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Author(s): Toshinori Kasai [sup.1] , Eiji Hashiba [sup.1] , Junichi Saito [sup.1] , Kazuyoshi Hirota [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Postgraduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, [...], The initial distribution volume of glucose (IDVG) has been reported to be a surrogate marker of cardiac preload. However, the relationship between cardiac output and IDVG is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of cardiac output on IDVG in the absence of fluid gain or loss in pigs. Materials and methods Thirteen pigs were anesthetized and allocated to either the modified cardiac output group (m-CO group, n = 10) or the control group (control group, n = 3). In the m-CO group, CO was sequentially modulated from high CO (high CO) to two grades of low CO (low CO-1 and low CO-2) with dobutamine and propranolol with lidocaine, respectively, in the absence of any apparent change in basal fluid volume status. Thermodilutional CO and IDVG were measured at each CO condition. The IDVG was measured according to a one-compartment model with 2 g glucose. The same parameters were measured in the control group using the same time schedule as for the m-CO group but without inotropes and at a stable CO state. Thereafter, 250 ml of 10% dextran were infused over 15 min to compare the effects of a preload-dependent increase in CO on IDVG measurements to the effects of the pharmacological modification of CO. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated measures ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. Pearson's correlation test was also used. A P value of Results In the m-CO group, where CO increased to 147.2 ± 26.7% of the baseline CO value in the high CO state and decreased to 65.9 ± 11.0 and 37.3 ± 14.4% of the baseline CO value in the low CO-1 state and the low CO-2 state, respectively, the IDVG did not change as CO was modified. IDVG significantly increased in response to volume loading of dextran in the control group. There was no correlation between the IDVG and CO in the m-CO group when there was no fluid gain or loss (r = 0.097, n = 40, P = 0.554), but the IDVG was well correlated with CO in the control group with volume loading (r = 0.764, n = 18, P = 0.0002). Conclusion This study suggests that the IDVG is dependent on the central extracellular fluid volume and not on cardiac output.

Author(s): Junichi Saito[sup.1] , Eiji Hashiba[sup.2] , Tetsuya Kushikata[sup.1] , Akio Mikami[sup.3] , Kazuyoshi Hirota[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 036-8562, Hirosaki, Japan [...], Presepsin is a useful marker for differentiating sepsis from non-infection-related systemic inflammatory response syndrome. There are data describing elevated presepsin concentrations in patients with kidney dysfunction even in the absence of sepsis, but corresponding data for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undergoing living kidney transplantation (LKT) are lacking. We investigated the changes in presepsin concentrations in this patient group in order to elucidate any relationship with renal function. Written informed consent was obtained from patients with ESKD requiring hemodialysis who underwent LKT from June 2014 through March 2015 at Hirosaki University Hospital. Patients with obvious signs of infection were excluded. Perioperative presepsin and procalcitonin concentrations were measured before induction of anesthesia, on admission to the intensive care unit after surgery, and on postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD 2. Preoperative presepsin concentration was markedly higher than the upper limit of normal in patients with ESKD (1252 ± 451 pg/mL). Presepsin concentrations consistently decreased after LKT. Moreover, presepsin concentration was strongly correlated with serum creatinine (r.sup.2 = 0.72, n = 24, p < 0.001). These data suggest that the kidney clearly plays an important role in the metabolism and excretion of presepsin.

