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We present a coherent timing analysis of the 2003 outburst of the accreting millisecond pulsar (AMXP) XTE J1807-294. We find a 95% confidence interval for the pulse frequency derivative of (+0.7, + 4.7) × 10⁻¹⁴ Hz s⁻¹ and (-0.6, + 3.8) × 10⁻¹⁴ Hz s⁻¹ for the fundamental and second harmonics, respectively. The sinusoidal fractional amplitudes of the pulsations are the highest observed among AMXPs and can reach values of up to 27% (2.5-30 keV). The pulse arrival time residuals of the fundamental frequency follow a linear anti-correlation with the fractional amplitudes that suggests hot spot motion both in longitude and latitude over the surface of the neutron star. An anti-correlation between residuals and X-ray flux suggests an influence of the accretion rate on pulse phase and casts doubts on the interpretation of pulse frequency derivatives in terms of changes of spin rates and torques on the neutron star.

Soft phase lags, in which X-ray pulses in lower energy bands arrive later than pulses in higher energy bands, have been observed in nearly all accretion-powered millisecond pulsars, but their origin remains an open question. In a study of the 2.5 ms accretion-powered pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658, we report that the magnitude of these lags is strongly dependent on the accretion rate. During the brightest stage of the outbursts from this source, the lags increase in magnitude as the accretion rate drops; when the outbursts enter their dimmer flaring-tail stage, the relationship reverses. We evaluate this complex dependence in the context of two theoretical models for the lags, one relying on the scattering of photons by the accretion disk and the other invoking a two-component model for the photon emission. In both cases, the turnover suggests that we are observing the source transitioning into the "propeller" accretion regime., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. RXTE Guest Observer Program

The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer has observed five outbursts from the transient 2.5 ms accretion-powered pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658 during 1998-2008. We present a pulse timing study of the most recent outburst and compare it with the previous timing solutions. The spin frequency of the source continues to decrease at a rate of (–5.5 ± 1.2) × 10[superscript –18] Hz s[superscript –1], which is consistent with the previously determined spin derivative. The spin down occurs mostly during quiescence, and is most likely due to the magnetic dipole torque from a B = 1.5 × 10[superscript 8] G dipolar field at the neutron star surface. We also find that the 2 hr binary orbital period is increasing at a rate of (3.80 ± 0.06) × 10[superscript –12] s s[superscript –1], also consistent with previous measurements. It remains uncertain whether this orbital change reflects secular evolution or short-term variability., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NNX07AP93G), United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NNX08AJ43G)

We report the detection of pulsations at 552 Hz in the rising phase of two type-I (thermonuclear) X-ray bursts observed from the accreting neutron star EXO 0748–676 in 2007 January and December, by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. The fractional amplitude was 15% (rms). The dynamic power density spectrum for each burst revealed an increase in frequency of ≈1-2 Hz while the oscillation was present. The frequency drift, the high significance of the detections and the almost identical signal frequencies measured in two bursts separated by 11 months, confirms this signal as a burst oscillation similar to those found in 13 other sources to date. We thus conclude that the spin frequency in EXO 0748 – 676 is within a few Hz of 552 Hz, rather than 45 Hz as was suggested from an earlier signal detection by Villarreal & Strohmayer. Consequently, Doppler broadening must significantly affect spectral features arising from the neutron star surface, so that the narrow absorption features previously reported from an XMM-Newton spectrum could not have arisen there. The origin of both the previously reported 45 Hz oscillation and the X-ray absorption lines is now uncertain.

The accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658 has shown a peculiar orbital evolution in the past with an orbital expansion much faster than expected from standard binary evolutionary scenarios. Previous limits on the pulsar spin frequency derivative during transient accretion outbursts were smaller than predicted by standard magnetic accretion torque theory, while the spin evolution between outbursts was consistent with magnetic dipole spin-down. In this Letter, we present the results of a coherent timing analysis of the 2011 outburst observed by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer and extend our previous long-term measurements of the orbital and spin evolution over a baseline of 13 years. We find that the expansion of the 2 hr orbit is accelerating at a rate of [two dots over P][subscript b]≃ 1.6 x 10[superscript-20] ss[-2] and we interpret this as the effect of short-term angular momentum exchange between the mass donor and the orbit. The gravitational quadrupole coupling due to variations in the oblateness of the companion can be a viable mechanism for explaining the observations. No significant spin frequency derivatives are detected during the 2011 outburst (|[dot over v]|≲ 4 x 10[superscript -13] Hz s [superscript -1]) and the long-term spin-down remains stable over 13 years with [dot over v] ≃ - 10[superscript -15] Hz s[superscript -1].

The accretion-powered millisecond pulsar IGR J00291+5934 underwent two ~10 day long outbursts during 2008, separated by 30 days in quiescence. Such a short quiescent period between outbursts has never been seen before from a neutron star X-ray transient. X-ray pulsations at the 599 Hz spin frequency are detected throughout both outbursts. For the first time, we derive a pulse phase model that connects two outbursts, providing a long baseline for spin frequency measurement. Comparison with the frequency measured during the 2004 outburst of this source gives a spin-down during quiescence of –(4 ± 1) × 10[superscript –15] Hz s[superscript –1], approximately an order of magnitude larger than the long-term spin-down observed in the 401 Hz accretion-powered pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658. If this spin-down is due to magnetic dipole radiation, it requires a 2 × 10[superscript 8] G field strength, and its high spin-down luminosity may be detectable with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Alternatively, this large spin-down could be produced by gravitational wave emission from a fractional mass quadrupole moment of Q/I = 1 × 10[superscript –9]. The rapid succession of the outbursts also provides a unique test of models for accretion in low-mass X-ray binaries. Disk instability models generally predict that an outburst will leave the accretion disk too depleted to fuel a second outburst after such a brief quiescence. We suggest a modification in which the outburst is shut off by the onset of a propeller effect before the disk is depleted. This model can explain the short quiescence and the unusually slow rise of the light curve of the second 2008 outburst.

