Harttia villasboas, new species (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6; Tables 1, 2) Harttia duriventris Buckup et al., 2011, In: Castilhos & Buckup, 2011. Harttia sp. Xingu3 — Covain et al., 2016 (reference, distribution, molecular phylogeny). Holotype. MZUSP 97078, 126.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Rio Xingu Basin, Rio Curuá, tributary of Rio Iriri, above two waterfalls, near the Churrascaria Cachoeira do Curuá at highway Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163), mun. Novo Progresso, 08°44'09"S 54°57'46"W, 20 October 2007, J.L. Birindelli, L.M. Sousa, A.L. Netto-Ferreira, M.H. Sabaj & N.K. Lujan. Paratypes. Brazil, Pará, Rio Xingu Basin: ANSP 200508, 5, 80.3–104.8 mm SL, INPA-ICT 0 53237, 20, 46.4– 115.9 mm SL, MCP 50553, 5, 69.4–98.3 mm SL, MZUSP 115485, 64, (9 c&s), 36.5–126.0 mm SL, MZUSP 96937, 4, 40.2–49.3 SL, INPA-ICT 0 53238, 4, 55.0–80.0 mm SL, collected with holotype. MZUSP 101304, 3, 81.1 –114.0 mm SL, Rio Curuá, tributary of Rio Iriri, just above the dam, mun. Novo Progresso, 0 8º44'30 S 54°57'35" W, 23 January 2009, A.L. Netto-Ferreira, J.L. Birindelli, L.M. Sousa & P.H. Hollanda-Carvalho. MZUSP 106473, 1, 44.9 mm SL, Rio Curuá, tributary of Rio Iriri, Serra do Cachimbo, near the highway Santarém-Cuiabá (BR-163), mun. Novo Progresso, 8˚44’9”S 54˚57’46”W, 15 August 1984, M. Goulding. MZUSP 118550, 17, 31.2–109.9 mm SL, Rio Curuá, tributary of Rio Iriri at the Cachoeira do Curuá waterfall, near the village of PCH Curuá and Churrascaria Cachoeira do Curuá, at highway Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163), between the 60 m and 40 m falls, mun. Novo Progresso, 8˚44’2.3”S 54˚57’42.1”W, 0 6 August 2015, O.T. Oyakawa, W.M. Ohara & M. Pastana. MZUSP 120907, 4, 64.0– 85.4 mm SL, Rio Curuá, tributary of Rio Iriri at the Cachoeira do Curuá waterfall, near the village of PCH Curuá and Churrascaria Cachoeira do Curuá, between the 40 m fall and the three small falls of approximately 1 to 5 m, mun. Novo Progresso, 8˚44’9.5”S 54˚57’46.5”W, 0 6 August 2015, O.T. Oyakawa, W.M. Ohara & M. Pastana. MNRJ 35553, 36, 20.0– 72.1 mm SL, Rio Curuá waterfall, Rio Iriri drainage, between two falls, ca. 54 km from Castelo dos Sonhos, mun. Novo Progresso, 8˚44’6”S 54˚57’43”W, 1 October 2008, M.R. Britto, J. Gomes, F. Carvalho & L. Fries. Diagnosis. Presence of abdomen completely covered by plates readily discriminates H. villasboas from members of the H. loricariformis group (naked abdomen) and from members of H. rhombocephala group (abdomen partially covered). Harttia villasboas can be distinguished from H. surinamensis, H. fowleri, and H. duriventris by having caudal peduncle slightly compressed laterally after confluence of lateral keels vs. caudal peduncle strongly compressed laterally after confluence of lateral keels. In addition, H. villasboas can be distinguished from all other species of the H. fowleri group by having greater head length 24.0–29.9% [26.3%] of SL vs. 22.4–24.8% [23.5%] of SL in H. surinamensis, 22.7–24.5% [23.6%] of SL in H. fowleri, 21.0–24.3% [22.3%] of SL in H. duriventris, 21.1–23.9% [22.7%] of SL in H. dissidens, 22.8–24.8% [23.4%] of SL in H. panara and 21.0–24.7% [22.8%] of SL in H. absaberi. H. villasboas differs from all other species of H. fowleri group by presenting, on snout, a conspicuous median longitudinal ridge, bordered by two slightly lateral ridge from the supraorbital rim to the snout tip, vs. absence. Description. Measurements and counts in the Table 2. Member of H. fowleri group. Body dorsoventrally depressed and elongated, widest at cleithrum. Dorsal profile of body straight and gently ascending from tip of snout to anterior region of orbit, and horizontally straight from this point to dorsal-fin origin and gently descending to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body straight from tip of snout to origin of anal fin and gently ascending from this point to caudal peduncle. Anterior profile of the head elliptical in dorsal view. Eye roughly round, inferior margin of orbit slightly straight. Dorsal flap of iris present. Interorbital and parieto-supraoccipital flat. Tip of