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1. Creating frameworks to foster soil carbon sequestration

Author

Henry, Beverley, Dalal, Ram, Harrison, Matthew Tom, and Keating, Brian

Subjects
soil organic matter, climate change, carbon offset, socio-economic, agriculture, Sedimentology and pedology, Agronomy and crop production, Sustainable agriculture, Agricultural science
Abstract

Restorative land management has potential to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and store carbon in stable forms in soils contributing to climate change mitigation, healthier soils and food security supporting Paris Agreement targets and Sustainable Development Goals. We examine the evidence for a multi-disciplinary approach to designing frameworks to foster practices that increase soil carbon based on: (1) sound biophysical evidence linking practices to carbon sequestration in diverse soils and climates; (2) policy options for providing financial incentives for high-quality carbon offsets; (3) measurement systems that appropriately balance cost-effectiveness and accuracy; and (4) integration of economic, social and cultural dimensions that recognise co-benefits and trade-offs, and provide confidence for decision-making. As a policy framework with crediting and purchasing functions for soil carbon sequestration projects, the Australian Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) is reviewed to provide insights into barriers and opportunities for uptake. We also review research needs across biophysical and socio-economic disciplines.

Published
2023
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16. Does High Body Mass Index Obviate the Need for Oral Contrast in Emergency Department Patients?

Author

Harrison, Matthew Lee, Lizotte, Paul E., Holmes, Talmage M., Kenney, Phillip J., Buckner, Charles Barry, and Shah, Hemendra R.

Subjects
Emergency Medicine, Radiology, Computed Tomography, Body Mass Index, Abdominal Pain, Emergency medicine, Medicine, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Introduction: High body mass index (BMI) values generally correlate with a large proportion of intra-peritoneal adipose tissue. Because intra-peritoneal infectious and inflammatory conditions manifest with abnormalities of the adipose tissue adjacent to the inflamed organ, it is presumed that with a larger percentage of adipose surrounding a given organ, visualization of the inflammatory changes would be more readily apparent. Do higher BMI values sufficiently enhance the ability of a radiologist to read a computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis, so that the need for oral contrast to be given is precluded?Methods: Forty six patients were included in the study: twenty seven females, and nineteen males. They underwent abdominal/pelvic CTs without oral or intravenous contrast in the emergency department. Two board certified radiologists reviewed their CTs, and assessed them for radiographic evidence of intra-abdominal pathology. The patients were then placed into one of four groups based on their body mass index. Kappa analysis was performed on the CT reads for each group to determine whether there was significant inter-rater agreement regarding contrast use for the patient in question.Results: There was increasingly significant agreement between radiologists, regarding contrast use, as the study subject’s BMI increased. In addition, there was an advancing tendency of the radiologists to state that there was no need for oral or intravenous contrast in patients with higher body mass indices, as the larger quantity of intra-peritoneal adipose allowed greater visualization and inspection of intra-abdominal organs.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it appears that there is a decreasing need for oral contrast in emergency department patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic CT, as a patient’s BMI increases. Specifically, there was statistically significant agreement, between radiologists, regarding contrast use in patients who had a BMI greater than twenty-five. [West J Emerg Med.2013;14(6):595–597.]

Published
2013
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17. Freshwater: Management Principles for Sustainability Under the Climate Emergency

Author

Ferreira, Carla Sofia Santos, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Destouni, Georgia, Soares, Pedro R., Harrison, Matthew, Kikuchi, Ryunosuke, Kalantari, Zahra, Brilly, Mitja, Advisory Editor, Hoalst-Pullen, Nancy, Advisory Editor, Leitner, Michael, Advisory Editor, Patterson, Mark W., Advisory Editor, Veress, Márton, Advisory Editor, Ferreira, Carla Sofia Santos, editor, Destouni, Georgia, editor, and Kalantari, Zahra, editor

Published
2024
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23. Optimizing Crop Management with Reinforcement Learning and Imitation Learning

Author

Tao, Ran, Zhao, Pan, Wu, Jing, Martin, Nicolas F., Harrison, Matthew T., Ferreira, Carla, Kalantari, Zahra, and Hovakimyan, Naira

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Crop management, including nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation management, has a significant impact on the crop yield, economic profit, and the environment. Although management guidelines exist, it is challenging to find the optimal management practices given a specific planting environment and a crop. Previous work used reinforcement learning (RL) and crop simulators to solve the problem, but the trained policies either have limited performance or are not deployable in the real world. In this paper, we present an intelligent crop management system which optimizes the N fertilization and irrigation simultaneously via RL, imitation learning (IL), and crop simulations using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT). We first use deep RL, in particular, deep Q-network, to train management policies that require all state information from the simulator as observations (denoted as full observation). We then invoke IL to train management policies that only need a limited amount of state information that can be readily obtained in the real world (denoted as partial observation) by mimicking the actions of the previously RL-trained policies under full observation. We conduct experiments on a case study using maize in Florida and compare trained policies with a maize management guideline in simulations. Our trained policies under both full and partial observations achieve better outcomes, resulting in a higher profit or a similar profit with a smaller environmental impact. Moreover, the partial-observation management policies are directly deployable in the real world as they use readily available information.

Published
2022

40. Physicochemical and nutritional profiles of wild adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi Linn) accessions by GC, FTIR, and spectrophotometer

Author

Ahmad, Rauf, Liaquat, Muhammad, Sammi, Shehla, Al-Hawadi, Jehad S., Jahangir, Muhammad, Mumtaz, Amer, Khan, Imran, Okla, Mohammad K., Alaraidh, Ibrahim A., AbdElgawad, Hamada, Liu, Ke, Harrison, Matthew Tom, Saud, Shah, Hassan, Shah, Nawaz, Taufiq, Zhu, Mo, Liu, Haitao, Adnan, Muhammad, Sadiq, Abdul, Rahman, Tanzeel Ur, Asghari, Basem H., and Fahad, Shah

Published
2024
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