A composite variable with 9 indicators of complementary feeding was used to measure adherence. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used for statistical analysis using STATA software.nearly all (97.7%, 341/349) children had ever been breastfed. Complementary feeding was initiated at six months for 47.0% (164/349) of the children. The number of complementary meals ranged from 1-4 meals per day with a mean of 3 meals per day (SD = 0.8). About half (55.8%, 195/349) of the children were given less than the recommended amount of food. Overall only 40.1% (140/349) of all study respondents were adherent to complementary feeding guidelines. The odds of adherence to complementary feeding were higher among caregivers with children aged 6-8 months (AOR = 4.68, 95% CI: 1.91-11.48), children whose fathers had attained 8 or more years of formal education (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.22-4.19), caregivers with two children under five years (AOR = 5.46, 95% CI: 1.46-20.36), those living in the poorest households (AOR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.37-6.57) and those who showed willingness to recommend initiation of complementary feeding at six months to another mother (AOR = 1.34 95% CI: 1.06-1.70). CONCLUSION: adherence to complementary feeding guidelines was very low in this rural African setting indicating an urgent need for interventions such as health education to improve adherence with consequent reduction in rates of under nutrition. These interventions should target caregivers with older children, fathers with less than 8 years of formal education and those living in the wealthiest households.