snout with small, oval and naked area circumscribed by rostral plates; naked area sometimes extending backward and joined with naked region of upper lip. Snout with conspicuous median longitudinal ridge, bordered by two slightly lateral ridges from the supraorbital rim to the snout tip. Lips with numerous marginal short fringes. Maxillary barbel short, reaching half of length of lower lips and ornamented with small papillae; barbel joined to lip by small flap of tissue. Upper lip covered by numerous series of papillae; papillae of outer series larger than inner series. Lower lip well developed and covered by numerous series of papillae; papillae of outer series slightly smaller than inner series. Posterior border of lower lip not reaching anterior margin of pectoral girdle. Premaxilla with 32–53 [45] and dentary with 33–48 [41] bicuspid teeth; all cusps with the same length. Presence of a conspicuous spherical papilla on roof of mouth anterior to oral valve. Infraorbital series with five plates; infraorbital 5 contacting inferior branch of sphenotic. Inferior region of orbit delimited by infraorbitals 3 to 5. Canal plate exposed, roughly triangular. Abdominal region completely covered by minute plates. Gular area naked. Nine to 13 [10] lateral abdominal plates, rectangular and elongate. Preanal plates 2, roughly hexagonal and well developed, bordered anteriorly by a line of irregular plates. Five longitudinal series of plates on trunk. Median series with 29–32 [30] perforated plates. Two weakly developed, parallel and longitudinal odontodes keels coalesced at 20th–21 st plates. Dorsal fin II,7; its origin on vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Spinelet, or first spine, roughly oval and small, its width approximately half of width of base of second dorsal-fin spine. Chain-link structure, which articulates dorsal-fin spine with second dorsal-fin pterygiophore, incomplete. Tip of last rays of dorsal fin, when adpressed, reaching vertical through of origin of last anal-fin ray. Pectoral fin I,6; tip of pectoral-fin spine and first two branched rays surpassing insertion of pelvic-fin spine. Mature males with dorsal region of pectoral-fin spine covered by well-developed odontodes strongly bent and turned backwards. Pelvic fin i,5; tip of pelvic-fin spine reaching insertion of anal-fin spine. Anal fin i,5; external portion of first anal-fin pterygiophore roughly rectangular shape and covered by skin. Caudal fin forked, i,12,i rays, with 5 supracaudal plates on its base, median supracaudal plate bearing lateral line canal. Two procurrent rays on base of upper and lower caudal-fin rays. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle slightly compressed laterally after confluence of lateral keels. Color in alcohol. Dorsal region of body dark to light brown. Six, inconspicuous, transverse dark brown marks, first near the origin of dorsal fin, second starting at end of last rays of dorsal fin, followed by third to fifth in middle of caudal peduncle, and sixth at origin of caudal-fin rays. Ventral region yellow pale. All fins with four transverse dark brown marks. Anal-fin base surrounded by a small blotch of dark brown chromatophores. Etymology. The specific name, villasboas, is a patronym that honors the Orlando, Claudio and Leonardo Villas Boas brothers, three frontiersmen that led the Expedição Roncador-Xingu during the years of 1943 to 1949, with the mission to explore a wide and unknown territory of the Amazonian regions of Brazil. In 1949, the expedition reached the tablelands of the Serra do Cachimbo. One of the most important results of this expedition was the establishment of the Parque Indígena do Xingu in 1961, the first huge indigenous area in all South America. The area of the park is 26.420 km 2 in the northern of Mato Grosso State and nowadays protects 14 indigenous ethnicities. A noun in apposition. Distribution. Harttia villasboas is, so far, known only from above the two great falls of Rio Curuá, a tributary of Rio Iriri, in the area of Serra do Cachimbo. Collections made bellow the two falls of Rio Curuá have failed in capture the species, suggesting that the