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SYNALLAXIS RUTILANS TEMMINCK, 1823 Synallaxis rutilans Temminck, 1823: 227, fig.1 (lectotype, by present designation, ZMB 9078, from Cametá, Pará, Brazil, examined by us; see Remarks 1 and 2 for designation and comments). Diagnosis: Synallaxis rutilans differs from S. omissa in having the forehead, supercilium and face amber (36). However, S. rutilans lacks any morphological diagnosis compared to S. amazonica, S. caquetensis and S. dissors, as both the rufous pattern of S. caquetensis and olive pattern of S. dissors occur in S. rutilans, including individuals with intermediate plumage, which are also present especially in S. amazonica. Description: Throat sepia (119); breast amber (36), varying individually between robin rufous (340) and chestnut (32); abdomen and flanks olive brown (28), varying individually between clay color (26) and raw umber (123), with elements of raw umber (123) as a secondary colour; rectrices sepia (119); back and crown olive brown (28), varying individually to Vandyke brown (121), with elements of raw umber (123) and Vandyke brown (121) as the secondary colour; forehead amber (36) varying individually to chestnut (32); supercilium and face amber (36), varying individually to chestnut (32); wing-coverts chestnut (32), varying individually to amber (36); remiges Vandyke brown (121), varying individually to Vandyke brown (221); bill length 12.2–14.5 mm; bill depth 3.9–4.7 mm; wing length 53.9–63.7 mm; tail length 60.3–72.0 mm, with ten rectrices (see Tables 7, 8). Distribution: Understorey of terra firme forest in Brazil, S. rutilans occurs from the left bank of the Tocantins River to the right bank of the Xingu River, in north-east to south-east Pará and north-east Mato Grosso. Distribution represented in Figures 1 and 4 by orange colour of the Xingu AE. Remarks 1: We examined specimens RMNH 88788 and ZMB 9078, both of which have been considered syntypes of Synallaxis rutilans Temminck, 1823 (Hellmayr, 1907; Dekker, 2003). According to the handwritten data on the base of the wooden pedastel on which the specimen is mounted (which matches the original label), RMNH 88788 is believed to have reached the museum via ‘Verreaux’ (presumably referring to the Maison Verreaux) and to have been collected in Peru. However, this information does not match that presented by Dekker (2003: 9) in the avian type catalogue of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, wherein the provenance of RMNH 88788 is stated to be ‘Brazil’. The specimen in question corresponds in plumage and posture to that in Temminck (1823: 227, fig.1), the original description of S. rutilans, wherein he mentioned only ‘Brésil’, not Peru, thereby leaving some doubts concerning the true status of this specimen as a type. With respect to ZMB 9078, this was collected by Friedrich Wilhelm Sieber at Cametá, Pará, Brazil, sometime between 1800 and 1812, on behalf of J. C. H. G. von Hoffmannsegg (1776–1849) (Sylke Frahnert, in litt.). In 1809, von Hoffmannsegg was instrumental in founding the Berlin museum (now the Museum für Naturkunde) and donated his entire private collection to the new institution (Pinto, 1979). This material was studied by, among others, C. J. Temminck (1778–1858) and as a result, specimen ZMB 9078 became one of the syntypes of S. rutilans Temminck, 1823, perhaps the only one (Hellmayr, 1907). Considering the above, we designate ZMB 9078 as a lectotype of S. rutilans Temminck, 1823 and consequently RMNH 88788 becomes a paralectotype, thereby avoiding any nomenclatural consequences should RMNH 88788 prove not to be a syntype (see discussion in relation to the type locality, below). Remarks 2: In the original description of S. rutilans Temminck (1823) mentioned only ‘Brésil’. The type locality was restricted to Cametá, Pará, Brazil, by Cory & Hellmayr (1925), who treated ZMB 9078 as the sole syntype of S. rutilans. However, RMNH 88788, with locality Peru, has also been considered a syntype of S. rutilans Temminck, 1823 (Dekker, 2003). The Code (ICZN 1999) states that ‘if the syntypes originated from two or more localities (including different strata), the type locality encompasses all of the places of origin’ (Article 73.2.3). Cory & Hellmayr’s (1925) restriction of type locality, not being based on a lectotype designation, carries no weight under the Code, and