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Biometric technology is required, along with technological advances in the digital world. In this digital age, authentication in digital transactions is necessary, especially for transaction security. We can utilize our unique body organs for the authentication process. One part of the human body that can be functioned for biometric is the finger vein. Finger vein can be used for biometric because every human living, finger vein pattern varies and unique for each person. Therefore, determine the physical characteristics of each person specifically. 780-980 nm near-infrared spectrum is effective for this application because of its portability and non-invasive trait. However, oftentimes, imaging results using infrared radiant contain noise. Notably, noise salt & pepper. This noise-reducing image information accuracy and making the extraction process more difficult, as a result, causing finger vein patterns difficult to recognize. To reduce the problem mentioned above, image noise must be reduced. One of the filters that can be used for reducing salt & pepper noise is the median filter. In the imaging transmitting mode, the intensity of infrared radiant absorbed into finger vein affecting imaging quality result. The bigger intensity, the bigger the transmittance radiance output unless saturation happens. As a result, the finger vein image becomes clearer. Moreover, attenuation intensity transmittance output value is influenced by wavelength. This process is simply according to Rayleigh scattering theory. Differentiation in wavelength, giving an effect in scattered intensity value, then affects attenuation intensity. Attenuation intensity produces different noises depends on the wavelength. This study suppresses the noise and analyzes the impact of wavelength variation on optical imaging process and noise level produced in 780-980 infrared spectrum span.

Aircraft noise exposure is still one of many abandoned pollution problems in Indonesia. The effects on human life have been studied more thoroughly in Europe and other regions. We review how some efforts have been implemented and how others must be further developed to support an integrated solution. Following several studies on noise exposure effects in Indonesia, future research must take part in reducing these effects. Indonesian research on noise reduction should follow the track of international research to develop sustainability and protect human capital. This paper reports the developing work aims for building a noise reduction model in the field of Indonesian aviation

In this research, a Flood Warning System is designed based on Water Level Data image obtained by a simple web camera. The system processes the output data from the water level image into tables and then connect to the flood map database to select the corresponding map to be displayed as a flood prediction image with a GIS program. The system processes the data in real time to provide public users with an accurate flood area prediction. By using this system, user can expect the area which will be affected when the water level rises to allow peoples that live near the affected area to evacuate or at least to prepare for the upcoming flood. This kind of early warning system is expected not only will save the lives of people who live near the affected area but also save their valuables from the flood disaster. The flood area is segmented from LiDAR data at 1 m intervals and the water level is recorded at 10 cm intervals. The resulting area obtained from elevation data is considered as the boundary of the maximum extent of the flood. Each corresponding map layer is linked to specific water level recorded by the camera.

In the medical field, the role of human body imaging is very important because it can provide a picture of the condition of human body organs that can show the severity level of an illness of the human body. It is very important, such that a patient must be taken of his or her body imaging before the next medical action to be conducted. Currently, human body imaging that is mostly done in the medical field is using a high-energy beam which can damage the body such as SPECT, PET, MRI, and X-rays. Therefore, it is necessary to develop another imaging technology to avoid damage to organs due to the usage of excessively high energy beam. One alternative method used is near-infrared optical imaging, which is less body damage effect, non-ionizing, less dangerous and low-cost. In optical imaging based on near infrared, the images are taken several times in different wavelengths. Each single wavelength is expected to experience different optical phenomena, such as absorption, scattering, and reflection or transmittance. Therefore, a different wavelength is expected to result in different image contrast. The image contrast differences of multiple images are expected to give us contrast selectivity of the object. The range of infrared spectral wavelengths enables good contrast and selectivity, therefore, it can help us to identify, distinguish and provide clear imaging of tissues, such as bones, muscle tissue, meat and tumors or cancer. The authors carried out the development of near infrared-based optical imaging characterization in the spectral region of 700 – 110 nm to analyze the selectivity of absorption and transparency of light wavelengths in body organ tissues. The research object is limited to the palm and finger joints of the human hand. Determination of the level of contrast and saturation image processing is done by using Adobe Lightroom 6.8 software. This software helps in such a way that a good level of contrast selectivity can be obtained, therefore the image of the intended body’s tissue can be shown sharper. In this paper, we show that near infrared wavelength between 700 and 1100 nm is suitable and very promising for visualizing parts of the human body without harming and giving bad effects to the body.