The accretion-powered millisecond pulsar IGR J00291+5934 underwent two ~10 day long outbursts during 2008, separated by 30 days in quiescence. Such a short quiescent period between outbursts has never been seen before from a neutron star X-ray transient. X-ray pulsations at the 599 Hz spin frequency are detected throughout both outbursts. For the first time, we derive a pulse phase model that connects two outbursts, providing a long baseline for spin frequency measurement. Comparison with the frequency measured during the 2004 outburst of this source gives a spin-down during quiescence of –(4 ± 1) × 10[superscript –15] Hz s[superscript –1], approximately an order of magnitude larger than the long-term spin-down observed in the 401 Hz accretion-powered pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658. If this spin-down is due to magnetic dipole radiation, it requires a 2 × 10[superscript 8] G field strength, and its high spin-down luminosity may be detectable with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Alternatively, this large spin-down could be produced by gravitational wave emission from a fractional mass quadrupole moment of Q/I = 1 × 10[superscript –9]. The rapid succession of the outbursts also provides a unique test of models for accretion in low-mass X-ray binaries. Disk instability models generally predict that an outburst will leave the accretion disk too depleted to fuel a second outburst after such a brief quiescence. We suggest a modification in which the outburst is shut off by the onset of a propeller effect before the disk is depleted. This model can explain the short quiescence and the unusually slow rise of the light curve of the second 2008 outburst.

The Long Wavelength Array (LWA), currently under construction in New Mexico, will be an imaging HF/VHF interferometer providing a new approach for studying the Sun-Earth environment from the surface of the sun to the Earth's ionosphere. The LWA will be a powerful tool for solar physics and space weather investigations, through its ability to characterize a diverse range of low-frequency, solar-related emissions, thereby increasing our understanding of particle acceleration and shocks in the solar atmosphere along with their impact on the Sun-Earth environment. As a passive receiver the LWA will directly detect Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) in emission, and indirectly through the scattering of cosmic background sources as they propagate towards Earth. If coupled with a suitable transmitter, the LWA would be an excellent receiver for solar radar, potentially demonstrating accurate geomagnetic storm prediction from the Earth's surface. Both radar and passive receiving techniques could monitor the Sun-Earth environment during daytime as a compliment to nighttime space weather remote sensing techniques. The LWA will also naturally provide a measure of small-scale spatial and temporal ionospheric structure, a pre-requisite for accurate calibration and imaging of solar and space weather phenomena. As a sensitive monitor of differences in total electron content (TEC) through the ionosphere, the LWA will provide an unprecedented characterization of ionospheric turbulence and waves, capable of testing predictions of global ionospheric models with an aim towards improving their accuracy through input to physics-based models. As a fully digital, multi-beaming instrument, the LWA can monitor the Sun daily with a dedicated solar beam, while simultaneously pursuing ionospheric and astrophysics science programs both day and night., Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference held 14-17 September 2010 in Maui, HI. The original document contains color images.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2007., Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-114)., We present a 7 yr timing study of the 2.5 ms X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658, an X-ray transient with a recurrence time of =2 yr, using data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer covering 4 transient outbursts (1998-2005). Substantial pulse shape variability, both stochastic and systematic, was observed during each outburst. Analysis of the systematic pulse shape changes suggests that, as an outburst dims, the X-ray "hot spot" on the pulsar surface drifts longitudinally and a second hot spot may appear. The overall pulse shape variability limits the ability to measure spin frequency evolution within a given X-ray outburst (and calls previous zi measurements of this source into question), with typical upper limits of Jil < 2.5 x 10-14 Hz s-1 (2a). However, combining data from all the outbursts shows with high (6 a) significance that the pulsar is undergoing long-term spin down at a rate /i = (-5.6 ± 2.0) x 10-16 Hz s-1, with most of the spin evolution occurring during X-ray quiescence. We discuss the possible contributions of magnetic propeller torques, magnetic dipole radiation, and gravitational radiation to the measured spin down, setting an upper limit of B < 1.5 x 108 G for the pulsar's surface dipole magnetic field and Q < 4.4 x 1036 g cm2 for the mass quadrupole moment. We also measured an orbital period derivative of Porb = (3.5 + 0.2) x 10-12 s s-1 We identify a strong anti-correlation between the fractional amplitude of the harmonic (r2) and the X-ray flux (fx) in the persistent pulsations of four sources: SAX J1808.4-3658, IGR J00291+5934, and XTE J1751-305, XTE J1807-294. These sources exhibit a powerlaw relationship r2 x( fx7 with slopes ranging from y = -0.47 to -0.70. The three other accreting millisecond pulsars that we analyzed, XTE J0929-314, XTE J1814-338, and HETE J1900.1-2455, do not as fully explore a wide range of fluxes, but they too seem to obey a similar relation. We argue that these trends may be evidence of the recession of the accretion disk, We confirm the soft phase lags previously discovered from this source, and we discover that these phase lags increase as the source flux decays slowly following its peak flux. When the source decay becomes rapid and the outburst enters its flaring tail stage, this relationship reverses, and the phase lags diminish as the flux dims further. This result, along with the pulse profile changes observed at the beginning of the flairing tail stage, suggests an abrupt change in the geometry of the accretion disk and column at this time in the outburst. In contrast, the thermonuclear burst oscillation timing does not show appreciable lags, and the burst oscillation phases and fractional amplitudes appear to be relatively independent of energy., by Jacob M. Hartman., Ph.D.