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5. Compassionate Care and Evidence-Based Medicine

Author

Haslam, David, Marini, Maria Giulia, Series Editor, McFarland, Jonathan, Series Editor, Boyce-Tillman, June, Editorial Board Member, Delorenzo, Christian, Editorial Board Member, Farkas, Carol-Ann, Editorial Board Member, Frey, Marco, Editorial Board Member, Messner, Angelika, Editorial Board Member, Vagnarelli, Federica, Editorial Board Member, Varsou, Ourania, Editorial Board Member, Vickers, Neil, Editorial Board Member, Samoutis, Andreas, editor, Samoutis, George, editor, Stylianou, Neophytos, editor, Anastasiou, Andreas, editor, and Lionis, Christos, editor

Published
2023
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12. Multi-omics analysis of mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after birth

Author

Wimmers, Florian, Burrell, Allison R., Feng, Yupeng, Zheng, Hong, Arunachalam, Prabhu S., Hu, Mengyun, Spranger, Sara, Nyhoff, Lindsay E., Joshi, Devyani, Trisal, Meera, Awasthi, Mayanka, Bellusci, Lorenza, Ashraf, Usama, Kowli, Sangeeta, Konvinse, Katherine C., Yang, Emily, Blanco, Michael, Pellegrini, Kathryn, Tharp, Gregory, Hagan, Thomas, Chinthrajah, R. Sharon, Nguyen, Tran T., Grifoni, Alba, Sette, Alessandro, Nadeau, Kari C., Haslam, David B., Bosinger, Steven E., Wrammert, Jens, Maecker, Holden T., Utz, Paul J., Wang, Taia T., Khurana, Surender, Khatri, Purvesh, Staat, Mary A., and Pulendran, Bali

Published
2023
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13. Intestinal permeability in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation correlates with systemic acute phase responses and dysbiosis

Author

Wang, YunZu Michele, Abdullah, Sheyar, Luebbering, Nathan, Langenberg, Lucille, Duell, Alexandra, Lake, Kelly, Lane, Adam, Hils, Brian, Vazquez Silva, Ormarie, Trapp, Monica, Nalapareddy, Kodandaramireddy, Koo, Jane, Denson, Lee A., Jodele, Sonata, Haslam, David B., Faubion, William A., Davies, Stella M., and Khandelwal, Pooja

Published
2023
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19. Contributors