new species might be restricted to the portion of the river above the two great falls (Figs. 4, 5). Discussion. Although the presence of plates on the abdomen of species of Harttia was discussed in Oyakawa et al. (2013), some details deserve additional comments. As already noted by Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira (2001) and Provenzano et al. (2005), three conditions of abdominal plating, or abdominal covering, can be found in the species of the genus. Abdomen without plates, abdomen partly covered or completely covered by plates. The abdomen is the area delimited by the pectoral girdle, lateral abdominal plates and the preanal plates, or by the urogenital pore in case that the preanal plates are absent. The abdominal region of Harttia rondoni is partially covered by minute irregular plates usually concentrated on posterior portion of the abdomen and contacting the preanal plates, and the larger specimens usually bear a narrow median longitudinal row of plates. Besides of H. rondoni, H. longipinna, H. rhombocephala , H. trombetensis and H. punctata have the abdomen partially covered by plates. Harttia rhombocephala was described by Miranda-Ribeiro (1939) based on only one specimen with 120.5 mm of SL, collected in the Rio de Janeiro State, and no additional specimens were collected since. Even though Miranda-Ribeiro (1939), Oyakawa (1993) and Provenzano et al. (2005) had stated that the abdomen of H. rhombocephala is covered by plates, the careful examination of the holotype in this work clearly shows two naked areas on the abdomen, delimited by the median row and the lateral abdominal plates. The implications of this alternate pattern of abdominal covering deserve future examination, as the variation seems to be unrelated to environment or locality. Covain et al. (2016) produced a molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Loricariinae and concluded that the only supported group within Harttia is the clade including Amazonian representatives with the following interrelationships (((((Harttia s p. Xingu 2, Harttia sp. Xingu3) Harttia sp. Xingu1) H. duriventris) (H. dissidens, Harttia sp. Tapajós)) ((H. punctata, Harttia sp. Tocantins) H. aff. punctata)). All Harttia species from Xingu correspond to the taxa described herein (Harttia sp. Xingu1 = Harttia rondoni, Harttia s p. Xingu 2 = H. panara, Harttia sp. Xingu3 = H. villasboas). The Serra do Cachimbo, located at the southwest of Pará State and incrusted in the north border of the Brazilian Shield, is an ancient eroded plateau oriented in the SE/NW direction and encompassing highlands that may reach 740 m of altitude. These highlands are the divide between the Xingu and Tapajós basins and congregate part of the headwaters of the Rio Xingu (Curuá and its tributaries, the Rio Treze de Maio, Rio Escorpião and others), which runs from south to north direction, and Rio Tapajós (São Benedito, Teles Pires and its tributaries, the Rio Braço Norte, Rio Cristalino and others as well), which runs from east to west direction. Harttia The Rio Curuá departs Serra do Cachimbo through two major waterfalls approximately 40 m (upstream) and 60 m (downstream) (Fig. 5) in height, separated from each other by about 50 m of river channel. Above the 40 m waterfall, there is a sequence of three smaller waterfalls of approximately 10 m each (Varella & Sabaj Pérez 2014). In the same way, the Rio Treze de Maio leaves the Serra do Cachimbo through a large waterfall with the same name, and then runs for about 20 km, discharging into the Rio Curuá near the village of Cachoeira da Serra downstream to the two major waterfalls of Rio Curuá. These waterfalls clearly isolate the headwaters of the Rio Curuá and its tributary, the Rio Treze de Maio, from the middle and lower part of the Rio Curuá. The most impressive feature of the hydrography of the region is the close proximity between the headwaters of the Rio Curuá (Xingu basin) and the Rio Teles Pires (Tapajós basin). This proximity is so small that, in certain points, these headwaters are separated by less than one kilometer of relatively flat terrain. Harttia rondoni is known from the