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Indirect hyperbilirubinemia during neonatal period is a common problem, and most preterm and more than half of the term neonates find this problem. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) protects the liver against oxidative stresses and prevents cellular apoptosis. In addition, it causes stimulation of bile flow, is well tolerated by the patient, and has limited side effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of UDCA in treating neonates with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia undergoing phototherapy. In this randomized clinical trial, 220 neonates with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia who referred to Amir-Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran in 2017–2018, were randomly assigned to phototherapy group (Control group) and phototherapy plus UDCA group (Intervention group) as 10 mg/kg/day. The level of total bilirubin was measured at the baseline, and after 12, and 24 h using spectrophotometric, and the duration of receiving phototherapy was also measured in both groups. The mean age of included neonates in the control and intervention group was 5.3 and 4.9 days, respectively. The results revealed that after 12 h of treatment, the total bilirubin level in the control group had diminished by 2.70 mg/dL on average while, in the intervention group, the reduction was 3.7 md/dL (p =.001) and after 24 h of treatment, the total bilirubin level in the control group had diminished by 5.22 mg/dL on average and in the intervention group, the reduction was 6.54 md/dL (p =.001). It was also observed that there is no significant difference between groups in terms of the mean of the duration required for phototherapy (p =.63). UDCA combined with phototherapy enhances TSB decrease, but this effect is not relevant from a clinical point of view because it does not decrease phototherapy and hospital stay duration. Thus, this study does not support the UDCA use in the clinical practice IRCT, IRCT2017071515511N2. Registered 21 Aug 2017 – Retrospectively registered, . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Considering the importance of childhood obesity and easier correction of related factors in this age group, the present study aimed to investigate the role of some factors related to family, nutrition, and lifestyle on childhood obesity. Methods & Materials This age-matched case-control study was performed on 150 obese and 150 healthy children, aged 2-15 years referring to Amir-Kabir Hospital in Arak City, Iran. Obesity was calculated based on Body Mass Index (BMI). Required information, including family factors, nutritional factors, and lifestyle characteristics were collected by a checklist. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1396.119). Results The results of Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% of Confidence Interval (CI) were in favor of father’s age of 25-35 and over 35 years (0.24), respectively, father’s overweight and obesity (3.87 and 3.57), mother’s overweight and obesity (3.81 and 5.5)7, more than three children per household (3.33), low and high consumption of fruits and vegetables (0.3 and 0.19), breakfast eating (0.43), dietary supplementation (2.68), consuming fast food (3.98), more than two hours of playing a computer game (3.5), chewing well (0.38), using food as a reward (1.89), as well as participating in food and table preparation (3.14). We found a dose-response association between children’s obesity and parents’ BMI, the number of children, and computer games. Conclusion Obesity is associated with some factors related to the family, such as nutrition, computer games, and lifestyle characteristics. Due to various risk factors and adjustable safeguards, it is necessary to provide families and children with proper education to reduce obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: All children sometimes misbehave and some may have temporary behavioral problems due to stress. For example, the birth of a sibling, a divorce, or a death in the family may cause a child to act out. Behavior disorders are more serious. They involve a pattern of hostile, aggressive, or disruptive behaviors for more than 6 months. The behavior is also not appropriate for the child's age. Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is one of the most frequent pediatric pathologies. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is around 9% in children aged 5-10 years and about 40% of them have one or more episodes per week. Materials and Methods: in this study, we recruited 146 children with MPNE and 146 healthy children without MPNE aged 6-18 years old. The children behavioral checklist for children behavioral assessment was completed by the parents. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and chi- square tests. Results: Among 292 children in both groups, somatic complaints, thought problems, delinquent problems, social problems, and ADHD were not significantly different between cases and controls while internalization, externalization, anxiety- depression, aggressive behaviors, isolation-depression, and affective-behavioral problems were significantly different. Conclusions: Considering the results of this study, the higher prevalence of behavioral problems in children with MPNE highlights the importance of early intervention for better treatment and prevention of behavioral problem in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]