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4. A Review of Road Traffic-Derived Non-Exhaust Particles: Emissions, Physicochemical Characteristics, Health Risks, and Mitigation Measures

Author

Fussell, Julia C, Franklin, Meredith, Green, David C, Gustafsson, Mats, Harrison, Roy M, Hicks, William, Kelly, Frank J, Kishta, Franceska, Miller, Mark R, Mudway, Ian S, Oroumiyeh, Farzan, Selley, Liza, Wang, Meng, and Zhu, Yifang

Subjects
Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Pollution and Contamination, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Good Health and Well Being, Air Pollutants, Dust, Environmental Monitoring, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, Vehicle Emissions, exposure assessment, health effects, mitigation, nonexhaust emissions, road traffic, toxicity
Abstract

Implementation of regulatory standards has reduced exhaust emissions of particulate matter from road traffic substantially in the developed world. However, nonexhaust particle emissions arising from the wear of brakes, tires, and the road surface, together with the resuspension of road dust, are unregulated and exceed exhaust emissions in many jurisdictions. While knowledge of the sources of nonexhaust particles is fairly good, source-specific measurements of airborne concentrations are few, and studies of the toxicology and epidemiology do not give a clear picture of the health risk posed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge, with a strong focus on health-related research, highlighting areas where further research is an essential prerequisite for developing focused policy responses to nonexhaust particles.

Published
2022

7. PM10-bound trace elements in pan-European urban atmosphere

Author

Liu, Xiansheng, Zhang, Xun, Wang, Tao, Jin, Bowen, Wu, Lijie, Lara, Rosa, Monge, Marta, Reche, Cristina, Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc, Uzu, Gaelle, Dominutti, Pamela, Darfeuil, Sophie, Favez, Olivier, Conil, Sébastien, Marchand, Nicolas, Castillo, Sonia, de la Rosa, Jesús D., Stuart, Grange, Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Diapouli, Evangelia, Gini, Maria I., Nava, Silvia, Alves, Célia, Wang, Xianxia, Xu, Yiming, Green, David C., Beddows, David C.S., Harrison, Roy M., Alastuey, Andrés, and Querol, Xavier

Published
2024
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12. Dominant contribution of combustion-related ammonium during haze pollution in Beijing

Author

Wu, Libin, Wang, Peng, Zhang, Qiang, Ren, Hong, Shi, Zongbo, Hu, Wei, Chen, Jing, Xie, Qiaorong, Li, Linjie, Yue, Siyao, Wei, Lianfang, Song, Linlin, Zhang, Yonggen, Wang, Zihan, Chen, Shuang, Wei, Wan, Wang, Xiaoman, Zhang, Yanlin, Kong, Shaofei, Ge, Baozhu, Yang, Ting, Fang, Yunting, Ren, Lujie, Deng, Junjun, Sun, Yele, Wang, Zifa, Zhang, Hongliang, Hu, Jianlin, Liu, Cong-Qiang, Harrison, Roy M., Ying, Qi, and Fu, Pingqing

Published
2024
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13. Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe

Author

Garcia-Marlès, Meritxell, Lara, Rosa, Reche, Cristina, Pérez, Noemí, Tobías, Aurelio, Savadkoohi, Marjan, Beddows, David, Salma, Imre, Vörösmarty, Máté, Weidinger, Tamás, Hueglin, Christoph, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Grivas, Georgios, Kalkavouras, Panayiotis, Ondráček, Jakub, Zíková, Nadĕžda, Niemi, Jarkko V., Manninen, Hanna E., Green, David C., Tremper, Anja H., Norman, Michael, Vratolis, Stergios, Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Gómez-Moreno, Francisco J., Alonso-Blanco, Elisabeth, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Weinhold, Kay, Merkel, Maik, Bastian, Susanne, Hoffmann, Barbara, Altug, Hicran, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Favez, Olivier, Dos Santos, Sebastiao Martins, Putaud, Jean-Philippe, Dinoi, Adelaide, Contini, Daniele, Timonen, Hilkka, Lampilahti, Janne, Petäjä, Tuukka, Pandolfi, Marco, Hopke, Philip K., Harrison, Roy M., Alastuey, Andrés, and Querol, Xavier

