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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar perbandingan efek kerja jogging dengan jalan cepat selama 30 menit terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada Siswa MAN 1 Bekasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Lapangan Futsal MAN 1 Bekasi pada tanggal 18 Januari 2020. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen “Two group Pre Test dan Post Test Design”. Dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling, sampel yang berjumlah 20 orang dari populasi 150 orang. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Uji-T independen. Dari hasil penelitian mengenai penurunan kadar gula darah pada efek kerja joging selama 30 menit, diperoleh rentang nilai penurunan kadar glukosa darah sebesar 6 – 42 memiliki rata-rata 79,50 dengan standart deviasi 8,06 dan standar eror 0,90. Lalu dari hasil penelitian mengenai penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada efek kerja jalan cepat selama 30 menit diperoleh rentang nilai penurunan kadar gula darah sebesar 1 – 17 yang memiliki rata-rata 90,70 dengan standar deviasi 12,83 dan standar error 1,43 . Dari hasil tersebut terlihat bahwa nilai penurunan kadar gula darah pada joging lebih besar daripada jalan cepat yaitu dengan rata-rata 19,8 mg/dl pada joging dan 7,8 mg/dl pada jalan cepat. Dalam perhitungan selanjutnya diperoleh nilai t hitung sebesar 2,337 dengan t tabel 2,101. Dengan demikian nilai t hitung > t tabel yang menunjukan bahwa hipotesis nihil (Ho) di tolak dan hipotesa alternatif (H1) diterima. Maka sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil Efek Kerja Joging lebih baik dibandingkan dengan Efek Kerja Jalan Cepat terhadap Penurunan Kadar Gula Darah pada Siswa MAN 1 Bekasi. The aim of this study was to find out how much the comparison of the effects of jogging work with race walking for 30 minutes on reducing blood sugar levels in MAN 1 Bekasi students. This research was conducted at Futsal Field MAN 1 Bekasi on January 18, 2020. The method used was the "Two group Pre Test and Post Test Design" experimental method. With a purposive sampling technique, a sample of 20 people from a population of 150 people. The data analysis technique used is an independent T-test. From the results of research on the decrease in blood sugar levels on the effect of jogging for 30 minutes, the range of values for decreasing blood glucose levels of 6 - 42 has an average of 79.50 with a standard deviation of 8.06 and a standard error of 0.90. Then from the results of research on reducing blood glucose levels on the effect of working race walking for 30 minutes obtained a range of values for reducing blood sugar levels by 1 - 17 which has an average of 90.70 with a standard deviation of 12.83 and a standard error of 1.43. From these results it can be seen that the value of decreased blood sugar levels in jogging is greater than race walking, with an average of 19,8 mg/dl jogging and 7,8 on race walking. In the next calculation, the calculated value of t is 2.333 with t table 2.101. Thus the value of t arithmetic > t table which shows that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. So it can be concluded that the results of Jogging Effects are better than the Race Walking Effects on Decreasing Blood Sugar Levels in MAN 1 Bekasi Students.

Manufacturing industries are adopting new techniques and philosophies to address the acute shortage of non-renewable energy. Many of these manufacturing industries are focusing on achieving sustainability in every possible stage of their production, from raw material to the recycling of waste. Thus, the significance of using renewable energy, properly handling waste, and progressively conserving the environment is increasing day by day. In this research, the definition of sustainability is quite specific: being productive while making little to no impact on non-replenishable resources. The objective of the research is to determine the sustainability index of manufacturing plants. Since the topic has a broad scope, this research is limited to small and medium scale industries, which have common sets of operation and defined process plans. Besides, the focus is on non-hazardous waste and the indicators of the index are selected with respect to energy efficiency, workers’ health and safety and waste reduction potential. An interactive model has been developed to determine the sustainability index based on user responses. Based on the sustainable index, the model is able to provide suggestions to improve sustainability as well as carbon footprint reduction. The research has used datasets from various projects of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at West Virginia University to build the knowledge database. The interactive model is validated by case studies from the IAC. The outcome of this research is a model that can assist industry to identify their shortcomings in achieving sustainability, determine the carbon footprint reduction potential, and compare the sustainability index as a benchmark measure.

