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In this paper, a Finite Element Method based simulation tool is used to estimate the pull-in phenomena of MWCNT based cantilever micro/nanobeams. In particular, different MWCNT micro/nanobeams are studied under electrostatic actuation. The pull-in voltage and height simulation results are verified by analytically driven formula and show the expected agreement. Making use of the quick predicting analytical formula accompanied by the simulation tool reported here is of particular usefulness in the design of micro/nanobeams implemented in different MEMS/NEMS devices such as switches and resonators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) material have received attention due to their performance in optoelectronics especially in light emission diode (LED) devices. The TiO2 nanotubes array (NTAs) film was synthesized by electrochemical anodization method at different anodizing voltages at room temperature. The surface morphology revealed that sample anodized voltage at 35V showed uniformity with a regular porous on top layer of TiO2. The optical band gap of TiO2 NTAs film shows the decrement of band gap with the increment of anodizing voltage. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of TiO2 NTAs film shows the ohmic contact behavior. Non-stoichiometric TiO2 resulted from the oxygen deficiency can be applied to explain the n-type semiconductor behavior. Anodizing voltage at 35V is the highest conductivity and lowest band gap for TiO2 NTAs and suitable used for LED devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is mainly concern on the Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) produced by human body, focusing on the effects of the normal and intense exercise for different gender. It involved 30 sample of healthy students different in gender to perform the normal exercise and intense exercise. A frequency detector is used to measure the human body frequency and hence later will be converted into color as given by the frequency color table. Next, the health score of the sample will be calculated and categorized. The finding shows that healthy male samples produced high radiation as compared to healthy female samples. The result also shows that the female is good to do normal exercise and intense exercise compared to male samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the intervention of Super Brain Yoga (SBY) towards improving Brainwave Balancing Index (BBI), Brainwave Dominance and Short Term Memory (STM). A group of 36 participants from UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia perform the SBY exercise for 2 weeks with repetitions of 30 times twice a day. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording is carried out to measure the BBI and Brainwave Dominance. In addition, a test on STM using digit span test is carried out before and after the SBY intervention. The result shows that BBI of the participants increases by 33% after practising SBY. Digit span test shows improvement of 33% for the forward test while increment of 42% for the backward test. The participants can remember more digit item especially on the backward test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the parameters that affect the pore shape and the pore size diameter of silicon membrane. Electrochemical etching is performed in order to characterize the parameter involved in this process. In the first part of experiment will study the effect of dopant in order to form pore on silicon substrate. Pores is formed under p-type and n-type silicon is compared with undoped silicon to characterize size and pore shape. From this experiment show that dopant silicon able to produce two pore shape which is slit pore under p-type silicon and circular shape under n-type and undoped silicon. The next experiment studied the effect of different volume ratio of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol as an electrolyte aqueous for electrochemical etch on undoped silicon. The electrolyte aqueous is mixed with HF and ethanol with 4 different volume ratio which is 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 and 9:1. As a result, the higher volume of HF in this electrolyte gives the smallest pore size diameter compared to the lower volume of HF. At the end of the project shows that by manipulating dopant and HF concentration will affect the pore formation on silicon substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to develop a system to monitor water consumption and calculate the expected bill in real time. The system was developed for domestic purposes using the hall's effect sensor, Arduino, and wi-fi module for the regular water meter. Currently, most of consumer were not aware of good water management. In other word, a method to save their water usage and any medium for monitoring their water consumption. Thus, in this work, new electronics graphical through smartphone to assist water consumer is introduced. The data on water consumption will assist the consumer to be more flexible in their saving as well as water usage. This method will display the amount of water and billings by employing YF-S201 and ESP8266 sensor. The result is analyzed through "Thingspeak" application for data measurement. This finding shows the data measured by the sensor are approximately similar as the expected amount of water consumption that contribute to their billing cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project presents carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring system to alert the user on CO2 reading and lighting controller for light intensity via smartphone. Both hardware and software has been integrated