Published
2024
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14. Recommendations for reporting equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations based on long-term pan-European in-situ observations

Author

Savadkoohi, Marjan, Pandolfi, Marco, Favez, Olivier, Putaud, Jean-Philippe, Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Fiebig, Markus, Hopke, Philip K., Laj, Paolo, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Alados-Arboledas, Lucas, Bastian, Susanne, Chazeau, Benjamin, María, Álvaro Clemente, Colombi, Cristina, Costabile, Francesca, Green, David C., Hueglin, Christoph, Liakakou, Eleni, Luoma, Krista, Listrani, Stefano, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Marchand, Nicolas, Močnik, Griša, Niemi, Jarkko V., Ondráček, Jakub, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Rattigan, Oliver V., Reche, Cristina, Timonen, Hilkka, Titos, Gloria, Tremper, Anja H., Vratolis, Stergios, Vodička, Petr, Funes, Eduardo Yubero, Zíková, Naděžda, Harrison, Roy M., Petäjä, Tuukka, Alastuey, Andrés, and Querol, Xavier

Published
2024
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15. Conducting evaluations of evidence that are transparent, timely and can lead to health-protective actions

Author

Chartres, Nicholas, Sass, Jennifer B, Gee, David, Bălan, Simona A, Birnbaum, Linda, Cogliano, Vincent James, Cooper, Courtney, Fedinick, Kristi Pullen, Harrison, Roy M, Kolossa-Gehring, Marike, Mandrioli, Daniele, Mitchell, Mark A, Norris, Susan L, Portier, Christopher J, Straif, Kurt, and Vermeire, Theo

Subjects
Public Health, Health Sciences, Generic health relevance, Humans, Uncertainty, Education, Medical Informatics, Internet, Conflicts of interest, Industry sponsorship, Environmental justice, Cumulative impacts, Non-chemical stressors, Precautionary principle, Risk of bias, Systematic review, Transparency, Public Health and Health Services, Toxicology, Epidemiology, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundIn February 2021, over one hundred scientists and policy experts participated in a web-based Workshop to discuss the ways that divergent evaluations of evidence and scientific uncertainties are used to delay timely protection of human health and the environment from exposures to hazardous agents. The Workshop arose from a previous workshop organized by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 2008 and which also drew on case studies from the EEA reports on 'Late Lessons from Early Warnings' (2001, 2013). These reports documented dozens of hazardous agents including many chemicals, for which risk reduction measures were delayed for decades after scientists and others had issued early and later warnings about the harm likely to be caused by those agents.ResultsWorkshop participants used recent case studies including Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Extremely Low Frequency - Electrical Magnetic Fields (ELF-EMF fields), glyphosate, and Bisphenol A (BPA) to explore myriad reasons for divergent outcomes of evaluations, which has led to delayed and inadequate protection of the public's health. Strategies to overcome these barriers must, therefore, at a minimum include approaches that 1) Make better use of existing data and information, 2) Ensure timeliness, 3) Increase transparency, consistency and minimize bias in evidence evaluations, and 4) Minimize the influence of financial conflicts of interest.ConclusionThe recommendations should enhance the production of "actionable evidence," that is, reliable evaluations of the scientific evidence to support timely actions to protect health and environments from exposures to hazardous agents. The recommendations are applicable to policy and regulatory settings at the local, state, federal and international levels.

Published
2022

16. Determination of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone (NNK) arising from tobacco smoke in airborne particulate matter

Author

Aquilina, Noel J, Havel, Christopher M, Harrison, Roy M, Ho, Kin-Fai, Benowitz, Neal L, and Jacob Iii, Peyton

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Lung, Cancer, Lung Cancer, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Tobacco, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Carcinogens, Nitrosamines, Particulate Matter, Smoke, Nicotiana, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Tobacco Smoke, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines, NNK, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

