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Since the transition of Indonesia from the authoritarian New Order era to the more democratic Reformation Order in 1998, significant changes have occurred in leadership recruitment at the national and regional levels. There have also been substantial transition in the pattern of voter mobilization, specifically the increasing prevalence of identity politics. This study showed that each region had a different approach to incorporating identity in electoral politics. Even with the Indonesian multicultural nature and a diversity of identities, every region has unique political cultures, and acknowledges the significance of identity-related issues for achieving electoral success. Also, there was a tendency for inconsistent and double-standard positioning of identities, which biased the stance on identity and lacked neutrality. Moreover, Indonesian democracy was still perceived as naive, with identities remaining a primary electoral tool.

Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2022 for South Bangka Regency elucidates the Preservation of Communal Intellectual Property. This regulation encompasses various communal intellectual properties, some of which pertain to environmental concerns. However, the region faces serious environmental challenges, notably due to tin mining activities. Existing research indicates that tin mining exerts diverse impacts, including environmental ramifications. This normative study examines the inclusion of the environmental issues enclosed within a regional regulation for South Bangka Regency aimed at preserving communal intellectual property. The analysis reveals that the current regional regulation does not substantively designate environmental issues as strategically significant for protection. This is evident in the limited provisions addressing environmental aspects, including policies within the purview of this regional regulation.

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus ( WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen-free ( SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV-infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid-body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve- SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin mining activities in the Bangka Belitung Islands have been going on for a long time. A number of literates noted that tin mining in this area had begun in 1709 AD. Tin mining occurs massively when the government opens the tap for tin mining which was originally only allowed to be mined by certain parties, in this context PT. Tin and PT. Kobatin, can be mined by anyone, including the general public. As a result, tin mining became out of control. Tin mines target not only certain areas such as rivers, plantation areas, but also kelekak which contains local plants typical of this region. Kelekak is the name for the typical plantations of the people of this region which contain local plants. On the other hand, Law No. 29 of 2000 concerning the Protection of Plant Varieties, one of which requires the protection of local varieties as part of the conservation of biodiversity. Massive tin mining, especially on land, as well as the free access to tin mining, certainly has an impact on efforts to protect local varieties. This empirical juridical research aims to determine the impact of tin mining on the existence of local varieties, as well as the problems of regulation of protection of local varieties when associated with permits for tin mining. From the results of the study, it was found that regulatoryly, there are parts that do not support each other between the Mineral and Coal Mining Law, Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, and the PVP Law that is currently in effect. In addition, tin mining has an impact on efforts to protect local varieties. The land which originally contained local varieties of plants, turned into tin-added land which in turn turned into a kolong (small lake).

Sour cassava starch is used as main ingredient in the manufacture of food that can expand when baked. Lactic acid fermentation has been known to be responsible for the baking expansion properties. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria with different ability to degrade starch has been isolated and used as starter culture in this study. The fermentation effect was investigated with the purpose of establishing a relation between physicochemical changes on cassava starch granule and functional properties of starch. Some lactic acid fermented samples presenting baking property have been compared with lactic acidified and native cassava starch. All the samples were analyzed for its thermal properties and starch granule structure by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter and Scanning Electron Microscopy, respectively. Samples of fermented cassava starch have a higher baking expansion character (8.54-11.51 ml/g) than native starch (6.61 ml/g), which were associated with its lower gelatinization enthalphy and peak gelatinization temperature. The starch granule of all fermented and acidified samples had lost their surface smoothness due to external corrosion and provided a greater extent of starch modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 28H and section (4) of Article 33 in the Indonesian Constitution guarantee every citizen the right to a good and healthy environment with green economy. In order to implement it, the government issued Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. The environmental regulations that became the umbrella act are facing challenges both in substance and implementation. Substantially, questions remain whether the green constitution has been incarnated in this regulation, and how it positions itself as the umbrella act for a number of regulations. In implementation, the challenges include the availability of legislations, from government regulations to technical policy, and its implementation in regional level, both at the provincial and regency levels in Bangka Belitung Islands. In each regime, the environmental issues have always been a part of strategic issues. This research focused on identifying environmental regulations from upstream to downstream, and how they are implemented in the context of environmental issues due to tin mining in Bangka Belitung. Data were obtained through literature review using statute and conceptual approaches.