to detect the level of CO2 for healthier lifestyle through wireless technology. The system also inclu des a controller to control the lighting system as it could reduce the electric consumption from the light intensity reading. In addition, an application of IoT has been embedded to the system to provide notification for the user and to control the lighting effect cause by the CO2 reading. Several works on CO2 monitoring system present monitoring system without considering the electric consumption. In addition, the existing CO2 also impractical because it only produced an alarm when high concentration of CO2 was detected and without the concentration value to notify the user. In this work, the system consists of two main components which are MQ135 module as the input for CO2, BH1750 sensor was used to measured light intensity and Wi-Fi module as the switch to turn ON and OFF the sensor. To illustrate the concept idea, the functionality of the system has been tested using L.E.D, buzzer and LCD as the output when CO2 was detected and to display the reading of CO2 level respectively. Three different areas for the system has been selected for testing purposes– residential area, construction area and main road. The finding revealed that main road captured the highest reading of CO2 compared to residential area and construction area. The reading of light intensity at the main road displayed the highest compared to the residential area and construction area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HA) which is a group of calcium phosphate (CaP) is used as a medical devices coating due to its ability to increase the bioactivity and biocompatibility of the device surface. The attraction of using waste seashells products is interesting due to its sustainability and low cost solution especially in biomedical application. Polymesoda expansa or locally known as Lokan is potentially rich with calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Here, the synthesis of HA was done via precipitation method by utilizing the Polymesoda expansa (Lokan) shells as the resource of calcium precursors. Hydroxyapatite synthesized from Polymesoda expansa was carried out with different pH solution (pH 9 and 13) in alkaline environment. The effects of pH on the morphological and chemical composition properties as well as the Ca/P ratio of HA powders were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS). The finding demonstrates as the pH increases, the calcium apatite reduced and this had increases the Ca/P ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, audio identification has very broad theoretical and practical values. The noise from the surrounding area such as transportation, weather, and people's action affected the interruption in signal processing. Current traffic light system is lack of information when a vehicle is in emergencies such as ambulance, firefighter, and police. This paper is designed to develop an embedded machine learning application, including data acquisition, extraction of features, exploration of different algorithms, tuning for a good performance model and deploying the model in a simulation application. Specifically, a classifier of ambulance siren sound into 'Ambulance Arrive' and 'No Ambulance Arrive' has been developed, which could be used in the traffic light system to monitor the arrival of an ambulance which in an emergency. This paper suggests an approach based on Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients-Support Vector Machine (MFCC-SVM) on MATLAB R2017b tools that take advantage of the effect of feature representation and learner optimization tasks to effectively distinguish audio events from audio signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite particle from local coconut shell charcoal has recently attract researcher nowadays due to its application as natural graphite source in synthesis graphene and graphene oxide. In this research, coconut shell charcoal were used as the material to synthesis graphite particle using ball mill method. Coconut shell charcoal were mesh for control sample and also ball milled using three different speed which are 200 rpm, 300 rpm and 400 rpm. Particle size analysis shows coconut shell charcoal powder were in micro size which at ball milled speed 200 rpm reveal the smallest size z-average of 1116nm. From Raman spectroscopy, coconut shell charcoal were proved to be source material of graphite based on the existence of D-band at 1339.65 cm-1, G-band at 1589 cm−1 and 2D-band at 2681 cm−1.Structural properties of graphite particle were analysed using x-diffraction and it was confirmed that the structure of graphite were amorphous based on the broad band occur at 2Theta 19° to 30°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the various of a Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Stannous Chloride nanofiber in morphology by electrospinning. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Stannous Chloride nanofiber were electrospun using a series of PVP concentration (8, 10 and 12 wt%) dissolved in different solvent EtOH/DMF mixture ratio (100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 0:100). The quartz substrate with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Stannous Chloride nanofibers are annealed at 800°C for 2 hours to produce SnO2 nanofibers of a crystalline phase of rutile cassiterite. As observed, the distribution of SnO2 are continuos and random and can reach micrometer long in range. The different PVP concentration and mixed EtOH/DMF solvent produces different SnO2 nanofibers morphologies in size were observed. The best result of nanofiber morphology was from 10% PVP with solvent mixtures EtOH/DMF at 50:50 which produced SnO2 nanofiber with diameter 82nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium dioxide is a good and attractive material for application of smart window coating and sensor. The main objective of this research is to fabricate and characterize the tungsten doped vanadium dioxide thin films. Sol-gel spin coating method was used because this technique was a good process for preparing the pure vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films. Five samples of tungsten doped VO2 thin films with different annealing times parameter were fabricated on quartz substrates. Isopropanol was used as the precursor that added to the tungsten doped vanadium dioxide. All samples have been characterized for the surface morphology and thickness using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). While the electrical properties were measured by current-voltage (I-V) measurement system and the optical properties were characterized via ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. A linear graph shows the effect of absorbance of the tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide. Longer annealing treatment at 5 hours and 550 °C results in a lower resistivity and a higher conductivity which are 0.65 Ωm and 1.54 (Ωm)−1 respectively. In a conclusion, the effect of different annealing times successfully characterizes electrical properties, optical properties and surface morphology of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effect of different direction of bias voltage on the memristive behaviour of sputtered titania thin films by varying the I-V measurement with positive direction of bias voltage ranging from 0V to 5V, 5V to - 5V and -5V to 0V (0 V→+5 V→-5 V→0 V : positive loop) and negative direction of bias voltage ranging from 0V to - 5V, -5V to 5V, and 5V to 0V(0 V→-5 V→+5 V→0 V : negative loop). Titania thin film was deposited by sputtering method sandwiched between Platinum (Pt) and ITO-coated glass substrate to form metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure which is the fundamental structure of memristive device. Structural and electrical properties of the samples were studied. The result shows that the film thickness decreases as the oxygen flow rate increases during deposition process. Based on the I-V characteristics, starting the positive sweep voltage result in the better switching behaviour compared to starting the negative sweep voltage. The switching behaviour is depended the movement of positively charged oxygen vacancies. Thus, the illustration of the schematic diagram on the movement of oxygen vacancies in the active layer is proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drowsiness while driving is one major factor of traffic accident. A reliable detection system for drowsiness could alert the driver before accident happens. In this paper, a non-invasive and inexpensive drowsiness detection system that uses photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor which detects driver's Heart Rate Variability (HRV) pulse wave is described. The process involves taking measurement using the sensor on human fingers, finding the threshold value for drowsy people and implementing the system for real application which is providing signal at Arduino to alert the driver. It can be concluded that a device to detect drowsiness level of a driver by taking non-intrusive physiological measures can be integrated in a system. This system can be used to warn driver beforehand to avoid accident due to drowsiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer is becoming a main concern to everyone staring from technical producer to the user. It becomes essential to create elective techniques to produce vitality. Wireless Power Transfer can be utilized to charge electronic versatile gadgets and Electrical Vehicle also In this paper, the methods of Wireless Power Transfer is talked about and how its identified with the Wireless Power Transfer for electric vehicle is introduced. A unique Inductive force move technique is proposed. A dynamic Inductive power transfer method is proposed. A simulation and experimental implementation were conducted. The testing with different situations in terms of distance and alignment also performed where the wireless charging was achieved an efficiency of 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning is an emerging technology that is one of the most promising areas of artificial intelligence. Great strides have been made in recent years which resulted in increased efficiency with regards to many applications, including speech. Despite this, an environmentally Robust Speech Recognition system is still far from being achieved. In this article, an investigation of previous work has been conducted. The use of deep learning in speech recognition was analyzed and a proper deep learning architecture was identified. A method using convolutional neural network (CNN) is used with the aim of enhancing the performance of speech recognition systems (SRS). This study found that this CNN-based approach achieves a 94.32% validated accuracy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion speech recognition is a developing field in machine learning. The main purpose of this field is to produce a convenient system that is able to effortlessly communicate and interact with humans. The reliability of the current speech emotion recognition systems is far from being achieved. However, this is a challenging task due to the gap between acoustic features and human emotions, which rely strongly on the discriminative acoustic features extracted for a given recognition task. The speech signals were