The most important tobacco-specific nitrosamine found in cigarette smoke and formed in ageing smoke after cigarettes are extinguished is 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). It is formed from nitrosation of nicotine, under particular conditions both in indoor and outdoor environments. NNK has been classified as a potent lung carcinogen which is expected to be found primarily in the particle-phase and to be stable in particulate matter. In this study tests have been carried out to show that a bisulfate-treated filter is more efficient than an untreated filter to collect both nicotine and NNK, and that the latter is stable in outdoor particulate matter. To characterize NNK in the outdoor environment, airborne samples were collected from 11 cities in USA, UK, Hong Kong and Malta with characteristics varying from low to high population densities and from urban to suburban to rural, and with desert characteristics and distinct climates. It has been shown that airborne particle + gas phase nicotine and particle-phase NNK behave in a linearly correlated manner. A seasonal analysis was carried out on a subset of data available from five sites in California, where the load of NNK in PM10 is driven by long range transport of the air masses passing over densely populated cities. In the winter season, the load of NNK in PM is higher than in summer in a statistically significant manner. The contamination of PM with NNK shows variability, but is observed at all sites. This paper highlights the potential risk of chronic exposure to NNK in particulate matter by the inhalation pathway.

Published
2022

19. Ubiquitous atmospheric contamination by tobacco smoke: Nicotine and a new marker for tobacco smoke-derived particulate matter, nicotelline

Author

Aquilina, Noel J, Havel, Christopher M, Cheung, Polly, Harrison, Roy M, Ho, Kin-Fai, Benowitz, Neal L, and Jacob, Peyton

Subjects
Environmental Sciences, Pollution and Contamination, Tobacco, Social Determinants of Health, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Air Pollution, Indoor, Dust, Hong Kong, Nicotine, Particulate Matter, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Nicotelline, Alkaloid, Second hand smoke, Particulate matter, Atmospheric marker
Abstract

Second Hand Smoke (SHS) has always been primarily linked with indoor pollution. To date nicotine was the favoured marker for SHS alongside measurements of particulate matter (PM) levels. As nicotine is mainly found in the gas-phase and reactive in the outdoor environment it is not ideal as a marker for the SHS-driven particulate component in PM. Nicotelline, a minor tobacco alkaloid that is stable, found almost exclusively in the particle phase and easy to quantify even at low concentrations, is being proposed as a better marker. It is the first study using bisulfate-treated quartz fiber filters to show that airborne nicotine (gas+particle phase) is directly proportional to airborne nicotelline in countries that have different climates. The analytical method developed has been validated to show that the use of untreated filters is suitable for the quantification of nicotelline even at low concentrations. Although nicotelline exhibits a seasonal and geographical variation, this is the first comprehensive study which demonstrates the ubiquitous presence of nicotelline in PM from outdoor air samples collected in the USA (0.1-285.6 pgm-3), UK (2.3-9.1 pgm-3), Hong Kong (3.8-109.3 pgm-3) and Malta (4.2-280.8 pgm-3). From the nicotelline apportionment factor of 1589 ng/mg of tobacco smoke PM we estimate the fraction of outdoor airborne PM derived from SHS to be in the range of 0.03-0.08%. While it is unlikely for tobacco smoke-related toxics in outdoor PM to be considered a major health hazard, in heavily polluted microenvironments this marker would be useful in tracing the presence of SHS and emerging Third Hand Smoke components that form or are found in airborne and settled PM that could induce serious health effects.

Published
2021

20. Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe

Author

Liu, Xiansheng, Hadiatullah, Hadiatullah, Zhang, Xun, Trechera, Pedro, Savadkoohi, Marjan, Garcia-Marlès, Meritxell, Reche, Cristina, Pérez, Noemí, Beddows, David C.S., Salma, Imre, Thén, Wanda, Kalkavouras, Panayiotis, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Hueglin, Christoph, Green, David C., Tremper, Anja H., Chazeau, Benjamin, Gille, Grégory, Marchand, Nicolas, Niemi, Jarkko V., Manninen, Hanna E., Portin, Harri, Zikova, Nadezda, Ondracek, Jakub, Norman, Michael, Gerwig, Holger, Bastian, Susanne, Merkel, Maik, Weinhold, Kay, Casans, Andrea, Casquero-Vera, Juan Andrés, Gómez-Moreno, Francisco J., Artíñano, Begoña, Gini, Maria, Diapouli, Evangelia, Crumeyrolle, Suzanne, Riffault, Véronique, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Favez, Olivier, Putaud, Jean-Philippe, Santos, Sebastiao Martins Dos, Timonen, Hilkka, Aalto, Pasi P., Hussein, Tareq, Lampilahti, Janne, Hopke, Philip K., Wiedensohler, Alfred, Harrison, Roy M., Petäjä, Tuukka, Pandolfi, Marco, Alastuey, Andrés, and Querol, Xavier