Wind power is one of the environmentally friendly renewable energy systems. The biggest obstacle is the operation of wind energy at intermittent wind speeds. Unstable wind speed conditions tend to be very influential in the production of electricity produced. For this reason, this study aims to create and compare wind power prediction models using the WD-NN and WD-SVM methods in wind fields that have very high intermittent levels such as Pandansimo wind farms.

In this paper we identify and estimate the battery losses due to internal resistance and its application. Mathematical calculation obtains the internal resistance on the battery equivalent circuit. The coulomb counting method with the analysis on the line equation is performed to obtain the SoC estimation within the energy loss on the load and the battery internal resistance. In discharging applications, the battery internal resistance has an enlarged tendency value when the battery capacity decreases, and vice versa has a low value when the battery capacity is full. In this work, we performed a behavioral of the battery internal resistance analysis on the battery discharging process and the result is the battery power inefficiency as battery capacity decreases.

This research relates to tomography based on capacitance measurement namely Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT). This paper discusses the communication protocols in the 64-channel ECVT data acquisition system (DAS ECVT). The communication protocol is divided into two type, first, communications protocols between the master and slave microcontrollers within the DAS ECVT. The second is the communication protocol between the DAS ECVT and the personal computer (PC). The design of protocol communication is a simple protocol consisting only of headers, command data, end of command (eoc), and enter characters. The speed of the command depends on the speed of the baud rate, the higher baud rate the smaller the total time of command. The maximum baud rate that can be given is 921600 bps with the total time is 159 $\mu$s.

Estimating battery capacity or State of Charge (SoC) is indispensable when using the battery as a backup of electrical energy for various applications. Examples of battery applications that are used are trend mobile devices, electric vehicles, renewable energy, and many other applications. SoC batteries can be estimated using several techniques available today, mostly based on battery modeling. There are at least three models that have been introduced in recent developments today. Three known battery models are electrochemical models, ana-lyticaUmathematical models, and electrical circuit models. In this paper, we use battery modeling based on electrical circuit models to analyze the characteristics of battery parameters during the discharging process. The reason is, using this model will be easier to analyze the measurement data such as voltage, current, and internal resistance values as parameters to estimate SoC.

A processor built with timely precise variable feedback / input or a time-driven processor is expected to work optimally on aspecified time limit, although this has not been true for computer architecture in general. The initial approach will be to sort out or even cut off some part of both mandatory and optional tasks from a scheduler. The results of this approach results in aprocessor that has a separator / trimmer priority of a task. The second approach is to design a processor that has the ability as a counter with varying levels of accuracy (precision variable computing). The final approach is done by 'adding' the certaintyof precision in the form of interval arithmetic which is able to cut the data / task. The cuts are created in the form of upperand lower limits of the area (bounds). All three approaches can be built into a prototype orthogonal processor that has a bitwidth that varies (4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 bit) by adding a selector as the bit width of the optimal classifier to yield optimal timecomputation. The end result of the representation of the arithmetic units in the FPGA simulator shows that the sub-units ofarithmetic adder 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits are orthogonally designed to the selector and collector to provide optimization ofcomputation execution time by 4.53% compared to the one that does not use a selector and collector. 1

Wind energy predictions have been widely developed with a variety of methods, this is due to the stochastic character and uncertainty in the wind. The need for wind energy generation is so great that it must be prepared for operational prediction on its network. This study is very important that aims to design an algorithm to predict wind power for grid operators that are useful to accelerate the management planning of the generation so that the resulting wind power is more optimal. In this paper, we propose a model of wind power prediction by attaching highly intermittent wind speed behavior that makes wind power change rapidly. To overcome this, Wavelet Decomposition method is proposed, then this model is hybridized using Nonlinear autoregressive using Nonlinear autoregressive modeling machine with exogenous input model Nonlinear Autoregressive with External-Neural Network (NARX-NN). The simulation results show that this model can improve the accuracy performance of previous models using BP-Neural Network.