Peru must be considered part of the type locality of S. rutilans Temminck, 1823. Based on our analysis of the S. rutilans group, this makes defining the nominate taxon problematic, because the type series of S. rutilans would represent a composite series as ‘Peru’ encompasses populations of S. caquetensis, meaning that there is a taxonomic requirement (Article 74.7.3 of the Code) to objectively define the type locality and the taxonomic allocation of the nomen (Dubois & Ohler, 1996; Frétey et al., 2018), justifying the lectotypification. The designation above of ZMB 9078 as lectotype of S. rutilans Temminck, 1823, also ensures nomenclatural stability, as it restricts the type locality (Articles 73.2.3 and 76.2 of the Code) of S. rutilans Temminck, 1823, to Cametá, Pará, Brazil, at 02°15’S, 49°30’W (see: Paynter & Traylor, 1991). As a result of designating this lectotype, RMNH 88788 becomes a paralectotype (Article 74.1.3)., Published as part of Stopiglia, Renata, Barbosa, Waleska, Ferreira, Mateus, Raposo, Marcos A, Dubois, Alain, Harvey, Michael G, Kirwan, Guy M, Forcato, Giovanna, Bockmann, Flavio A & Ribas, Camila C, 2022, Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae), pp. 65-87 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab076, http://zenodo.org/record/6530667, {"references":["Temminck CJ. 1823. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriees d'oiseaux: pour servir de suite et de complement aux planches enluminees de Buffon, edition in-folio et in- 4 0 de l'Imprimerie royale, 1770. Paris: F. G. Levrault, Livr. 38, 227 pl.","Hellmayr CE. 1907. Another contribution to the ornithology of the lower Amazonas. Novitates Zoologicae 14: 1 - 38.","Dekker RWRJ. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden. Part 2. passerines: Eurylaimidae - Eopsaltriidae (Peters's sequence). Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Technical Bulletin 6: 1 - 142.","Pinto OMO. 1979. A ornitologia do Brasil atraves das idades. Seculo XVI a seculo XIX, Vol. XIII. Sao Paulo: Empresa Grafica da Revista dos Tribunais (Brasiliensia Documenta).","Cory CB, Hellmayr CE. 1925. Catalogue of birds of the Americas. Furnariidae - Dendrocolaptidae. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 13: 1 - 390.","ICZN. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.","Dubois A, Ohler A. 1996. Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura 1. Introduction. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (A) 18: 297 - 320.","Fretey T, Dewynter M, Ohler A. 2018. Onymotopes in zoological nomenclature: some additional terms, with fixation of a lectonymotope for Xenopus petersii Bocage, 1895 (Amphibia, Anura). Bionomina 13: 37 - 50.","Paynter RA Jr, Traylor MA. 1991. Ornithological gazetteer of Brazil. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."]}

SYNALLAXIS OMISSA E.J.O. HARTERT, 1901 Synallaxis omissa E.J.O. Hartert, 1901: 71 (holotype AMNH 523598, adult female from Pará, Brazil, examined by us; see Remarks 4, 5 and 6 for comments). Diagnosis: Synallaxis omissa differs from S. rutilans, S. amazonica, S. caquetensis and S. dissors in having the forehead, supercilium and face Vandyke brown (221) without any trace of rufous. Description: Throat sepia (119); breast and abdomen hair-brown (119a) with or without cinnamon (39) elements; flanks olive brown (28) varying individually to hair-brown (119a); rectrices sepia (119); back hairbrown (119a) with variable traces of amber (36); crown, forehead, supercilium and face Vandyke brown (221); wing-coverts amber (36); remiges Vandyke brown (121); bill length 12.3–15.1 mm; bill depth 4.0– 5.1 mm; wing length 54.9–64.9 mm; tail length 58.0– 74.5 mm, with ten rectrices (see Tables 7, 8). Distribution: Synallaxis omissa is entirely allopatric with S. rutilans, S. amazonica, S. caquetensis and S. dissors, being restricted to the area east of the right bank of the Tocantins River, in south-eastern Pará and northern and western Maranhão, Brazil. The geographic range of the species is restricted to the Belém AE [as defined by Haffer (1969)] and all records of S. rutilans in the state Maranhão are attributable to S. omissa. Distribution represented in Figures 1 and 4 by yellow colour of the Belém AE. Remarks 4: According to E.J.O. Hartert (1901), the holotype of Synallaxis omissa, AMNH 523598, an adult female, was collected by Joseph Beal Steere (1842–1940), on 19 July 1897. LeCroy & Sloss (2000) highlighted that the correct year of collection was 1879 [not 1897, as reported by E.J.O. Hartert (1901)]. Remarks 5: The original description of S. omissa cited the type locality as Pará, Brazil (E.J.O. Hartert, 1901). Subsequently, Paynter & Traylor (1991: 66) considered this to be more precisely defined as ‘Belém’, and designated the coordinates 0127/4829 (USBGN) for the precise location. Restriction of the type locality of S. omissa to Belém, Pará, was corroborated by Papavero et al. (2008: 133) and is consistent with the species distribution east of the right bank of the Tocantins River based on the specimens we studied. Remarks 6: Peters (1951: 91) stated that ‘The majority of the specimens of this race lack any trace of rufus on the head and underparts; occasional specimens however are coloured exactly like S. r. rutilans ’, and in fact, as previously reported, the underparts of S. rutilans and S. omissa can appear similar in respect of those specimens of the latter with cinnamon (39) colour on the breast and abdomen. However, S. omissa is diagnosed by the plumage of the head and contra Peters (1951), among all of the 317 specimens analysed by us (including those in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where Peters was curator while preparing his Check-list of birds of the world in 1931–52), we have not located any individual of S. omissa with the coloration of S. rutilans (or S. dissors and S. caquetensis) on the head. In other words, none of the specimens showed any trace of amber (36) or cinnamon (39) on the head and face, whereas all individuals of S. rutilans, S. dissors and S. caquetensis analysed by us were well marked in this respect. It is important to note that S. omissa, although considered a subspecies of S. rutilans, has been distinguished to some extent as a unique biological entity by use of a unique vernacular name. Whereas the English name of all other taxa within the S. rutilans group is ruddy spinetail, sooty spinetail was used for S. omissa by del Hoyo & Collar (2016)., Published as part of Stopiglia, Renata, Barbosa, Waleska, Ferreira, Mateus, Raposo, Marcos A, Dubois, Alain, Harvey, Michael G, Kirwan, Guy M, Forcato, Giovanna, Bockmann, Flavio A & Ribas, Camila C, 2022, Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae), pp. 65-87 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab076, http://zenodo.org/record/6530667, {"references":["Hartert EJO. 1901. [Synallaxis omissa n sp.]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 11: 71.","Haffer J. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science (New York, N. Y.) 165: 131 - 137.","LeCroy M, Sloss R. 2000. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 3: Passeriformes: Eurylaimidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Furnariidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae and Rhinocryptidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 257: 1 - 88.","Paynter RA Jr, Traylor MA. 1991. Ornithological gazetteer of Brazil. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.","Papavero N, Overal WL, Teixeira DM, Hinshaw J. 2008. The travels of Joseph Beal Steere in Brazil, Peru and Ecuador (1870 - 1873). Arquivos de Zoologia 39: 87 - 269.","Peters JL. 1951. Check-list of birds of the world, Vol. VII. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.","del Hoyo J, Collar NJ. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Volume 2: Passerines. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions."]}

SYNALLAXIS AMAZONICA HELLMAYR, 1907 Synallaxis rutilans amazonica Hellmayr, 1907: 14 (holotype, AMNH 523587, an adult female from Itaituba, left bank of the Tapajós River, Pará, Brazil, examined by us; see Remarks 7 for comments). Synallaxis rutilans tertia Hellmayr, 1907:15 (holotype, NMW 20198, an adult female from Engenho do Gama, Guaporé River, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Diagnosis: Synallaxis amazonica differs from S. omissa in having the forehead, supercilium and face amber (36). However, S. amazonica lacks any morphological diagnosis compared to S. rutilans, S. caquetensis and S. dissors, as both the rufous pattern of S. caquetensis and olive pattern of S. dissors occur in S. amazonica, including individuals with intermediate plumage. Description: Throat sepia (119); breast amber (36), varying