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The hyperdiverse orchid genus Bulbophyllum is the second largest genus of flowering plants and exhibits a pantropical distribution with a center of diversity in tropical Asia. The only Bulbophyllum section with a center of diversity in Australasia is sect. Adelopetalum. However, the phylogenetic placement, interspecific relationships, and spatio-temporal evolution of this section remain largely unclear. To infer broad-level relationships within Bulbophyllum, and interspecific relationships within sect. Adelopetalum, a genome skimming dataset was generated for 89 samples, which yielded 70 plastid coding regions and a nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron. For 18 additional samples, Sanger data from two plastid loci (matK and ycf1) and nuclear ITS were added using a supermatrix approach. The study provided new insights into broad-level relationships in Bulbophyllum, including phylogenetic evidence for the non-monophyly of sections Beccariana, Brachyantha, Brachypus, Cirrhopetaloides, Cirrhopetalum, Desmosanthes, Minutissima, Oxysepala, Polymeres, and Sestochilos. Section Adelopetalum and sect. Minutissima s.s. formed a highly supported clade that was resolved as a sister group to the remainder of the genus. Divergence time estimations based on a relaxed molecular clock model placed the origin of Bulbophyllum in the Early Oligocene (ca. 33.2 Ma) and sect. Adelopetalum in the Late Oligocene (ca. 23.6 Ma). Ancestral range estimations based on a BAYAREALIKE model identified the Australian continent as the ancestral area of the sect. Adelopetalum. The section underwent crown diversification from the mid-Miocene to the late Pleistocene, predominantly in continental Australia. At least two independent long-distance dispersal events were inferred eastward from the Australian continent to New Zealand and to New Caledonia from the early Pliocene onwards, likely mediated by predominantly westerly winds of the Southern hemisphere. Retraction and fragmentation of the eastern Australian rainforests from the early Miocene onwards are likely drivers of lineage divergence within sect. Adelopetalum facilitating allopatric speciation.

Objective  This study aimed to evaluate the impact of endoscopic anterior cranial base (ACB) surgery on sinonasal symptoms in the pediatric population utilizing the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 questionnaire. Design  This is a retrospective review. Setting  The study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center. Participants  Thirty-four consecutive patients, age 6 to 17 years, M:F 14:20, who underwent endoscopic ACB surgery from July 2008 to August 2019. Ten patients had baseline and a minimum of two subsequent postoperative SNOT-22 questionnaires available for analysis. Main Outcome Measures  Baseline and postoperative SNOT-22 scores were compared. The mean change from baseline sinonasal symptom scores in the pediatric and historical adult cohorts was compared. Results  The mean baseline SNOT-22 score for our 10 patient cohort was 0.46 out of 5 for each of the first 10 sinonasal-specific questions. This worsened to 1.69 at 1 month and returned to near baseline, 0.7, at 3 months postoperatively. The mean quality-of-life score improved to 0.91 at 1 month and 0.6 at 3 months postoperatively. The mean change from baseline for the following items: need to blow nose, runny nose, postnasal discharge, thick nasal discharge, wake up at night, reduced concentration, and frustrated/restless/irritable were similar to those in our historical adult cohort at 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion  Endoscopic ACB surgery in the pediatric population results in increased sinonasal symptom morbidity in the early postoperative period; however, symptoms return to near baseline by ∼3 months, and quality-of-life scores progressively improve in the postoperative period. These trends were similar to those seen in our historic adult cohort.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309438.].

Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumours that remain refractory to treatment. Treatment is typically surgical intervention followed by concomitant temozolomide and radiotherapy; however patient prognosis remains poor. Voltage gated ion channels have emerged as novel targets in cancer therapy and inhibition of a potassium selective subtype (hERG, Kv11.1) has demonstrated antitumour activity. Unfortunately blockade of hERG has been limited by cardiotoxicity, however hERG channel agonists have produced similar chemotherapeutic benefit without significant side effects. In this study, electrophysiological recordings suggest the presence of hERG channels in the anaplastic astrocytoma cell line SMA-560, and treatment with the hERG channel agonist NS1643, resulted in a significant reduction in the proliferation of SMA-560 cells. In addition, NS1643 treatment also resulted in a reduction of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and SMA-560 cell migration. When combined with temozolomide, an additive impact was observed, suggesting that NS1643 may be a suitable adjuvant to temozolomide and limit the invasiveness of glioma.

Abernethy malformation refer to a congenital absence of intrahepatic portal veins leading to a primarily extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt. The lack of intrahepatic portal veins leads to a characteristic set of physical exam and imaging findings that may include hyperandrogenism and liver masses such as hepatic adenomas or focal nodular hyperplasia. In this case report, we describe a 20-year-old female who presented with an enlarging hepatic adenoma. A separate hepatic adenoma had previously been biopsied and noted to have undergone malignant degeneration into hepatocellular carcinoma. For each lesion, she was treated with combination transarterial embolization and microwave ablation. On follow-up imaging after therapy, it was then noted that her extrahepatic portal vein drained directly into the inferior vena cava, consistent with congenital portosystemic shunt. Recognition of this vascular anomaly is critical in treatment planning, as early intervention with either medical therapy or surgery can prevent the metabolic sequela of this unique constellation of symptoms.

BACKGROUND:As iodine is a requisite micronutrient for infant brain development, infants are at risk for iodine deficiency during the weaning period when their diet transitions from milk (breast-milk, infant formula, or follow-on formula) to solid food. Dietary iodine intake during this weaning period is likely minimal, as the iodine content of commercial baby food is not regulated, and the addition of salt to baby food is not recommended. This study reports the current status of iodine nutrition among weaning infants in the United States. METHODS:Subjects (n = 60; 50% Caucasian, 30% black) were infants

We introduced selpercatinib prior to radioactive iodine therapy prior to radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) for pediatric papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to enhance the tumorical effects of RAI. PTC has an excellent prognosis but is commonly associated with local and distant metastases. Successful complete response to the current standard of care, thyroidectomy with lymph node resection and RAI, is achieved in only a small minority of cases with metastases. The direct effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on tumor regression has been confirmed in several randomized controlled studies, while the increased RAI uptake has been reported in small case series, but typically TKIs are currently reserved third-line. Selpercatinib is a TKI that specifically has a durable effect in RET-fusion positive malignancies. We describe a 10-year-old Hispanic girl with metastatic PTC treated with total thyroidectomy and extensive lymph node resection. Evaluation for relevant genetic drivers of the malignancy revealed a strong overexpression of the RET tyrosine kinase domain indicative of a RET gene fusion. Selpercatinib 120 mg twice daily given orally was initiated prior to the initial dose of RAI to achieve further tumor regression by a direct cytostatic effect and then secondarily enhancement of RAI uptake. Minimal side effects occurred, specifically intermittent mild skin rashes that resolved. Resolution of distal lung metastases was noted on CT imaging. RAI was then administered 9 months afterward, with ultimately achievement of a low thyroglobulin level 1.0 ng/mL 11 months after RAI. In conclusion, selpercatinib given prior to the initial dose of adjunctive RAI for RET-fusion positive PTC is a well-tolerated intervention that further reduces tumor burden and potentially enhances the tumorcidal effects of RAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One vital role of fitness instructors is that of educator, yet scant theorization about this educative role exists. To address this lacuna in scholarship, we utilized a constructivist grounded theory methodology to develop a theory of embodied education that takes place between the fitness instructor and older exercisers in group exercise classes. The aim was to explain how fitness instructors could teach in a manner that would enhance the inclusivity of the social exercise environments for older exercisers. We collected data from: 1) eight certification and certificate programs used to train fitness instructors who work with older exercisers; 2) observation of and semi-structured interviews with 22 fitness instructors in various group exercise settings; and 3) go-alongs and semi-structured interviews with 14 older exercisers. Findings revealed the need for fitness instructors to better understand, and develop teaching competencies that take into consideration, the embodied and sociocultural experiences of aging (e.g., slang, music, and dance forms popular across older adults' life course), as well as teaching in a manner that balances drawing attention to the body through education with distracting from the affective experience of exercise through energetic performance. Toward this aim, we introduce the concept of age capital as a pathway for fitness instructors to empathize with what it might be like to be an older exerciser.