This paper describe new tomography acquisition design based on capacitance measurement namely Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT). ECVT is one of measurement instrument which is specifically used in tomography application. The acquisition instruments used 64 electrode capacitive sensors, in cylindrical shape. Measurement of capacitance is performed using charge amplifier circuit on each electrode to convert the current into voltage signal. The resulting signal represented capacitance value. To accommodate the whole 64 electrodes capacitive sensors, two data acquisition systems are developed to handle up to 32 electrodes. We also developed the communication protocol between two data acquisition systems, measured the system performance, and the speed of acquisition data.

This paper describe process tomography based on capacitance measurement namely Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT). The capacitance tomography is used for imaging object from capacitive sensor. The simulation has been done by designing 64 channels capacitive sensor to reconstruct three spheres of objects by applying conventional combination and full combination scanning methods. Data were collected by means of changing the position of three spherical phantoms inside capacitive sensor in various positions. Then the image reconstruction result is compared with actual object to obtain the correlation of the image. Quantitative assessment shows that the average value of correlation coefficient (CC) is 0.45 while the average of mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.1. As visually seen, the image reconstruction from simulation process of 64 channels capacitive sensor has successfully reconstructed three object spheres arranged in row. This work proves that image reconstruction from full combination scanning has a good image compared with conventional combination scanning, as shown with higher mean absolute error (MAE) and lower coefficient- correlation (CC).

Single-electron tunneling (SET) transistors have been studied for the past several decades because they are promising for low-power consumption and fundamental-level control of charge. The quantum dots (QDs) that are the main part of an SET transistor have been demonstrated in a variety of materials, but recently dopant-atoms in silicon have also been shown to work as QDs. However, a single conventional dopant-atom has usually a shallow ground state energy level below the conduction band edge (∼45 meV). This means that the tunnel barrier is relatively low and thermally-activated current can flow over the barrier. Therefore, the operation of dopant-atom SET transistors remains limited to low temperatures. In this work, we statistically analyze the key factors for raising the SET operation temperature up to room temperature (>300 K).

Battery energy capacity in an application system is determined by the amount of electrical energy spent to the load and time consumption. The system reliability depends on the supply of electrical energy from the battery as the power source. The energy capacity of the battery will ensure the services provided by the unit device or equipment. As an example, the UPS system provides clean, conditioned, and continues power supply for sensitive loads such as airlines computers, data centers, communication systems, and medical support systems in hospitals, etc. Therefore, it is important to estimate the accuracy of the remaining battery capacity at any time. Generally, the UPS system provides a regulated sinusoidal output voltage with switching operation and will give power to the main applications. Some UPS inverters work by utilizing power from the battery modules. The switching operation that operated by the device, will generate high frequency ripple. Many other battery applications can be analogized as a fixed load. This means that the load does not change until the energy capacity of the battery is reduced. Both static and dynamic loads will affect the battery's internal resistance. Some literatures describe the important factor of the battery modules system performance and the degradation rate associated with battery internal resistance. This paper explores how the decreasing battery capacity using the DC current load correspond to the increasing battery internal resistance. We do some experiments on discharging battery with switching load current at 10 second measuring time. We investigate and analyze the difference effect of the battery capacity on the internal resistance battery. We conclude that on continues battery loading will decrease the battery capacity which corresponds to the increasing the internal resistance value.

We have recently reported single-electron tunneling (SET) via a-few-donor QDs at high temperatures in high-concentration selectively-doped SOI-FETs. A central QD works by SET mechanism above 150 Κ at small source-drain bias due to enhanced tunnel barrier. For tuning the tunnel barrier, it becomes critical to understand the impact of the donor-QD location on the SET transport. Here, we report the possibility of probing donor-QDs from center to near the lead edge using high-bias stability diagrams. We also observe and model the changes due to purposely shifted positions of the selectively-doped area.

Coulomb-blockade transport via donors working as quantum dots (QDs) in Si nano-transistor channels opens new pathways for atomic-level applications, but position-control of such QDs remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that multiple-donor cluster-QDs can be formed by CMOS-compatible selective-doping, as observed from Coulomb-blockade transport at low temperature (T = 5.5 K). While at high gate voltage electron tunneling takes place via extended QDs, likely due to line edge roughness of the nanoscale channel, at low gate voltage tunneling occurs via a cluster of intentionally-doped donors. For the interpretation, we introduce a model of an isolated donor-cluster as a QD with voltage-dependent tunnel resistances.