A region’s development planning should be carried out by referring to the strategic issues faced by the region. Thus, strategic issues become the basis upon which regional governments formulate their policies and work programs. This study examined how each region in Bangka Belitung Islands Province positioned strategic issues of ecology in its regional development planning. The current writers examined eight regional governments’ Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RMTDP) documents; one of which belongs to the provincial government, while the rest belongs to the regency/city governments. This study found that ecological issues comprised an average 17.6% of the strategic issues in all of the planning documents, the highest of which was found in Belitung Regency’s planning document. In addition, the analysis revealed that the general focus of the strategic ecological issues was environmental damage, which was reported by three of the regions as a result of mining activities. This study provides an illustration of how each regional government is committed to take ecological issues seriously and include them in the strategic issues at the regional level.

Objective: This study is an evaluation of a new thoracic bioimpedance cardiac output monitoring system which incorporates a modified form of the Kubicek equation and a method of estimating the left ventricular ejection time from the time derivative bioimpedance signals.Methods: The performance of the new system was compared with conventional thermodilution in a porcine model. One hundred and ninety nine (n = 199) paired measurements of thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO) (range 1.20-18.00 L/min) and thoracic bioimpedance cardiac output (BICO) were collected in 7 pigs. The bioimpedance measurements were adjusted for the animal's weight and chest circumference, thus compensating for the differences in the anatomy of pigs when compared to humans. Data were compared using weighted correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis.Results: The weighted correlation coefficient between TDCO and BICO values was 0.87 (n = 199). The Bland-Altman technique yielded a precision of the device of +/-1.69 L/min with a bias of 0.11 L/min.Conclusion: The results from the porcine study show that the new system performed well over a wide range of cardiac outputs, comparing favorably with data from other new bioimpedance cardiac output devices currently available in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin mining generally results in massive environmental damage. This condition occurs in Bangka Belitung as an area rich in tin natural resources. Due to the environmental damage, tin mining in this area runs along with several rejection of the mine. Environmental activists will generally assist the community in carrying out resistance movements. However, environmental activists will face various dilemmas in advocacy. This paper discusses how the environmental advocacy dilemma in the tin mining community in Bangka Belitung. The study model used is a qualitative model by collecting data in the form of in-depth interviews and conservation. This study found four important things, namely: first, the tendency of society to split in two different attitudes in the context of tin mining. The gap focused on at least 10 dimensions of attitude difference. Second, the study found that the environmental advocacy movement generally centered on the aspect of rejecting the existence of tin mines in the sea and coastal areas as well as Watersheds (DAS). Third, environmental activists are always faced with intimidation and pressure from paid groups by investors. Environmental activists generally face back pressure from counter-pressure groups. Fourth, this study also found that people tended to be apathetic towards the environmental advocacy movement, some of them because they were worried about pressure and partly because they felt unaffected or directly related. The study also found that apathy also arises because of the pragmatism of the people in certain regions which are actually accommodating to tin mining.

Tin in Bangka Belitung has been exploited since 17th century; however, local people have received the opportunity in mining only in the last two decades, when the tin was not set as a state’s strategic commodity. Therefore, since the last two decades, people economic activities in this area have dramatically increased. Nevertheless, it was not as long as two decades that tin had its glory. The tin price fluctuated along with its production. However, in turn, the market has already been dependent on tin mining. Through the qualitative study having survey motive, this paper traced the answer of the key question: “Is it true that Bangka Belitung economy is a tin economy?” This study was performed in a market area selling people’s primary and tertiary needs in all regions and municipalities of Bangka Belitung Islands Province. It concluded that market dependency on tin mining was extremely high. Market has had a direct impact on the price increase and decrease of tin mining and its production. It also inferred that at least the tin mining and trader were in the same condition in that they were very depended on tin commodity. This was a consequence of the motivation of the economy from which it was initially independent, and it was at this time that it became dependent, and it was difficult to get out of this dependence. This condition was called as already dependent.