process with information which is divided into two main categories, linguistic and paralinguistic; emotions belong to the latter tree. The aim of this work is to develop a system that can understand paralinguistic information for paramount better human-machine interactions. A different extracted features like MFCC as well as feature classifications methods like HMM, GMM, LTSTM and ANN were used. In this paper, an improved architecture of CNN for speech emotion recognition were implemented. The main finding that the proposed CNN model achieved 93.96% accuracy rate in detecting emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities recognition from motion capture data is a challenging problem in the computer vision due to the fact that, in various human activities, different body components have distinctive characteristics in terms of the moving pattern. In this paper, a learning method of detecting an activity from different angles based on various sources of information is proposed. with high accuracy. The bottom up approach is used in OpenPose which is the tool used in this paper's experiments. The proposed method achieves promising results on Berkeley Multimodal Human Action Database (MHAD) datasets at 98% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deficit in electricity and high diesel costs affects the pumping requirements of community water supplies and irrigation; so using solar energy for water pumping is a promising alternative to conventional electricity and diesel based pumping systems. Water pumping system has a long history, so many methods have been developed to pump water. Manual pumping is the common method for many years, but it is impractical for many applications, such as unmanned or remote wells. Many pumping systems require an independent power source like an engine or electric power. Engines can provide the higher amount of the water, but they are requiring the fuel and regular maintenance. Due to minimize the cost the alternative source is used such as solar energy. This paper presents the study of a water pumping system powered by photovoltaics (PV) solar. The purpose of this article is to design, optimum sizing the batteries and the PV modules for the water pumping system and also to study about the characteristic of charging and discharging the batteries. Optimum sizing from SANDIA National Laboratories were used in sizing this system. The system based on the standalone system configuration which contains PV module, charge controller, batteries, and load. Based on this research, the design and sizing are able to running the system within the desired autonomy. The pattern of charging and discharging also been captured during this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer plays vital role in assisting fibers (micro or nano) formation via electrospinning method. In this study polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used and the concentration of the polymer was manipulated by varying its weight percent in the sol-gel solution. From the images obtained, it was observed that solution with low polymer concentration produced few but very small fibers. Increasing the polymer concentration in the sol-gel solution resulted in larger number of fibers being formed but it also increases the fibers diameter size. In term of roughness, sample with 12.5 wt% PVP has coarser surface of 327 nm while sample with 2.5 wt% has smoother surface of 22.559 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study on various types of windows by using Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) method. Types of windows which had been analysed were triangular, Hanning, hamming, Blackman and Gaussian. In selecting optimum window type and length, performance in term of accuracy by mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and memory using statistical approaches had been identified. The system had been tested on5000samples, with sampling frequency set at 12000 Hz. The range of window length was set from 32 to 8192 for every window type. The outcome showed that the proposed Blackman window, with length of512gavethe most accurate value, while maintaining the system memory as low as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adulterated foods are causing health-related issues since there is no rapid method available for the detection of food fraud. The main objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in differentiating pure palm oil from palm oil adulterated with recycled cooking oil in varying concentrations. The deep-frying process was carried out for chicken nuggets and French fries as fried items using palm oil as a frying medium to produce used frying oil. The refining and bleaching process was applied to used frying oil to generate recycled cooking oil. Adulterated samples were developed with different concentrations of recycled cooking oil in pure palm oil (1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). Principal component analysis was applied to analyze the distribution of pure and adulterated palm oil samples. The classification accuracy of the proposed method using handheld NIR spectroscopy in distinguishing adulterated samples of lower concentrations was found to be low (below 50%). Adulterated palm oil samples of recycled cooking oil (RCO) concentration (15% and above) were found to show classification accuracy of 100% when detected through handheld NIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food fraud had become a global food safety concern. Food adulteration is the top of the concern list when talking about food fraud. For example, the melamine incident obtained significant attention from worldwide due to its misuse as a