Author

Abzug, Mark J., primary, Adderson, Elisabeth E., additional, Agarwal, Aastha, additional, Agwu, Allison L., additional, Albenberg, Lindsey, additional, Albert, Jonathan, additional, Alby, Kevin, additional, Aldrovandi, Grace M., additional, Allen, Upton D., additional, Alvarez-Hernndez, Gerardo, additional, Ampofo, Krow, additional, Anderson, Evan J., additional, Appiah, Grace D., additional, Ardura, Monica I., additional, Arnon, Stephen S., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Arvin, Ann M., additional, Ashkenazi, Shai, additional, Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, Liat, additional, Asturias, Edwin J., additional, Aukstuolis, Kestutis, additional, Badalyan, Vahe, additional, Baker, Carol J., additional, Balakrishnan, Karthik, additional, Barnett, Elizabeth D., additional, Bechtel, Kirsten, additional, Benitz, William E., additional, Berkovich, Rachel, additional, Berman, David M., additional, Bialek, Stephanie R., additional, Bijker, Else M., additional, Bizzarro, Matthew J., additional, Bloch, Karen C., additional, Bocchini, Joseph A., additional, Boyce, Thomas G., additional, Bradley, John S., additional, Bratcher, Denise F., additional, Braverman, Paula K., additional, Brook, Itzhak, additional, Brown, Kevin Edward, additional, Bryant, Kristina P., additional, Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F., additional, Caete-Gibas, Connie F., additional, Cantey, Joseph B., additional, Cantey, Paul, additional, Cardemil, Cristina V., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castagnini, Luis A., additional, Cataldi, Jessica R., additional, Chadwick, Ellen Gould, additional, Chancey, Rebecca J., additional, Cherry, Cara C., additional, Chiang, Silvia S., additional, Choi, Mary, additional, Christenson, John C., additional, Coffin, Susan E., additional, Cohn, Amanda, additional, Contopoulos-Ioannidis, Despina G., additional, Conway, James H., additional, Cortese, Margaret M., additional, Creech, C. Buddy, additional, Crews, Jonathan D., additional, Curtis, Donna, additional, Curtis, Nigel, additional, Danziger-Isakov, Lara A., additional, Darville, Toni, additional, Dasch, Gregory A., additional, Daskalaki, Irini, additional, Davies, H. Dele, additional, Dawood, Fatimah S., additional, Day, J. Christopher, additional, Teresa de la Morena, M., additional, DeMuri, Gregory P., additional, Despommier, Dickson D., additional, Dodson, Daniel S., additional, Dolgner, Stephen J., additional, Dunn, Clinton, additional, Dyal, Jonathan, additional, Edwards, Kathryn M., additional, Edwards, Morven S., additional, Eichenfield, Dawn Z., additional, Eichenfield, Lawrence F., additional, Elston, Dirk M., additional, Emerson, Beth, additional, Enane, Leslie A., additional, Ephros, Moshe, additional, Erdem, Guliz, additional, Eremeeva, Marina E., additional, Esposito, Douglas H., additional, Farley, Monica M., additional, Feingold, Anat R., additional, Feja, Kristina N., additional, Finn, Adam, additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Fisher, Brian T., additional, Fisher, Randall G., additional, Flynn, Patricia Michele, additional, Foster, Monique A., additional, Fox, LeAnne M., additional, Frank, Michael M., additional, Fredrick, Douglas R., additional, Frenck, Robert W., additional, Gaensbauer, James, additional, Gans, Hayley A., additional, Gauthier, Gregory M., additional, Gavigan, Patrick, additional, Gerber, Jeffrey S., additional, Gernez, Yael, additional, Gigliotti, Francis, additional, Gilger, Mark A., additional, Glaser, Carol A., additional, Gould, Jane M., additional, Graziano, James, additional, Green, Amanda M., additional, Green, Michael, additional, Griffin, Daniel, additional, Griffin, Patricia M., additional, Griffith, David C., additional, Gupta, Piyush, additional, Gutelius, Bruce J., additional, Gutman, Julie R., additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Hamdy, Rana F., additional, Han, Jin-Young, additional, Handy, Lori K., additional, Hanisch, Benjamin, additional, Harper, Marvin B., additional, Harris, Aaron M., additional, Harrison, Christopher J., additional, Haslam, David B., additional, Haston, Julia C., additional, Hawkes, Sarah.J., additional, Heald-Sargent, Taylor, additional, Hendley, J. Owen, additional, Hersh, Adam L., additional, Hilinski, Joseph A., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Hong, David K., additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Hsu, Katherine K., additional, Huang, Felicia Scaggs, additional, Hunstad, David A., additional, Hunt, W. Garrett, additional, Hwang, Loris Y., additional, Ilboudo, Christelle M., additional, Jaggi, Preeti, additional, Jean, Sophonie, additional, Jhaveri, Ravi, additional, Jirk-Pomajbkov, Kateina, additional, Kadry, Nadia A., additional, Kamb, Mary L., additional, Kapadia, Ronak K., additional, Katz, Ben Z., additional, Katz, Sophie E., additional, Kaur, Ishminder, additional, Kersh, Gilbert J., additional, Khan, Muhammad Ali, additional, Khurana, Ananta, additional, Kimberlin, David W., additional, Klein, Bruce, additional, Kobayashi, Miwako, additional, Kociolek, Larry K., additional, Koh, Andrew Y., additional, Kotloff, Karen L., additional, Kroger, Andrew T., additional, Kronman, Matthew P., additional, Lalor, Leah, additional, Lauren, Christine T., additional, Leber, Amy, additional, Leshem, Eyal, additional, Lewis, David B., additional, Livingston, Robyn A., additional, Llata, Eloisa, additional, Lloyd, Kevin, additional, Loh, Katrina, additional, Long, Sarah S., additional, Lopman, Benjamin A., additional, Lucero, Yalda C., additional, Lugo, Debra