Tin mining has been massively occurred in Bangka Belitung Islands Province. It has already happened since the last 20 years which was started by retraction of tin status as state strategic commodity. This condition has caused the dilemma among the local people and stakeholders in this region as its positive and negative impact walks side by side. This study described how the knowledge, attitude, and expectation of a large community, especially for those who are not miners. Generally, local people understand that this region is rich for its tin and in fact it’s already given a big contribution foreconomic development. Local people also admit that the benefit on tin mining is only enjoyed by some people. Nevertheless, local community also has an attitude that in-conventional mining has already damaged the environment and they hope it will be prohibited. Local people have expectation that environmental management should be prioritized and strictly limited to the tin mining activity. This study founded that there is a gap perception between Bangka and Belitung People although they are in the same level of agreement related to the expectation to prohibit the tin mining : Belitung people is higher than Bangka people.

Tins mining at Belitung Island had been started since 17th century, since the era of British colonialism, Dutch, Japan invasion until independence era and nowadays, tins exploitation still exists. Tins mining activities make an impact to living environment condition in Belitung island. Hundreds holes of tins exploration called “kolong” (pit) can be found easily. In good mining practice context and mining regulation, tins mining exploitation should be ended with reclamation, so, the impact of environmental damage could be minimize. But, in implementation there are many problem, such as neglect of reclamation obligation, minimum realization, wrong perception about reclamation guarantee, the results of the reclamation that being mined again, and lack of supervisions. This research focused to analyze some of those problems in a integrative law enforcement framework. This research is a qualitative research with primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques are through literature study and interviews with related stakeholder, and also do observations at reclamation sites. This research show that reclamation responsibilities Implementation’s problems caused by many factors, and through integrative law enforcement approach focused on three study’s components, which is legal substance, legal structure components, and legal culture components can encourage tins mining reclamation at Belitung Island in line with good mining practice principle and sustainable development with environmentally conception.

Tin mining activities in Belitung Island have lasted since colonialism era to this moment. In 1990s tin exploitation in Belitung was stopped as it was assessed as no longer productive. In 1999, however, the mining had massively recommenced and at the same time, tourism and fishery were being actively developed as the new economic power. Recently, tin exploitation has shifted into offshore, and since then the conflicts began to appear. Rejection actions were continuously performed by fishermen through anti offshore mining audience, demonstration and campaign in social media. One of the rejections was when production suction vessel entered Pering waters, KelapaKampit East Belitung. At the urging of local fisherman group, written agreement between East and West Belitung head regencies, as well as the special committee recommendation of East Belitung house of representative, finally the suction vessel moved out from Pering waters. This study aimed to analyze fishermen’s and stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude, and expectationtoward offshore mining activities. Their point of views are needed in order to obtain complete perspective regarding the positive and negative sides, whether there is the meeting point among various interests and how long this conflicts will last. It is a mixed method research between qualitative and quantitative one. Quantitative approach employed questionnaire and SPSS 20 was used to analyze the results. Data collection technique used non-probability sampling with specific characteristic, fisherman community in Pering coastal area in which the amount applied Solvin theory. Qualitative approach was used to explore various phenomenons developing in society through interview with stakeholders related to offshore mining issues. Qualitative research was applied to explore phenomenon developing on site, either historically or contextually. Primary data was collected through interview with stakeholders in East Belitung related to the major issues raised. Based on the questionnaire results on fishermen and the interview with the related stakeholders, there were some findings. First, fishermen’s knowledge about offshore mining was very limited. Second, most fishermen were agreed that offshore mining damaged ecosystem, reduced catching and disturbed tourism. Third, the expectation if offshore mining keep operating, fishermen will continuously fight for it. In stakeholder and social society level; though there is one supporting offshore mining, so far however, the majority still put their side on fishermen, tourism, and environment’s interest and thus refusing offshore mining.