Sapindales is an angiosperm order of high economic and ecological value comprising nine families, c. 479 genera, and c. 6570 species. However, family and subfamily relationships in Sapindales remain unclear, making reconstruction of the order’s spatio-temporal and morphological evolution difficult. In this study, we used Angiosperms353 target capture data to generate the most densely sampled phylogenetic trees of Sapindales to date, with 448 samples and c. 85% of genera represented. The percentage of paralogous loci and allele divergence was characterized across the phylogeny, which was time-calibrated using 29 rigorously assessed fossil calibrations. All families were supported as monophyletic. Two core family clades subdivide the order, the first comprising Kirkiaceae, Burseraceae, and Anacardiaceae, the second comprising Simaroubaceae, Meliaceae, and Rutaceae. Kirkiaceae is sister to Burseraceae and Anacardiaceae, and, contrary to current understanding, Simaroubaceae is sister to Meliaceae and Rutaceae. Sapindaceae is placed with Nitrariaceae and Biebersteiniaceae as sister to the core Sapindales families, but the relationships between these families remain unclear, likely due to their rapid and ancient diversification. Sapindales families emerged in rapid succession, coincident with the climatic change of the Mid-Cretaceous Hothouse event. Subfamily and tribal relationships within the major families need revision, particularly in Sapindaceae, Rutaceae and Meliaceae. Much of the difficulty in reconstructing relationships at this level may be caused by the prevalence of paralogous loci, particularly in Meliaceae and Rutaceae, that are likely indicative of ancient gene duplication events such as hybridization and polyploidization playing a role in the evolutionary history of these families. This study provides key insights into factors that may affect phylogenetic reconstructions in Sapindales across multiple scales, and provides a state-of-the-art phylogenetic framework for further research.

Brain tumours have significant impacts on patients’ quality of life, and current treatments have limited effectiveness. To improve understanding of tumour development and explore new therapies, researchers rely on experimental models. However, reproducing tumour-associated epilepsy (TAE) in these models has been challenging. Existing models vary from cell lines to in vivo studies, but in vivo models are resource-intensive and often fail to mimic crucial features like seizures. In this study, we developed a technique in which normal rat organotypic brain tissue is implanted with an aggressive brain tumour. This method produces a focal invasive lesion that preserves neural responsiveness and exhibits epileptiform hyperexcitability. It allows for real-time imaging of tumour growth and invasion for up to four weeks and microvolume fluid sampling analysis of different regions, including the tumour, brain parenchyma, and peritumoral areas. The tumour cells expand and infiltrate the organotypic slice, resembling in vivo behaviour. Spontaneous seizure-like events occur in the tumour slice preparation and can be induced with stimulation or high extracellular potassium. Furthermore, we assess extracellular fluid composition in various regions of interest. This technique enables live cell confocal microscopy to record real-time tumour invasion properties, whilst maintaining neural excitability, generating field potentials, and epileptiform discharges, and provides a versatile preparation for the study of major clinical problems of tumour-associated epilepsy.

Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumours that remain refractory to treatment. Treatment is typically surgical intervention followed by concomitant temozolomide and radiotherapy; however patient prognosis remains poor. Voltage gated ion channels have emerged as novel targets in cancer therapy and inhibition of a potassium selective subtype (hERG, Kv11.1) has demonstrated antitumour activity. Unfortunately blockade of hERG has been limited by cardiotoxicity, however hERG channel agonists have produced similar chemotherapeutic benefit without significant side effects. In this study, electrophysiological recordings suggest the presence of hERG channels in the anaplastic astrocytoma cell line SMA-560, and treatment with the hERG channel agonist NS1643, resulted in a significant reduction in the proliferation of SMA-560 cells. In addition, NS1643 treatment also resulted in a reduction of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and SMA-560 cell migration. When combined with temozolomide, an additive impact was observed, suggesting that NS1643 may be a suitable adjuvant to temozolomide and limit the invasiveness of glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ContextIodinated contrast media (ICM) is routinely used in imaging studies and contains several 100-fold the recommended daily allowance of iodine.ObjectiveTo determine whether children exposed to ICM have a higher risk of iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction.DesignThis was a single-institution case-control study, examining patients with incident thyroid dysfunction aged less than 18 years from 2001 to 2015. Cases were matched 1:1 to euthyroid controls by age, sex, and race.SettingThis was a single-institution case-control study occurring at tertiary care center.ParticipantsCases were defined as those with thyroid dysfunction (by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes and/or 2 consecutive abnormal serum TSH values

Abernethy malformation refer to a congenital absence of intrahepatic portal veins leading to a primarily extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt. The lack of intrahepatic portal veins leads to a characteristic set of physical exam and imaging findings that may include hyperandrogenism and liver masses such as hepatic adenomas or focal nodular hyperplasia. In this case report, we describe a 20-year-old female who presented with an enlarging hepatic adenoma. A separate hepatic adenoma had previously been biopsied and noted to have undergone malignant degeneration into hepatocellular carcinoma. For each lesion, she was treated with combination transarterial embolization and microwave ablation. On follow-up imaging after therapy, it was then noted that her extrahepatic portal vein drained directly into the inferior vena cava, consistent with congenital portosystemic shunt. Recognition of this vascular anomaly is critical in treatment planning, as early intervention with either medical therapy or surgery can prevent the metabolic sequela of this unique constellation of symptoms.

Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term infants is relatively rare. When seen, it is usually associated with perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, or specific forms of congenital heart disease. It can also be associated with endocrinopathies. In this review, a full-term infant was found to have necrotizing enterocolitis and persistent hypoglycemia. Evaluation for hypoglycemia revealed pan-hypopituitarism, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed this diagnosis. Timely evaluation and early initiation of hormone replacement therapy is essential to minimize long-term morbidities and mortality associated with pan-hypopituitarism.

BackgroundRadioactive iodine (RAI) ablation is frequently performed after initial surgery for well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). We examined the frequency and timing of childbirth as well as nononcologic complications after RAI ablation for WDTC on a population level.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 25,333 patients (18,850 women) with WDTC was performed using the California Cancer Registry and California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database, 1999-2008. The primary outcomes were birthrate and median time to first live birth among women of childbearing age. Secondary outcomes were nononcologic diagnoses occurring outside the acute setting (>30 days) after ablation.ResultsRAI ablation did not affect birthrate among women in the full dataset. However, in subgroup analyses, birthrate among women age 35-39 was significantly decreased in those who received RAI versus those who did not (11.5 versus 16.3 births per 1000 woman-years, p

