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AIMS: Childhood adversities (CAs) predict heightened risks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE) among people exposed to adult traumatic events. Identifying which CAs put individuals at greatest risk for these adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS) is important for targeting prevention interventions. METHODS: Data came from n = 999 patients ages 18-75 presenting to 29 U.S. emergency departments after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) and followed for 3 months, the amount of time traditionally used to define chronic PTSD, in the Advancing Understanding of Recovery After Trauma (AURORA) study. Six CA types were self-reported at baseline: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect and bullying. Both dichotomous measures of ever experiencing each CA type and numeric measures of exposure frequency were included in the analysis. Risk ratios (RRs) of these CA measures as well as complex interactions among these measures were examined as predictors of APNS 3 months post-MVC. APNS was defined as meeting self-reported criteria for either PTSD based on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and/or MDE based on the PROMIS Depression Short-Form 8b. We controlled for pre-MVC lifetime histories of PTSD and MDE. We also examined mediating effects through peritraumatic symptoms assessed in the emergency department and PTSD and MDE assessed in 2-week and 8-week follow-up surveys. Analyses were carried out with robust Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Most participants (90.9%) reported at least rarely having experienced some CA. Ever experiencing each CA other than emotional neglect was univariably associated with 3-month APNS (RRs = 1.31-1.60). Each CA frequency was also univariably associated with 3-month APNS (RRs = 1.65-2.45). In multivariable models, joint associations of CAs with 3-month APNS were additive, with frequency of emotional abuse (RR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.43-2.87) and bullying (RR = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.99-2.10) being the strongest predictors. Control variable analyses found that these associations were largely explained by pre-MVC histories of PTSD and MDE. CONCLUSIONS: Although individuals who experience frequent emotional abuse and bullying in childhood have a heightened risk of experiencing APNS after an adult MVC, these associations are largely mediated by prior histories of PTSD and MDE.

Peatlands store substantial amounts of carbon and are vulnerable to climate change. We present a modified version of the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model for simulating the hydrology, surface energy, and CO2 fluxes of peatlands on daily to annual timescales. The model includes a separate soil tile in each 0.5° grid cell, defined from a global peatland map and identified with peat-specific soil hydraulic properties. Runoff from non-peat vegetation within a grid cell containing a fraction of peat is routed to this peat soil tile, which maintains shallow water tables. The water table position separates oxic from anoxic decomposition. The model was evaluated against eddy-covariance (EC) observations from 30 northern peatland sites, with the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) being optimized at each site. Regarding short-term day-to-day variations, the model performance was good for gross primary production (GPP) (r2 Combining double low line 0.76; Nash-Sutcliffe modeling efficiency, MEF Combining double low line 0.76) and ecosystem respiration (ER, r2 Combining double low line 0.78, MEF Combining double low line 0.75), with lesser accuracy for latent heat fluxes (LE, r2 Combining double low line 0.42, MEF Combining double low line 0.14) and and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE, r2 Combining double low line 0.38, MEF Combining double low line 0.26). Seasonal variations in GPP, ER, NEE, and energy fluxes on monthly scales showed moderate to high r2 values (0.57-0.86). For spatial across-site gradients of annual mean GPP, ER, NEE, and LE, r2 values of 0.93, 0.89, 0.27, and 0.71 were achieved, respectively. Water table (WT) variation was not well predicted (r2

The bonding of potassium in the (100)-(3×3)-(+) coadsorption system has been investigated using surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS). It is found that potassium bonds predominantly to oxygen rather than nickel. This imposes a useful constraint on structural models of this complex system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 18% of patients undergoing lower extremity joint arthroplasty fail to significantly improve following arthroplasty. We previously demonstrated that higher levels of fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms ("FMness") prior to surgery are associated with less postoperative improvement. Sleep disturbances, which are a core symptom domain in FM, are present in greater than 90% of chronic pain patients. Here, we consider the impact of self-reported sleep disturbances on knee arthroplasty outcomes six months after surgery (n=74, 54% female), and on psychophysical pain sensitivity in a subset of these patients preoperatively (n=43). Sleep impairment was assessed using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep impairment measure. The primary surgical outcome was improvement on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) total score, predicted by baseline sleep impairment, controlling for baseline WOMAC scores, age, sex, use of opioids prior to surgery, and the extent of widespread pain. Pressure pain thresholds were measured preoperatively at the trapezius, wrist, knee and lower leg bilaterally, and averaged over three presentations at each site. Greater sleep impairment preoperatively was associated with less improvement on the WOMAC total score at 6 months, such that a ten-point decrease on the PROMIS sleep measure, indicating greater sleep impairment at baseline, was associated with 7.53 fewer points of improvement on the WOMAC (95% CI= 2.53, 12.53). Furthermore, greater sleep impairment was associated with greater pressure pain sensitivity at the trapezius (r=.438, p =.003), wrist (r=.318, p =.033), surgical knee (r =.394, p =.007), and the lower leg (r=.459, p=.002), but not at the non-surgical knee (r =.279, p =.06). Preoperative sleep problems are associated with increased experimental pain sensitivity and less clinical improvement following arthroplasty. Optimizing surgical outcomes may require monitoring and improving preoperative sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]