The research relates to tomography technique based on electrical mass properties measurement. This study proposed electronic design of read out circuit (ROC) for signal processing in electrical capacitance tomography. The method is to capture the excitation and detection signal simultaneously using high speed analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) then save its reading to first-in-first-out (FIFO) memory. From the two signals, magnitude and phase can be determined. Therefore, calculation of capacitance and conductivity of object inside sensor is done using math equation.

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is one of imaging technique based on permittivity distribution of object inside the sensor. The principle of ECT is injection of square or sine wave signal with a certain frequency. In this paper, excitation frequencies of ECT system are analyzed in term of accuracy and system's performance. The frequency excitation will be scanned from 10 to 1500 kHz with 10 kHz of increment, hence the impedance value of ECT system can be obtained. Experiments using cylinder rods were conducted to validate the result of image reconstruction against excitation frequency. The good performance is in the frequency of 170–1000 kHz, which is the area at smaller impedance.

We report an experimental of free-space optical communication (FSOC) system that use tube propagation simulator (TPS) as the turbulence medium. The FSOC system usewavelength of 1550 nm at the rate transmission of 1000 Mbps and amplified with EDFA at the output of +23 dBm. Index structure of 10-15–10-13 as the representation of atmosphere index turbulences are used for simulation of intensity distribution model or scintillation. The simulation use gammagamma and K model as well. The beam wave propagation models used in simulation are plane wave, spherical wave and Gaussian wave. Spherical wave achieves highest performance via gamma-gamma in strong turbulence. While Gaussian wave achieves highest performance also via K model. We also found, characteristical FSOC system performance is calculated more accurately with gamma-gamma method for strong turbulence than K model. The performances from gamma-gamma for strong turbulenceare at 22.55 dB, at 5.33×10-4, and at 9.41 ×10-6.&nbsp

This research is purposed to increase computer function into a time driven to support real time system. This purposed would the processor can work according to determined time variable and can work optimally in a certained deadline. The first approachment to design some of processor that has a different bit space 64, 32, 16 and 8 bits. Each processor will be separated by selector/arbiter priority of a task. In addition, the design of the above processors are designed as a counter with varying levels of accuracy (variable precision computing). The selection is also done by using statistical control in the task are observed by the appearance of controller mounted on the front of the architecture bitspace the second approach above. The last approach to 'add' certainty in the form of interval arithmetic precision cutting task that can be the upper bound and lower bound of the area (bounds). These four approachment can be structured orthogonally or stand alone into a processor/several processors by introducing a new classifier that serves as a selector or a task arbiter. The result from the four approaches proves that the processor is strutured with different bitspace able to work optimally on a variable time and time deadlines are fast, and accurate completion of tasks in support of real time.

Solar cell system has many competitive advantages in comparisson to other renewable ener‐ gy resources. For instance, wind-turbin is very dependable to geographical location and has very high noise pollution if applied in residential area. Other example is micro-hydro, which depends on altitude and available in very limited locations. Furthermore, nuclear energy should be forgotten since its high radioactive risk. On the other side, solar cell system has characteristics of zero pollution, no radioactive risk, compact, portable and can be installed in any residential areas and has relatively high energy availability in any location on the earth surface in a year round. In general, solar cell array, which cover a residential roof house can supply the basic electrical energy needs of the residences who live in the house, almost a year round. These competitive advantages of solar cell system over other renewa‐ ble energy resources, make solar cell system the most favorite renewable energy resource.

Electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) system uses six switches in one channel with configuration resembling “T” letter, so it is called “T-switch”. The working scheme of the switch can be explained in four different modes of operation, i.e. excitation mode, detection mode, ground mode, and floating mode. This research describes the effect of switch configuration to stray capacitance in ECVT hardware. Stray capacitance introduces parasitic signal from other sources; one of them is signal from another electrode at floating mode when the signal is still flowing to detection circuit. One channel, two channels, three channels, so on until thirty-two channels are connected to single detection circuit sequentially to investigate the effect of stray capacitance. Both simulation and experiment show the stray capacitance increases along with addition of channel corresponds to 0.046pF for each channel.