Background Atypical Shigella flexneri Z variant, that agglutinate with E1037 group factor specific monoclonal antisera against Shigella flexneri IV-I but not with other group or type specific antisera, has continuously being isolated in Bangladesh since 1997. Later this serotype has been reported in Indonesia, China and Argentina. Despite being a provisional serotype, continuous isolation of these strains in diverse geographical regions implicated a great necessity to study the overall characteristics of these strains. Therefore, we extensively characterized S. flexneri Z strains using various phenotypic and molecular tools. Method Of 3569 S. flexneri isolated between 1997 and 2015, 95 strains were identified as S. flexneri Z using a panel of polyvalent absorbed antisera and monoclonal antisera of S. flexneri (MASF). Of them, randomly selected 65 strains were molecular O-serotyped using multiplex PCR and characterized using different phenotypic and molecular techniques (i.e.biotyping, plasmid profile, virulence marker and PFGE) to determine relationship with other subserotypes of S. flexneri. Results All these atypical S. flexneri Z strains were agglutinated with MASF B and IV-I antisera. Concordantly, these strains were positive to opt-gene, responsible for MASF IV-I sero-positive phenotype. However, molecular O-serotyping of all 65 strains could not differentiate between Z and Yb giving similar amplification products (wzx1-5 and opt). Contrarily, MASF based serotypic scheme distinguished among Z and Yb as well as Ya. All these S. flexneri Z showed typical biochemical reaction of S. flexneri, harboured a 140 MDa virulence plasmid and virulence markers namely ipaH, ial, sen, sigA and sepA genes. Along with the virulence plasmid, small plasmids (2.6, 1.8 and 1.6 MDa) were present as core plasmid. Moreover, a middle ranged plasmid and a 4.0 MDa sized plasmid were observed in 65% and 20% strains, respectively. Analysis of PFGE on XbaI-digested chromosomal DNA of Bangladeshi strains showed that S. flexneri Z had a close relatedness with Ya and Yb but completely different than the strains of Xa, Xb, 2a and 2b. This observation was found to be unequivocal while the overall result of biotyping, plasmid profile, and virulence factors was compared. Therefore, we conclude that these atypical serotype Z isolated in Bangladesh had a clonal relationship with Ya and Yb of Bangladesh and the opt gene played an important role in serotypic switching among them. Current serotyping scheme of S. flexneri strains fails to place many such atypical strains (1c, 1c+6, 1d, type 4, and 4c) including S. flexneri Z isolated from different parts of the world. Therefore, an updated serotyping scheme for identification of subserotypes of S. flexneri has been proposed to avoid multiple naming of the same subserotype having similar agglutination pattern.

Shigellosis, caused by Shigella species, is a major public health problem in Bangladesh. To determine the prevalence and distribution of different Shigella species, we analyzed 10,827 Shigella isolates from patients between 2001 and 2011. S. flexneri was the predominant species isolated throughout the period. However, the prevalence of S. flexneri decreased from 65.7% in 2001 to 47% in 2011, whereas the prevalence of S. sonnei increased from 7.2% in 2001 to 25% in 2011. S. boydii and S. dysenteriae accounted for 17.3% and 7.7% of the isolates respectively throughout the period. Of 200 randomly selected S. sonnei isolates for extensive characterization, biotype g strains were predominant (95%) followed by biotype a (5%). Resistance to commonly used antibiotics including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, mecillinam and ampicillin was 89.5%, 86.5%, 17%, 10.5%, and 9.5%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Ninety-eight percent of the strains had integrons belonging to class 1, 2 or both. The class 1 integron contained only dfrA5 gene, whereas among class 2 integron, 16% contained dhfrAI-sat1-aadA1-orfX gene cassettes and 84% harbored dhfrA1-sat2 gene cassettes. Plasmids of ∼5, ∼1.8 and ∼1.4 MDa in size were found in 92% of the strains, whereas only 33% of the strains carried the 120 MDa plasmid. PFGE analysis showed that strains having different integron patterns belonged to different clusters. These results show a changing trend in the prevalence of Shigella species with the emergence of multidrug resistant S. sonnei. Although S. flexneri continues to be the predominant species albeit with reduced prevalence, S. sonnei has emerged as the second most prevalent species replacing the earlier dominance by S. boydii and S. dysenteriae in Bangladesh.