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SIO Reference 60-12. The Vieibllity Laboratory has instrumented a B-29 aircraft for documentation of the optical properties of the atmosphere within the visible spectrum. Two of the instruments are hemispherical scanners, one for the upper hemisphere and one for the lower hemisphere. These scanners measure the luminance of the upper and lower hemispheres.

Presents information on a study which described the measurements of x-ray power, spatial and spectral distributions from transition radiators whose spectra are narrowed by the foil material's K-shell photoabsorption edge. Experiments performed using two levels of beam current; Photoabsorption-edge transition radiation; Information on the Ross-filter technique; Discussion of the spectral photon density from a titanium radiator.

Summary: Background: Food companies often use healthy lifestyle messages in child‐directed advertising, raising public health concerns about health halo effects for nutrient‐poor food/drinks. Objective: Examine effects of health messages promoting nutrient‐poor foods in child‐directed advertising. Methods: Randomized controlled experiment (N = 138). Children (7–11 years) viewed three child‐friendly commercials in one of three conditions: (1) health halo (unfamiliar nutrient‐poor food/drink ads with healthy messages); (2) nutrient‐poor food/drink ads with other messages and (3) healthy food/drink ads. They rated the commercials and advertised products, provided attitudes about exercise and nutrition and consumed and rated healthy and unhealthy snack foods. Results: Children in the health halo condition rated the advertised nutrient‐poor products as significantly healthier compared with children in other conditions (p = .003), but the other commercials did not affect children's attitudes about other advertised products (p's > .50). Child age, gender or TV viewing habits did not significantly predict their ratings (p's > .18). There was no evidence that healthy lifestyle messages and/or healthy food commercials improved children's attitudes about nutrition, exercise or healthy snack consumption. Conclusion: Promoting healthy lifestyle messages in child‐directed commercials for nutrient‐poor food/drinks likely benefits brands by increasing products' perceived healthfulness, but these ads are unlikely to positively affect children's attitudes about health and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) is a unique mode of mitochondrial (mt) inheritance found only in some bivalve molluscs. Under DUI, both maternal (i.e. female-transmitted or F-type) and paternal (i.e. male-transmitted or M-type) mitochondrial genomes are transmitted. In addition to typical mt genes, these F- and M-type genomes each contain a distinct novel open reading frame, termed the f- and m-orf, respectively. Herein, the M-type mitochondrial genomes of Lampsilis siliquoidea and Lampsilis powellii (two putative unionid species within Unionidae) are presented. Relatively few M-type mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced. Consequently, these results are valuable for the on-going study of patterns of molecular evolution of DUI genomes. Both a phylogenetic analysis and an in silico analysis of the novel ORFs were conducted. Consistent with previous studies of unionoid M-type genomes, our results demonstrate the presence of a putative transmembrane domain in these M-ORFs with properties similar to those of M-ORFs of closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa) in the Black Hills National Forest, SD, USA, was surveyed for Armillaria root disease (ARD). The root pathogen Armillaria ostoyae occurred on ponderosa pine seedlings, saplings, pole-size trees and large-diameter trees. The mean incidence of aboveground disease symptoms by stem count was low (0.2%), but in certain areas, the incidence was higher, affecting the regeneration success and tree longevity. Symptomatic ponderosa pine were in areas characterized by having higher elevation, greater annual precipitation, more seedlings, bigger large-diameter trees and greater odds of past harvesting activity than in areas without root disease. Stump density was positively spatially correlated with root disease incidence. No particular soil type was related to disease occurrence; though, in areas with symptomatic trees, soil available water holding capacity (AWC) was greater and soil permeability was less where root disease was present. Spatial analysis confirmed the relationships found in linear correlations, with soil AWC and stump density positively and soil permeability negatively correlated with per cent infected stems ha−1 and basal area infected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]