In this paper we report the comparative study of two types of digital cameras to be used for vegetation index measurement. Using either a dedicated multispectral JAI AD-80-GE camera or a custom dual Canon S3IS camera system, we obtained RGB and NIR images and processed them to obtain vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI and two-band EVI). Since no radiometric calibration is available for both systems, normalized reflectance images are not available and we have to determine relative gain factors for the various bands in order to get likely vegetation indices. Moreover, the two camera system requires image registration. Experimental results are provided.

This paper presents a new design of remote laboratory multiuser based embedded web server that is used for the lab microcontroller system. Architecture of Remote Lab System consists of a computer server, two experiment module microcontroller system and two embedded web server for controlling lab modules. The computer server is used as a web server remote lab that serves as a homepage and user management. Embedded web server serves as the user interface to control the lab module microcontroller via the internet. The novelty of the system proposed is the remote laboratory architecture is multi user, and embedded web server designed more intelligently that function as lab modul controller, such as ability to send log event data to database server and ability to send message to chat applications. This research activity has resulted a remote laboratory based on embedded web server, the system is multiuser so that at the same time can be used by more than one user. Test result, the system can work quite well.

This research is purposed to increase computer function into a time driven to support real time system so that the processor can work according to determined time variable and can work optimally in a certained deadline. The first approachment of this research is a processor which has a priority arbiter/border of a task. The second approachment, is a numerator processor with variable precision (VP) computing. The third approachment is by functioning statistic control of the emergence task that will be observing with the help of coprocessor which is placed in the front section of bitspace architecture of the second approachment above. The last aprroachment is by adding certainty precision in form of arithmetic interval that is able to cut the data/task. The data/task-cut is in the form of upper and lower border from the bounds. These four approachments can be structured orthoganally or stand alone into a processor/several processors. Initial hyphothesis of these four approachments can produce a processor that can work optimally in time variable and in a fast, accurate, reliable and robust daedline in supporting real time data/task finishing.

Remote laboratories are innovations in educational technology which allows students to access and interact with laboratory equipment remotely via the Internet network. There are several advantages of using a remote laboratory is the laboratory's performance is better and more efficient because of laboratory equipment can be used by students throughout the day for 24 hours. This paper presents a new design remote laboratory-based embedded web server for practical microcontroller systems. This system has several advantages compared with traditional remote laboratory based on computer server, which are small size, low power consumption, low cost and easy installation and maintenance. Design an embedded web server using 8 bit microcontroller AT89S52. The system consists of a computer server, some experiment module microcontroller system and some embedded web server for controlling modules. The computer server is used as a web server remote lab gateway that serves as a homepage and user management. Embedded web server serves as the user interface to control the lab module microcontroller via the internet. Experiment module is evaluation board AT89SXX microcontroller and is equipped with some I/O circuit. Users can perform remote process on experiment module that is: upload binary files to the target board, observing the changes via a web cam and can interact with the target board through a virtual I/O. Embedded web server is working with pure HTML instructions so that the system is more secure because it only uses port 80 only. Design remote labs are multiuser, so that at the same time can be used by more than one user.

This report is focused on the linear region of I-V characteristics of nanoscale highly-doped p-i-n diodes fabricated within ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures with an intrinsic layer length of 200 nm and 700 nm under a forward bias at a temperature range from 50 K to 250 K. The doping concentrations of Boron and Phosphorus in SOI p-i-n diodes are high, 1×1020 cm-3 and 2×1020 cm-3, respectively. The linearity of I-V characteristics of the p-i-n diodes under a certain forward bias voltage range and temperature range from 50 K to 250 K indicate these devices are suitable for low temperature sensing purposes. We conclude that highly-doped p-i-n diodes produce a higher current as the temperature decreases under a certain bias voltage range. Nanoscale diodes with longer and wider intrinsic layers generate higher currents under a certain range of bias voltage and low temperature measurements.