Tin mining in Mentok coastal area, West Bangka Regency has been the ironic view in the middle of local government effort to progress its territory, including the effort to develop tourism and marine sector. When there are many areas in Bangka Island flare up to refuse the presence of Production Suction Vessel (KIP/KapalIsapProduksi), people around Mentok coastal area spanning from Rubiah gulf to Kalian peninsula received the present of offshore mining. This paper went deep into why KIP could be accepted by Mentok people. It was designed from qualitative research result exploring data through deep interview technique, observation, and documentation. This study result showed that KIP operation in the area run well either as there was compensation modus distributed to every householder in the coastal area in the form of cash money. Provision of cash was managed in terms of securing production process assisted by the administrator to bridge the interest between businessman and society. Local government as the permission issuer and society who didn‟t give resistance omission sustainability and natural preservation principle; a pragmatic face wrapped with omission principle and justification on the economy aggression.

Microheaters are used in several applications, including medical diagnostics, synthesis, environmental monitoring, and actuation. Conventional microheaters rely on thin-film electrodes microfabricated in a clean-room environment. However, low-cost alternatives based on conductive paste electrodes fabricated using printing techniques have started to emerge over the years. Here, we report a surprising effect that leads to significant electrode performance improvement as confirmed by the thorough characterization of bulk, processed, and conditioned samples. Mixing silver ink and PVA results in the solubilization of performance-hindering organic compounds. These compounds evaporate during heating cycles. The new electrodes, which reach a temperature of 80 °C within 5 min using a current of 7.0 A, display an overall 42% and 35% improvement in the mechanical (hardness) and electrical (resistivity) properties compared to pristine silver ink electrodes. To validate our results, we use the composite heater to amplify and detect parasite DNA from Trypanosoma brucei, associated with African sleeping sickness. Our LAMP test compares well with commercially available systems, confirming the excellent performance of our nanocomposite heaters. Since their fabrication relies on well-established techniques, we anticipate they will find use in a range of applications.

Objective: Evaluation in animals of a non-invasive and continuous cardiac output monitoring system based on partial carbon-dioxide (CO2) rebreathing indirect Fick technique., Methods: We have developed a non-invasive cardiac output (NICO) monitoring system, based on the partial rebreathing method. The partial rebreathing technique employs a differential form of the Fick equation for calculating cardiac output (QT) using non-invasive measurements. Changes in CO2 elimination (deltaVCO2) and partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (deltaPETCO2) in response to a brief period of partial rebreathing are used to measure pulmonary capillary blood flow (Q(PCBF)). A non-invasive estimate of anatomic and intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Q(S)/Q(T)), based on oxygen saturation from pulse oximetry (SpO2) and inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2), is added to compute total cardiac output [Q(T) = Q(PCBF)/(1 - Q(S)/Q(T))]. The performance of the NICO was compared with iced 5% dextrose bolus thermodilution cardiac output (TDco) measurements in 6 dogs. Cardiac output was varied using dobutamine, and halothane, and by clamping of the inferior vena cava. Two hundred and forty-six (n = 246) paired measurements of TDco and NICO over a range of cardiac outputs (TDco range = 0.60-8.87 l/min) were compared using Bland-Altman analysis and weighted correlation coefficient., Results: The Bland-Altman technique yielded a NICO precision of +/- 0.70 l/min (13.8%) with a mean bias of -0.07 l/min (-1.4%) compared to TDco. The weighted correlation coefficient between TDco and NICO values was: r = 0.93 (n = 246)., Conclusion: The partial CO2 rebreathing technique for measurement of cardiac output is non-invasive, automated, and based on the well accepted Fick principle. The limits of agreement between NICO and TDco is within the recommended value for NICO to be a clinically acceptable method for cardiac output measurement. The results of this canine study show that NICO performed as well, and in some cases better, than other currently available non-invasive cardiac output techniques over a wide range of cardiac outputs.