Zieria buxijugum , Z. formosa , and Z. parrisiae are three closely related, Critically Endangered species of questionable taxonomic validity that occur within six kilometres of each other on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. We investigated genetic relationships and diversity of these species, along with two related but taxonomically distinct congeners, Z. granulata and Z. tuberculata , and a possible undescribed taxon, Z. aff. tuberculata. Double-digest restriction-site associated sequencing (ddRADseq) was used to generate anonymous genomic loci that were used for phylogenetic, network, and genetic structure analyses, and for estimating genetic diversity of the threatened species. Our results support the current taxonomic status of Z. buxijugum , Z. formosa , and Z. parrisiae , and suggest that Z. aff. tuberculata warrants recognition as a distinct species. We detected no evidence of inbreeding in the three Critically Endangered species, and found their genetic diversity to be similar to that of the more widespread species Z. granulata and Z. tuberculata. Comparison of plant material held in ex situ collections at the Australian National Botanic Gardens with wild plants highlighted several genotypes of the Critically Endangered species that are not represented in the ex situ collection, and we provide suggestions for the future inclusion of those unrepresented genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In Zambia, anthrax has emerged as a serious disease decimating humans, livestock and wildlife with devastating effects on eco‐tourism resulting in the destabilization of major pristine wildlife sanctuaries. Consequently, the thrust of this study was to establish the spatial distribution of anthrax and determine ecological drivers of its recurrence, maintenance and epidemiological linkage to anthropogenic activities. Environmental and biological samples were collected within the livestock production and conservation areas (n = 80). Each sample was serially tested for Bacillus anthracis positivity through blood agar culture and Gram stain technique, and then confirmation by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR). Questionnaires (n = 113) were conducted at independently distinct villages in terms of space and time. Most respondents showed that animals that died from anthrax were not properly disposed off. More likely than not, poverty being the main driver for anthrax carcass dressing and meat distribution contributed to environmental contamination with anthrax spores in areas where the animals subsequently died resulting in further environmental contamination, which is the major source of primary infection for livestock and wildlife. From the samples, 15 pure isolates of anthrax were obtained which were spatially distributed across four districts. Twelve, biologically plausible variables were found to be highly significant on multivariable logistic regression analysis model for questionnaires which included herd size (odds = 10.46; P = 0.005; CI 8.8–16), carcass disposal method (odds = 6.9; P = 0.001; CI = 3.4–9.8), access to veterinary services (odds = 10.87; P = 0.004; CI = 4.8–15.9) and management system (odds = 2.57; P = 0.001; CI = 1.3–7.5). In summary, the majority (78.7%) of anthrax outbreaks were observed in areas with low veterinary services (χ2 = 8.6162, P = 0.013) within the newly created districts of Nalolo, Mwandi and Luampa.

We sequenced and assembled the whole chloroplast genome of the Australian-endemic shrub Platylobium obtusangulum. The total size of the genome is 150,090 base pairs (bp), including two inverted repeat regions of 25,511 bp each, one large single copy region of 80,567 bp and a small single copy region of 18,501 bp. The genome has a GC content of 36.7% and includes 127 annotated genes (83 protein coding, 36 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes). Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes placed the Platylobium obtusangulum genome in the expected position of the Mirbelioid clade in the legume family (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae).

In Australia, salinity has the potential to affect up to 17 million hectares of agricultural and pastoral land. For many degraded sites, biophysical hazards are often poorly understood and consequently poorly managed. Attempts to remediate areas affected by salinity have met with varying degrees of success. The New South Wales (NSW) Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW Department of Primary Industries, University of Canberra and Geoscience Australia have collaborated to develop a biophysical expert-based approach for the assessment and management of salinity within landscapes. The Hydrogeological Landscape (HGL) framework provides a structure for understanding how salinity manifests in the landscape, how differences in salinity are expressed across the landscape and how salinity may best be managed. The HGL framework merges the flow dynamics of the groundwater flow system with the landscape elements of the soil landscape or regolith landform approaches. This is the first approach to specifically address all three manifestations of salinity: land salinity, in-stream salt load and in-stream salt concentration. The HGL framework methodology recognises the interplay between surface and subsurface flow systems, as well as the capacity for water to interact with salt stores in the landscape, and identifies biophysical landscape characteristics (e.g. amount and type of vegetation cover, typical land use practice) that affect these interactions. The HGL framework is an expert system that integrates the spatial variability of landscape characteristics and salinity processes to produce a salinity hazard assessment for any given area. Additional keywords: salinity management, water quality., Introduction Salinisation of land and rivers is a major environmental problem affecting many of Australia's agricultural and urban areas. It has been estimated that land with a high salinity hazard [...]