Introduction Appropriate adjustment of cardiac preload is essential to maintain cardiac output (CO), especially in patients following cardiac surgery, but the evaluation is not easily performed because either impairment of [...], Purpose Appropriate adjustment of cardiac preload is essential to maintain cardiac output (CO), especially in patients after cardiac surgery. This study was intended to determine whether index of right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDVI), corrected RVEDVI using ejection fraction (cRVEDVI), index of initial distribution volume of glucose (IDVGI), or cardiac filling pressures are correlated with cardiac index (CI) following cardiac surgery in the presence or absence of arrhythmias. Methods Eighty-six consecutive cardiac surgical patients were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: the non-arrhythmia (NA) group (n = 72) and the arrhythmia (A) group (n = 14). Three sets of measurements were performed: on admission to the ICU and daily on the first 2 postoperative days. The relationship between each cardiac preload variable and cardiac index (CI) was evaluated. A p value less than 0.05 indicated statistically significant differences. Results Each studied variable was not different between the two groups immediately after admission to the ICU. cRVEDVI had a linear correlation with CI in both group (NA group: r = 0.67, n = 216, p < 0.001; A group: r = 0.77, n = 42, p < 0.001), but RVEDVI had a poor correlation with CI (NA group: r = 0.27, n = 216, p < 0.001; A group: r = 0.19, n = 42, p = 0.036). IDVGI had a linear correlation with CI (NA group: r = 0.49, n = 216, p < 0.001; A group: r = 0.61, n = 42, p < 0.001), Cardiac filling pressures had no correlation with CI. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that cRVEDVI and IDVGI were correlated with CI in the presence or absence of arrhythmias. cRVEDVI and IDVGI have potential as indirect cardiac preload markers following cardiac surgery. Keywords Cardiac surgery * Cardiac preload * Cardiac output

Introduction Lung injury following pulmonary resection with no identifiable cause, especially after pneumonectomy, has been termed postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema, and has alarmed both anesthesiologists and thoracic surgeons because of its [...], We report a case in which a 2-year-old girl who underwent a right middle and lower lung lobectomy for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation suffered massive bleeding and developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during the operation. She was ventilated with a high level of [F.sub.I][O.sub.2] (0.75-1.0), PEEP (10-20 cm[H.sub.2]O), and PIP (33-55 cm[H.sub.2]O) to maintain SP[O.sub.2] (>90%). Following transfer to the ICU, continuous hemodialysis was introduced to reduce excessive blood volume. However, pulmonary oxygenation did not improve, and marked subcutaneous emphysema occurred on postoperative day 3 (POD 3). We introduced venovenous (V-V) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to rest the lung, and V-V ECMO was changed to right and left atrial ECMO because of unsatisfactory oxygen support on POD 23. A CT scan showed almost the entire lung had collapsed, even though we had administered diuretics, steroids, nitric oxide, sivelestat, and surfactant for ARDS. We applied high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with a mean airway pressure of 20 cm[H.sub.2]O, frequency of 9.2 Hz, and amplitude of 38 cm[H.sub.2]O on POD 45. The collapsed lung was then gradually recruited, and pulmonary oxygenation improved (P/F ratio = 434). ECMO was successfully weaned on POD 88. The patient required a tracheostomy, but she was able to function without a ventilator on POD 142. Although HFOV has failed to show a mortality benefit in ARDS patients, the unique lung recruitment by HFOV can be a useful therapeutic option for severe ARDS patients in combination with sufficient lung rest produced by ECMO. Keywords Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation * High-frequency oscillatory ventilation * ARDS * Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema

Background: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are typically placed under fluoroscopy. We used a magnetic tracking and electrocardiogram-based tip confirmation system for insertion of a PICC insertion in a morbidly obese patient at the bedside. Case presentation: A 53-year-old female with severe obesity (height, 160 cm; weight, 217 kg; BMI, 84.8 kg/m2) was admitted to the intensive care unit. Both bilateral, inguinal, and cervical regions were covered with an excess of adipose tissue, making it difficult to place a central venous line. Since transferring her to fluoroscopy seemed dangerous, a PICC was inserted using Sherlock 3CG® TCS at the bedside. Magnetic sensor guidance failed due to the thick subcutaneous tissue her precordium, but intracavity electrocardiography could direct the tip to an appropriate position. Conclusion: We experienced bedside insertion of a PICC into a patient with BMI of 84.8 kg/m2 patient using a Sherlock 3CG® TCS. Since the interaction between Sherlock 3CG® TCS and body habitus has not been investigated, further reports are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]