Rio Curuá and Treze de Maio only bellow the waterfalls. So far no records of this species are known upstream the waterfalls of these two rivers. On the other hand, there are two records of the species in the Rio Fresco, a tributary of the middle Rio Xingu (Fig. 4). Judging for this pattern of distribution, it is quite reasonable to assume that H. rondoni is more widely distributed in Xingu basin than suggested by its current distribution, which only may reflect an incomplete sampling. Harttia panara is known from only one locality of Rio Curuá upstream of the 40 m waterfall; and H. villasboas is known from two localities, syntopically with H. panara, upstream of the 40 m waterfall and in a small stretch of the 50 m of river channel of the Rio Curuá between the 60 m and 40 m waterfalls. Contrary to Harttia rondoni, H. panara and H. villasboas apparently have a very restricted distribution, at least based on their current distribution, because no other records of these two species are known in the upper Rio Xingu above the waterfalls. In the last ten years several species, said to be endemic to the Serra do Cachimbo, were described. Leporinus guttatus Birindelli & Britski, 2009; Moenkhausia petymbuaba Lima & Birindelli, 2006; M. clorophthalma Sousa et al., 2010; M. plumbea Sousa et al., 2010; Jupiaba kurua Birindelli et al., 2009; Lebiasina marilynae Netto- Ferreira, 2012; L. melonoguttata Netto-Ferreira, 2012; L. minuta Netto-Ferreira, 2012; Apistogramma kullanderi Varella & Sabaj Pérez, 2014; A. eleutheria Varella & Britzke, 2016; A. flavipedunculata Varella & Britzke, 2016; Erythrocharax altipinnis Netto-Ferreira et al., 2013 and Ituglanis apteryx Datovo, 2014 were described from upstream of waterfalls of Rio Curuá or Rio Treze de Maio, with the exception of M. plumbea, which was described from a tributary of Rio Braço Norte, Rio Tapajós drainage. All the aforementioned species were described based on material collected at only one locality or within a very constrained area. More recently, based on collection efforts made in 2015 by a team of MZUSP supported by the South American Characiformes Inventory project (Projeto SACI), Lebiasina melonoguttata was recorded from the headwaters of Rio Teles Pires, Tapajós basin. The presence of Harttia panara and H. villasboas in Xingu headwaters (above 300 m) and their absence from lower regions is puzzling and properly also raises some question about the apparent scarcity of these fish from the Xingu, as Harttia representatives tend to be abundant in their rock-covered environments. Rio Xingu fishes have been in the center of the international tropical aquarium trade for decades, and although Harttia has never been a high-rated ornamental fish in this specific market, anecdotal sampling could have occurred and noticed. No records of Harttia have been registered from the Xingu whatsoever (Camargo et al. 2014). This might be explained by a non-Loricariinae oriented professional diving collection in the Xingu or a real scarcity of Harttia. Recently, owing to the necessity of evaluating the impact of damming the Rio Xingu (UHE Belo Monte), several ichthyological surveys were conducted in the area between São Felix do Xingu down to the mouth of Rio Xingu in the Amazon, and from middle portion of Rio Iriri down to its mouth in Xingu (2012–2016 —D. Bastos, A. Gonçalves, pers. comm.) without any record of Harttia representatives. This way, we consider that more studies and samplings efforts are necessary to comprehend the Harttia diversity of the Xingu basin., Published as part of Oyakawa, Osvaldo T., Fichberg, Ilana & Py-Daniel, Lucia Rapp, 2018, Three new species of Harttia (Loricariidae: Loricariinae) from Serra do Cachimbo, Rio Xingu basin, Pará, Northern Brazil, pp. 75-90 in Zootaxa 4387 (1) on pages 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1186551, {"references":["Buckup, P. A., Britto, M. R., Gomes, J. R., Birindelli, J. L., Lima, F. C. T., Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Zawadzki, C. H., Carvalho, F. R., Jerep, F. C., Chamon, C. C., de Fries, L. C. C., Silva, L. V. V., Camargo, M., Souza Lima, R., Bartoletti, R. & Wingert, J. M. (2011) Inventario da ictiofauna da Ecorregiao Aquatica Xingu-Tapajos. In: Castilhos, Z. C. & Buckup, P. A. (Eds.), Ecorregiao Aquatica Xingu-Tapajos. CETEM / MCT, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 163 - 174. [ISBN 978 - 85 - 61121 - 78 - 5]","Covain, R., Fisch-Muller, S., Oliveira, C., Mol, J. H., Montoya-Burgos, J. & Dray, S. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of the highly diversified catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) reveals incongruences with morphological classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94, 492 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.10.018","Oyakawa, O. T., Fichberg, I. & Langeani, F. (2013) Harttia absaberi, a new species of loricariids catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Loricariinae) from the upper Rio Parana basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4), 779 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000400005","Rapp Py-Daniel, L. H. & Oliveira, E. C. (2001) Seven new species of Harttia from the Amazonian-Guyana region (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters, 12, 79 - 96.","Provenzano, F. R., Machado-Allison, A., Chernoff, B., Willink, P. & Petry, P. (2005) Harttia merevari, a new species of catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Venezuela. Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 519 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000400009","Miranda-Ribeiro, P. (1939) Sobre o genero Harttia, Steind. (Peixes: Loricariidae). Boletim Biologico, Sao Paulo, Nova Serie, 4, 11 - 13.","Oyakawa, O. T. (1993) Cinco especies novas de Harttia Steindachner, 1876 da regiao sudeste do Brasil e comentarios sobre o genero (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias PUCRS, Serie Zoologia, Porto Alegre, 6, 3 - 27.","Varella, H. R. & Sabaj Perez, M. H. (2014) A titan among dwarfs: Apistogramma kullanderi, new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters, 25, 243 - 258.","Birindelli, J. L. O. & Britski, H. A. (2009) New species of the genus Leporinus Agassiz (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the rio Curua, rio Xingu basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil, with comments on Leporinus reticulatus. Neotropical Ichthyology, 7, 1 - 10.","Lima, F. C. T. & Birindelli, J. L. O. (2006) Moenkhausia petymbuaba, a new species of characid from the Serra do Cachimbo, Rio Xingu basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 17, 53 - 58.","Sousa, L. M., Netto-Ferreira, A. L. & Birindelli, J. L. O. (2010) Two new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae) from Serra do Cachimbo, Para, Northern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8, 255 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000200003","Netto-Ferreira, A. L. (2012) Three new species of Lebiasina (Characiformes: Lebiasinidae) from the Brazilian Shield border at Serra do Cachimbo, Para, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 10, 487 - 498. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252012000300002","Varella, H. R. & Britzke, R. (2016) Apistogramma eleutheria and A. flavipedunculata, two new species of dwarf cichlids from the Rio Curua on Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 27, 81 - 95.","Netto-Ferreira, A. L., Birindelli, J. L., O. Sousa, L. M., Mariguela, T. C. & Oliveira, C. (2013) A New Miniature Characid (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae), with Phylogenetic Position Inferred from Morphological and Molecular Data. PLoS ONE, 8, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0052098","Datovo, A. (2014) A new species of Ituglanis from the Rio Xingu basin, Brazil, and the evolution of pelvic fin loss in trichomycterid catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zootaxa, 3790 (3), 466 - 476. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.3.5","Camargo, M., Gimenes Jr., H., Sousa, L. M. & Rapp Py-Daniel, L. H. (2014) Loricariids of the Middle Xingu River .. Pantarhei, Hannover, Deutschland, 288 pp. [Cramer, C., Konn-Vetterlein, D. & Tanke, A. (Eds.), Revised Edition]"]}