Published
2023
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23. Road Traffic Emissions Lead to Much Enhanced New Particle Formation through Increased Growth Rates

Author

Brean, James, primary, Rowell, Alex, additional, Beddows, David C.S., additional, Weinhold, Kay, additional, Mettke, Peter, additional, Merkel, Maik, additional, Tuch, Thomas, additional, Rissanen, Matti, additional, Maso, Miikka Dal, additional, Kumar, Avinash, additional, Barua, Shawon, additional, Iyer, Siddharth, additional, Karppinen, Alexandra, additional, Wiedensohler, Alfred, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, and Harrison, Roy M., additional

Published
2024
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25. The variability of mass concentrations and source apportionment analysis of equivalent black carbon across urban Europe

Author

Savadkoohi, Marjan, Pandolfi, Marco, Reche, Cristina, Niemi, Jarkko V., Mooibroek, Dennis, Titos, Gloria, Green, David C., Tremper, Anja H., Hueglin, Christoph, Liakakou, Eleni, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Stavroulas, Iasonas, Artiñano, Begoña, Coz, Esther, Alados-Arboledas, Lucas, Beddows, David, Riffault, Véronique, De Brito, Joel F., Bastian, Susanne, Baudic, Alexia, Colombi, Cristina, Costabile, Francesca, Chazeau, Benjamin, Marchand, Nicolas, Gómez-Amo, José Luis, Estellés, Víctor, Matos, Violeta, van der Gaag, Ed, Gille, Grégory, Luoma, Krista, Manninen, Hanna E., Norman, Michael, Silvergren, Sanna, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Putaud, Jean-Philippe, Rattigan, Oliver V., Timonen, Hilkka, Tuch, Thomas, Merkel, Maik, Weinhold, Kay, Vratolis, Stergios, Vasilescu, Jeni, Favez, Olivier, Harrison, Roy M., Laj, Paolo, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Hopke, Philip K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Alastuey, Andrés, and Querol, Xavier

Published
2023
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30. Phenomenology of ultrafine particle concentrations and size distribution across urban Europe

Author

Trechera, Pedro, Garcia-Marlès, Meritxell, Liu, Xiansheng, Reche, Cristina, Pérez, Noemí, Savadkoohi, Marjan, Beddows, David, Salma, Imre, Vörösmarty, Máté, Casans, Andrea, Casquero-Vera, Juan Andrés, Hueglin, Christoph, Marchand, Nicolas, Chazeau, Benjamin, Gille, Grégory, Kalkavouras, Panayiotis, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Ondracek, Jakub, Zikova, Nadia, Niemi, Jarkko V., Manninen, Hanna E., Green, David C., Tremper, Anja H., Norman, Michael, Vratolis, Stergios, Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Gómez-Moreno, Francisco J., Alonso-Blanco, Elisabeth, Gerwig, Holger, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Weinhold, Kay, Merkel, Maik, Bastian, Susanne, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Favez, Olivier, Crumeyrolle, Suzanne, Ferlay, Nicolas, Martins Dos Santos, Sebastiao, Putaud, Jean-Philippe, Timonen, Hilkka, Lampilahti, Janne, Asbach, Christof, Wolf, Carmen, Kaminski, Heinz, Altug, Hicran, Hoffmann, Barbara, Rich, David Q., Pandolfi, Marco, Harrison, Roy M., Hopke, Philip K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Alastuey, Andrés, and Querol, Xavier

Published
2023
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37. Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions

Author

Kumar, Avinash, primary, Iyer, Siddharth, additional, Barua, Shawon, additional, Brean, James, additional, Besic, Emin, additional, Seal, Prasenjit, additional, Dall’Osto, Manuel, additional, Beddows, David C. S., additional, Sarnela, Nina, additional, Jokinen, Tuija, additional, Sipilä, Mikko, additional, Harrison, Roy M., additional, and Rissanen, Matti, additional

Published
2024
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