food adulterant. It is a nitrogen-rich substance always added purposely to food such as milk powder to increase the apparent protein content and the profit without using expensive materials. It may lead to serious illness or death if the melamine content exceeds the permitted amount. Thus, the demanding safety and quality of the milk powder increased. This research will study effective and rapid fraud detection in milk powder by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Melamine was added to milk powder with different concentrations and detected it by near-infrared spectroscopy. The total of 130 spectral data from 10 adulterated samples and 30 unadulterated samples with 3 different lighting condition. The results data will be interpreted by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Logistics Regression (LR) to discriminate between adulterated and unadulterated samples. From the results, detection accuracy of 100 % can be achieved on training and independent test set after spectra pre-processing. The results show the feasibility of NIR with the combination of PCA and LR as it can use as a fast screening tool for fraud detection in milk powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive spectrum monitoring solution device is essentially required for the telco industry and military. There are few objectives for this project. This futuristic device can detect any spectrum that lingering around in free space. With this device, it is lightweight and can carry to anywhere at any time. Moreover, it is cheap and affordable to be purchased. Simple circuit is used for the assembly of the hardware to ease for any troubleshoot. 1.8GHz rectangular patch antenna is used for receiving the input signal from the free space. In order to design the antenna, CST software is used to do simulation for the designed antenna. It can detect any spectrum from 24MHz to 1766 MHz as it using Rafael Micro R820T, which is RTL-SDR dongle for the tuner. Thus, the signal can be processed by using a microcontroller called as Raspberry Pi. Python language is used as coding for the software application. Raspbian OS, which is an operating system for the Raspberry Pi has been installed so that the microcontroller can be used as desktop like a computer. It acquired power supply from the powerbank, which can be carried around without getting attached by the power supply socket. A 3.5" LCD touchscreen attached on top of the microcontroller is used as the interface of the Raspbian OS and monitor the output of the project. Last but not least, SSH connection is used as Internet of Things (IoT) to act as remote control from the phone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water monitoring system is a system than monitor the condition of water. This system monitor the water on several condition. The condition monitored by this system is water level and turbidity value. For water level, the depth of the water is taken by ultrasonic method. For turbidity, the higher the reading from the sensor, the higher the turbidity of the water. For pH value, if the value of the reading is more than 7, the water is in alkaline condition. If the value of reading is less than 7, the water is in acidic condition.In this project, this system is using Raspberry Pi 2 as its main controller. Several sensor are used such as ultrasonic sensor and turbidity sensor. The reading from the sensor is then send to Raspberry Pi and the the value is send to the other devices or webpage through wifi module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry surface electrocardiogram electrode that gives the flexibility and conductivity have been studied before by other researchers using conductive polymer composite. This paper presents the development of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) as filler and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as polymer matrix. Solution mixing has been used to synthesize the MWCNT in Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) for better dispersion before combining with PDMS which then the mixture were poured into mold. To investigate the material and electrical properties of polymer composite fabricated electrode, Raman Spectroscopy Analysis was used. It was found that, the Raman band for fabricated electrodes have peaks at D-band (1351 cm-1), G-band (1593 cm-1) but there was no peak at 2D-band. This Raman Spectroscopy also being measured for MWCNT powder and pure PDMS in order to distinguish the shape of Raman Graph. From the results obtained, the MWCNT/PDMS composite electrode shows similar shape to pure PDMS Raman spectrum. This indicates the fabricated electrode is not conductive and more inclined towards insulating properties. The electrical test conforms well to the Raman results which shows non-conductive behavior. Further studies need to be executed to determine the optimized weight ratio between MWCNT and PDMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the spectrum demand increasing with time, so, the directivity and efficiency of antenna array now become a vital issue. Mostly, researchers have used a planar antenna array to get a high directive antenna with better performances. However, the planar array's gain is limited. It contributes high sidelobe levels and strong mutual coupling effects those need to overcome. In this paper, a new configuration of 4 elements circular equivalent planar array has been proposed to achieve high gain and directivity with lower sidelobe level. After being designed and simulated, the proposed antenna array has achieved high directivity of 15.3 dBi with 85 % radiation efficiency. Besides, the array has a maximum realized gain of 14.51 dB and low