J., additional, Lujn-Zilbermann, Jorge, additional, Maldonado, Yvonne A., additional, Manaloor, John J., additional, Manthiram, Kalpana, additional, Martin, Stacey W., additional, Mathew, Roshni, additional, Mazzulli, Tony, additional, McFarland, Elizabeth J., additional, McGann, Kathleen A., additional, McNamara, Lucy A., additional, Meislich, Debrah, additional, Meissner, H. Cody, additional, Mejias, Asuncion, additional, Mertsola, Jussi, additional, Messacar, Kevin, additional, Mhaissen, Mohammad Nael, additional, Michaels, Marian G., additional, Miller, Melissa B., additional, Miller-Handley, Hilary, additional, Mintz, Eric, additional, Mohan, Parvathi, additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Montoya, Jose G., additional, Moorman, Anne C., additional, Moro, Pedro L., additional, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, additional, Muller, William J., additional, Myers, Angela L., additional, Nadel, Simon, additional, Nayak, Jennifer Lynn, additional, Neely, Michael Noel, additional, Neil, Karen P., additional, Nelson, Christina A., additional, Nelson, Noele P., additional, Nichols, Megin, additional, Nicholson, William, additional, Nopper, Amy Jo, additional, Norton, Laura E., additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, Olarte, Liset, additional, Onarecker, Timothy R., additional, Orenstein, Walter A., additional, ORyan, Miguel, additional, Otto, William R., additional, Ouellette, Christopher P., additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Palazzi, Debra L., additional, Panuganti, Suresh Kumar, additional, Pappas, Diane E., additional, Paret, Michal, additional, Pastula, Daniel M., additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Petersen, Brett W., additional, Petrosyan, Mikael, additional, Pickering, Larry K., additional, Pindyck, Talia, additional, Pinninti, Swetha, additional, Pittet, Laure F., additional, Planet, Paul J., additional, Pollard, Andrew J., additional, Posfay-Barbe, Klara M., additional, Poulsen, Casper S., additional, Poutanen, Susan M., additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Prasanphanich, Nina Salinger, additional, Pritt, Bobbi S., additional, Prober, Charles G., additional, Puar, Neha, additional, Quilter, Laura A.S., additional, Ramilo, Octavio, additional, Rao, Suchitra, additional, Ratner, Adam J., additional, Rawstron, Sarah A., additional, Read, Jennifer S., additional, Relich, Ryan F., additional, Reller, Megan E., additional, Robinson, Candice L., additional, Romero, Jos R., additional, Rosen, David A., additional, Ross, Shannon A., additional, Rours, G. Ingrid J.G., additional, Rowe, Peter C., additional, Rowley, Anne H., additional, Rubin, Lorry G., additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Sacharok, Alexandra, additional, Sandora, Thomas J., additional, Sapp, Sarah G.H., additional, Sardana, Kabir, additional, Sauberan, Jason B., additional, Schaffzin, Joshua K., additional, Schillie, Sarah, additional, Schuster, Jennifer E., additional, Schwartz, Kevin L., additional, Sederdahl, Bethany K., additional, Serpa-Alvarez, Jose, additional, Shah, Kara N., additional, Shah, Samir S., additional, Shaikh, Nader, additional, Shane, Andi L., additional, Shapiro, Eugene D., additional, Shaw, Jana, additional, Shetty, Avinash K., additional, Shope, Timothy R., additional, Dairiki Shortliffe, Linda M., additional, Shulman, Stanford T., additional, Shust, Gail F., additional, Siberry, George Kelly, additional, Siegel, Jane D., additional, Siegel, Robert David, additional, Simonsen, Kari A., additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Smith, Lauren L., additional, Song, Eunkyung, additional, Souder, Emily, additional, Spearman, Paul, additional, St. Geme, Joseph W., additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Starke, Jeffrey R., additional, Statler, Victoria A., additional, Steinbach, William J., additional, Stensvold, Christen Rune, additional, Stokes, Erin K., additional, Stoner, Bradley P., additional, Storch, Gregory A., additional, Straily, Anne, additional, Sullivan, Kathleen E., additional, Swanson, Douglas S., additional, Tanz, Robert R., additional, Taormina, Gillian, additional, Tate, Jacqueline E., additional, Taveras, Jeanette, additional, Tebruegge, Marc, additional, Teshale, Eyasu H., additional, Thompson, George R., additional, Thompson-Stone, Robert, additional, Thomsen, Isaac, additional, Thomson, Richard B., additional, Thorell, Emily A., additional, Tien, Vivian, additional, Tobin, Nicole H., additional, Toltzis, Philip, additional, Treat, James, additional, Troy, Stephanie B., additional, Van Dvke, Russell B., additional, Vaz, Louise Elaine, additional, Vijayan, Vini, additional, Vodzak, Jennifer, additional, Wagner, Thor A., additional, Wald, Ellen R., additional, Wallihan, Rebecca, additional, Wang, Huanyu, additional, Wangu, Zoon, additional, Washam, Matthew, additional, Waters, Valerie, additional, Watson, Joshua R., additional, Weatherhead, Jill E., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Weng, Mark K., additional, Wiederhold, Nathan P., additional, Wiesenfeld, Harold C., additional, Williams, Cydni, additional, Williams, John V., additional, Willoughby, Rodney E., additional, Wittler, Robert R., additional, Wood, James B., additional, Woods, Charles Reece, additional, Workowski, Kimberly A., additional, Wright, Terry W., additional, Wu, Hsi-Yang, additional, Xu, Huan, additional, Yagupsky, Pablo, additional, Yi, Jumi, additional, Yoder, Jonathan, additional, Young, Edward J., additional, Zaenglein, Andrea L., additional, Zimmermann, Petra, additional, and Zong, Wenjing, additional