individually between robin rufous (340) and chestnut (32); abdomen and flanks olive brown (28), varying individually between clay colour (26) and raw umber (123), with elements of raw umber (123) as a secondary colour; rectrices sepia (119); back and crown olive brown (28), varying individually to Vandyke brown (121), with elements of raw umber (123) and Vandyke brown (121) as the secondary colour; forehead amber (36) varying individually to chestnut (32); supercilium and face amber (36), varying individually to chestnut (32); wing-coverts chestnut (32), varying individually to amber (36); remiges Vandyke brown (121), varying individually to Vandyke brown (221); bill length 11.7–14.6 mm; bill depth 3.8–5.0 mm; wing length 53.1–63.9 mm; tail length 54.0–72.0 mm, with ten rectrices (see Tables 7, 8). Distribution: Understorey of terra firme forest in Brazil, S. amazonica occurs from the left bank of the Xingu River, in central Pará, and the right bank of the Amazonas/Solimões River, in Amazonia, southwest to western Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Acre and to eastern Peru and western Bolivia. The distribution of Synallaxis amazonica is represented in Figures 1 and 4 by the turquoise, blue and green colours of the Tapajós, Rondônia and Inambari endemic areas, respectively. Remarks 7: Vaurie (1980: 117) mentioned that ‘As first reviser, I select amazonica (Hellmayr, 1907: 14) as the name of the rufous populations, rather than tertia (Hellmayr, 1907: 15), which Cory & Hellmayr (1925) noted subsequently is ‘closely similar’ to amazonica ’. Synallaxis r. amazonica Hellmayr, 1907, was described simultaneously with Synallaxis r. tertia Hellmayr, 1907, and from the moment that Vaurie (1980) considered these two names to be subjective synonyms he acted in accordance with Article 24.2.2 of the Code, wherein it is stated that determining the precedence of names is the role of the first reviser. We maintain the understanding of Vaurie (1980) that S. r.tertia is a junior subjective synonym of S.r.amazonica, but we think that S.r.amazonica should not be the name applied to‘rufous’ populations of the S.rutilans group. Populations with diagnostically rufous plumage are named Synallaxis caquetensis Chapman, 1914, considering the type locality and the results of our analysis.Thus, in fact, the act of Vaurie(1980) as first reviser fixed the priority of S.r.amazonica ahead of S.r.tertia, but application of the name S. r.amazonica proposed here is distinct from that used by Vaurie (1980) and is not affected by his judgment as first reviser., Published as part of Stopiglia, Renata, Barbosa, Waleska, Ferreira, Mateus, Raposo, Marcos A, Dubois, Alain, Harvey, Michael G, Kirwan, Guy M, Forcato, Giovanna, Bockmann, Flavio A & Ribas, Camila C, 2022, Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae), pp. 65-87 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (1) on pages 81-82, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab076, http://zenodo.org/record/6530667, {"references":["Hellmayr CE. 1907. Another contribution to the ornithology of the lower Amazonas. Novitates Zoologicae 14: 1 - 38.","Vaurie C. 1980. Taxonomy and geographical distribution of the Furnariidae (Aves, Passeriformes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 166: 1 - 357.","Cory CB, Hellmayr CE. 1925. Catalogue of birds of the Americas. Furnariidae - Dendrocolaptidae. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 13: 1 - 390.","Chapman FM. 1914. Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian birds III. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 33: 603 - 637."]}

SYNALLAXIS CAQUETENSIS CHAPMAN, 1914 Synallaxis rutilans caquetensis Chapman, 1914: 621 (holotype AMNH 116376, an adult male from Florência, Caquetá, Colombia, examined by us). Synallaxis rutilans confinis Zimmer, 1935: 4 (holotype AMNH 312067, an adult male from Igarapé Cacao Pereira, right bank of the Negro River, Brazil, examined by us). Diagnosis: Synallaxis caquetensis differs from S. omissa in having the forehead, supercilium and face amber (36). Compared to S. dissors, S. caquetensis differs in having the upperparts chestnut (32) and, sometimes, the crown chestnut (32) or amber (36). Synallaxis caquetensis cannot be diagnosed morphologically in relation to S.rutilans and S.amazonica, because the rufous pattern of S. caquetensis is replicated