sidelobe level of – 15.1 dB. In turn, the high directivity of the proposed antenna array resonating at 5.8 GHz with very minimum return loss makes it suitable for Radar application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were successfully prepared using two-step (spin-coating and chemical bath deposition) process. Indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate was used, and before the growth process, the seed layer of ZnO was prepared on the substrate. In this study, growth time or growth durations were varied, to study its effect towards ZnO nanorod properties. Growth time was varied from 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours. Physical, optical and structural characterizations were conducted, to explore the properties of grown ZnO nanorods. Field emission scanning electron microscope determined that morphology structure of ZnO nanorods changes, with distinct growth duration. Ultra-violet visible spectrometer indicates that growth time or growth duration change the optical characteritics of ZnO nanorods thin film, of which transmittance and absorbance affected by the changes of growth duration. In addition, x-ray diffraction shows the crystallinity of ZnO nanorods improved when growth time increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation (5G) forums in ASEAN countries have proposed lower frequency bands for 5G applications at 4.5 – 5.5 GHz and also the fixed-satellite service (FSS) has realised 3.3 – 3.8 GHz in C-band for 5G cellular communication recently, which leads the necessity of proposing antennas for the particular bands. In this paper, a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antenna with dual band-notched characteristics has been proposed for lower 5G bands. The UWB has been achieved with a partial ground plane and further two notched 5G bands have been obtained with a rectangular slot on the patch and by connecting an arc shape open loop (ASOL) on top of the patch. The antenna has achieved a wide – 10 dB bandwidth of around 12.4 GHz (2.91 – 15.3 GHz) and VSWR < 2 except for two notched lower 5G bands of 3.3 – 4.2 GHz and 4.5 – 5.5 GHz. Besides, the proposed antenna has achieved a peak radiation efficiency of more than 80 % for UWB, while at the notched bands as low as 40%. Moreover, the proposed antenna is compact with a dimension of 29×23 mm2 that makes it suitable for lower 5G bands application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The network lifetime is a vital research area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), K-means are potential solutions that prolongs the network lifetime. However, there are limitations hampering these algorithms, such as the number of clusters is a fixed value and the initial positions of the cluster centroids are predetermined locations. A bad choice of initial centroids leads to a bad clustering and a high energy consumption, thus this paper proposes two phases optimization of initial centroids called X-means; first K-means cluster formed then they are slit into multiple clusters. In general, clusters constructed using tentative CHs selected by K-means algorithm as an initial phase, After that, each cluster gives birth to children, then these children compete to form clusters and the surviving children are the final clusters. The simulation results showed that X-means outperforms the traditional K-means algorithm and it has reduced energy consumption by optimizing clusters initial positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, in the hospital, cervical cancer is in the higher rank (number two) of the most popular cancer among ladies in the world. This type of cancer develops in the woman's cervix, which the womb is the entrance. The nucleus of the normal cell is in a smaller size compared to the abnormal nucleus. The abnormal nucleus has a bigger size, which sometimes, the size cannot be identified accurately by seeing with bare eyes to classify the stages of cervical cancer. As the solution, to detect and classifying the cells using methods through Pap smear images technique for handling the paper objectives with the better performance required. This method may improve the accuracy of the detection and the classification which to show better performance with the balance data and samples. Based on all of the results classified, the five methods were compared such as Wolf method, Nick method, Niblack method, Bradley method, and Bernsen method has been determined. Then, the Bradley method showed the best result of the cervical cancer threshold which has been chosen in this project. Furthermore, method modification has been made as to the new method of detection for the nucleus successfully proposed as stated in the project objective. After that, the analysis of the specificity, accuracy, PSNR, sensitivity, and F-Measure determined. All of the results of data analysis showed that the proposed method has a high percentage of the accuracy in total average, in which the project system performance of nucleus detection is good. Nevertheless, the analysis of the nucleus feature in terms of size by obtaining the area and the perimeter of the foreground (nucleus) made as the classification of cells were classed into three classes has been successfully made as to the second project objective. The three classes of cells finally success to identify, those are the 'Abnormal Cell', 'Intermediate Cell', and 'Normal Cell'. This study could perhaps encourage researchers throughout the field in seeing the researched risk associated with some of the methods and to provide a solid base for design and implementing new algorithms or implementing new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]