Published
2023
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22. Phenotype-Agnostic Molecular Subtyping of Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Cincinnati Cohort Biomarker Program (CCBP)

Author

Sturchio, Andrea, Marsili, Luca, Vizcarra, Joaquin A, Dwivedi, Alok K, Kauffman, Marcelo A, Duker, Andrew P, Lu, Peixin, Pauciulo, Michael W, Wissel, Benjamin D, Hill, Emily J, Stecher, Benjamin, Keeling, Elizabeth G, Vagal, Achala S, Wang, Lily, Haslam, David B, Robson, Matthew J, Tanner, Caroline M, Hagey, Daniel W, Andaloussi, Samir El, Ezzat, Kariem, Fleming, Ronan MT, Lu, Long J, Little, Max A, and Espay, Alberto J

Subjects
Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Aging, Neurodegenerative, Genetics, Prevention, Brain Disorders, Patient Safety, Neurosciences, Human Genome, Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, Good Health and Well Being, biomarkers, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, cohort, drug repurposing, bioassay, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cognitive Sciences, Biological psychology
Abstract

Ongoing biomarker development programs have been designed to identify serologic or imaging signatures of clinico-pathologic entities, assuming distinct biological boundaries between them. Identified putative biomarkers have exhibited large variability and inconsistency between cohorts, and remain inadequate for selecting suitable recipients for potential disease-modifying interventions. We launched the Cincinnati Cohort Biomarker Program (CCBP) as a population-based, phenotype-agnostic longitudinal study. While patients affected by a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders will be deeply phenotyped using clinical, imaging, and mobile health technologies, analyses will not be anchored on phenotypic clusters but on bioassays of to-be-repurposed medications as well as on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, microbiomics, and pharmacogenomics analyses blinded to phenotypic data. Unique features of this cohort study include (1) a reverse biology-to-phenotype direction of biomarker development in which clinical, imaging, and mobile health technologies are subordinate to biological signals of interest; (2) hypothesis free, causally- and data driven-based analyses; (3) inclusive recruitment of patients with neurodegenerative disorders beyond clinical criteria-meeting patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and (4) a large number of longitudinally followed participants. The parallel development of serum bioassays will be aimed at linking biologically suitable subjects to already available drugs with repurposing potential in future proof-of-concept adaptive clinical trials. Although many challenges are anticipated, including the unclear pathogenic relevance of identifiable biological signals and the possibility that some signals of importance may not yet be measurable with current technologies, this cohort study abandons the anchoring role of clinico-pathologic criteria in favor of biomarker-driven disease subtyping to facilitate future biosubtype-specific disease-modifying therapeutic efforts.

Published
2020

31. The Scrubbing Olympics

Author

Spears, Kathi, primary, Goodin, Chelsea S., additional, Meyer, Rachel, additional, Kusnier, Kaitlyn, additional, Haslam, David, additional, Dandoy, Dr. Christopher E., additional, Davies, Stella M., additional, and Badia, Priscila, additional

Published
2024
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32. Administration of Human Milk Oligosaccharide (2′-fucosyllactose) Reduces Dysbiosis and Increases Short Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Young Adults Following HSCT: A Prospective, Single-Center Study

Author

Ramos, Kristie N., primary, Lake, Kelly E., additional, Hoerth, Colin, additional, Langenberg, Lucille, additional, Luebbering, Nathan, additional, Haslam, David, additional, Newburg, David, additional, Morrow, Ardythe L, additional, Ollberding, Nicholas J., additional, Denson, Lee A, additional, Watanabe-Chailland, Miki, additional, Romick-Rosendale, Lindsey, additional, Davies, Stella M., additional, and Khandelwal, Pooja, additional

Published
2024
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33. AB569, a nontoxic chemical tandem that kills major human pathogenic bacteria

Author

McDaniel, Cameron T., Panmanee, Warunya, Winsor, Geoffrey L., Gill, Erin, Bertelli, Claire, Schurr, Michael J., Dongare, Prateek, Paul, Andrew T., Ko, Seung-Hyun B., Lau, Gee W., Dasgupta, Nupur, Bogue, Amy L., Miller, William E., Mortensen, Joel E., Haslam, David B., Dexheimer, Phillip, Muruve, Daniel A., Aronow, Bruce J., Forbes, Malcolm D. E., Danilczuk, Marek, Brinkman, Fiona S. L., Hancock, Robert E. W., Meyer, Thomas J., and Hassett, Daniel J.