to a greater or lesser extent in populations of S. rutilans and S. amazonica. Description: Throat sepia (119); breast amber (36), varying individually between chestnut (32) and robin rufous (340); abdomen and flanks olive brown (28), varying individually with elements of raw umber (123) as the secondary colour; rectrices sepia (119); back chestnut (32), varying individually between olive brown (28) and raw umber (223); crown varies individually between olive brown (28), amber (36) and chestnut (32); forehead, supercilium and face amber (36), varying individually to chestnut (32); wing-coverts chestnut (32), varying individually to amber (36); remiges Vandyke brown (121), varying individually to Vandyke brown (221); bill length 11.9–14.2 mm; bill depth 4.0– 4.8 mm; wing length 54.3– 60.8 mm; tail length 52.0–61.0 mm, with ten rectrices (see Tables 7, 8). Distribution: North-east Peru, eastern Ecuador, south-east Colombia and north-west Brazil, from the right bank of the Negro River to the left bank of the Amazonas/Solimões. The distribution of Synallaxis caquetensis is represented in Figures 1 and 4 by the red colour of Napo AE., Published as part of Stopiglia, Renata, Barbosa, Waleska, Ferreira, Mateus, Raposo, Marcos A, Dubois, Alain, Harvey, Michael G, Kirwan, Guy M, Forcato, Giovanna, Bockmann, Flavio A & Ribas, Camila C, 2022, Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae), pp. 65-87 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (1) on page 82, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab076, http://zenodo.org/record/6530667, {"references":["Chapman FM. 1914. Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian birds III. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 33: 603 - 637.","Zimmer JT. 1935. Studies of Peruvian birds. XVIII. Diagnoses of new species and subspecies of Furnariidae from Peru and other parts of South America. American Museum Novitates 819: 1 - 8."]}

SYNALLAXIS DISSORS J.T. ZIMMER, 1935 Synallaxis rutilans dissors Zimmer, 1935: 4 (holotype AMNH 248587, an adult male from Campos Salles, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, examined by us). Diagnosis: Synallaxis dissors differs from S. omissa in having the forehead, supercilium and face amber (36). Compared to S. caquetensis, S. dissors differs in having the upperparts and crown olive brown (28) or Vandyke brown (121). Synallaxis dissors cannot be diagnosed morphologically compared to S. rutilans and S. amazonica, because the brown pattern of S. dissors is also present to a greater or lesser extent in S. rutilans and S. amazonica. Description: Throat sepia (119); breast amber (36), varying individually between chestnut (32) and robin rufous (340); abdomen and flanks olive brown (28), varying individually between clay colour (26) and raw umber (123), with elements of raw umber (123) as the secondary colour; rectrices sepia (119); back and crown vary individually between olive brown (28) and Vandyke brown (121), with some raw umber (123) and Proust’s brown (121A) elements as the secondary colour; forehead, supercilium and face amber (36), varying individually to chestnut (32); wing-coverts chestnut (32), varying individually to amber (36); remiges Vandyke brown (121), varying individually to Vandyke brown (221); bill length 12.1–14.8 mm; bill depth 3.8–5.1 mm; wing length 51.8–63.5 mm; tail length 56.0– 74.5 mm, with ten rectrices (see Tables 7, 8). Distribution: Southern Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana and in Brazil from the left bank of the Negro River, across the states of northern Amazonas, Roraima, northern Pará and Amapá. The distribution of Synallaxis dissors is represented in Figures 1 and 4 by the purple colour of the Guiana AE., Published as part of Stopiglia, Renata, Barbosa, Waleska, Ferreira, Mateus, Raposo, Marcos A, Dubois, Alain, Harvey, Michael G, Kirwan, Guy M, Forcato, Giovanna, Bockmann, Flavio A & Ribas, Camila C, 2022, Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae), pp. 65-87 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (1) on pages 82-83, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab076, http://zenodo.org/record/6530667, {"references":["Zimmer JT. 1935. Studies of Peruvian birds. XVIII. Diagnoses of new species and subspecies of Furnariidae from Peru and other parts of South America. American Museum Novitates 819: 1 - 8."]}