Published
2020

34. Intestinal epithelial HDAC3 and MHC class II coordinate microbiota-specific immunity

Author

Eshleman, Emily M., Shao, Tzu-Yu, Woo, Vivienne, Rice, Taylor, Engleman, Laura, Didriksen, Bailey J., Whitt, Jordan, Haslam, David B., Way, Sing Sing, and Alenghat, Theresa

Subjects
Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects, Immunological research, Inflammation -- Development and progression, Major histocompatibility complex -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects, Hydrolases -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects, Immune response -- Research, Enzymes -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects, Epithelial cells -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects, Gastrointestinal diseases -- Development and progression, Health care industry
Abstract

Aberrant immune responses to resident microbes promote inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic inflammatory conditions. However, how microbiota-specific immunity is controlled in mucosal tissues remains poorly understood. Here, we found that mice lacking epithelial expression of microbiota-sensitive histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) exhibited increased accumulation of commensal-specific [CD4.sup.+] T cells in the intestine, provoking the hypothesis that epithelial HDAC3 may instruct local microbiota-specific immunity. Consistent with this, microbiota-specific [CD4.sup.+] T cells and epithelial HDAC3 expression were concurrently induced following early-life microbiota colonization. Further, epithelium-intrinsic ablation of HDAC3 decreased commensal-specific Tregs, increased commensal-specific Th17 cells, and promoted T cell-driven colitis. Mechanistically, HDAC3 was essential for NF-[kappa]B-dependent regulation of epithelial MHC class II (MHCII). Epithelium-intrinsic MHCII dampened local accumulation of commensal-specific Th17 cells in adult mice and protected against microbiota-triggered inflammation. Remarkably, HDAC3 enabled the microbiota to induce MHCII expression on epithelial cells and limit the number of commensal-specific T cells in the intestine. Collectively, these data reveal a central role for an epithelial histone deacetylase in directing the dynamic balance of tissue- intrinsic [CD4.sup.+] T cell subsets that recognize commensal microbes and control inflammation., Introduction The gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microorganisms, collectively termed the microbiota, which form symbiotic relationships with mammalian cells and play a significant role in mediating health and [...]

Published
2023
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40. Improving Oral Health and Modulating the Oral Microbiome to Reduce Bloodstream Infections from Oral Organisms in Pediatric and Young Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Badia, Priscila, Andersen, Heidi, Haslam, David, Nelson, Adam S., Pate, Abigail R., Golkari, Sara, Teusink-Cross, Ashley, Flesch, Laura, Bedel, Ashely, Hickey, Victoria, Kramer, Kathi, Lane, Adam, Davies, Stella M., Thikkurissy, Sarat, and Dandoy, Christopher E.

Published
2020
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42. Thermoneutral Housing Enables Studies of Vertical Transmission of Obesogenic Diet-Driven Metabolic Diseases

Author

Wayland, Jennifer L., primary, Doll, Jessica R., additional, Lawson, Matthew J., additional, Stankiewicz, Traci E., additional, Oates, Jarren R., additional, Sawada, Keisuke, additional, Damen, Michelle S. M. A., additional, Alarcon, Pablo C., additional, Haslam, David B., additional, Trout, Andrew T., additional, DeFranco, Emily A., additional, Klepper, Corie M., additional, Woo, Jessica G., additional, Moreno-Fernandez, Maria E., additional, Mouzaki, Marialena, additional, and Divanovic, Senad, additional

Published
2023
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44. Acute pancreatitis is associated with gut dysbiosis in children

Author

Dike, Chinenye, primary, Ollberding, Nicholas, additional, Thompson, Tyler, additional, Kotha, Nichole, additional, Minar, Phillip, additional, Vitale, David, additional, Lin, Tom, additional, Nasr, Alexander, additional, Denson, Lee, additional, Haslam, David, additional, and Abu-El-Haija, Maisam, additional

Published
2023
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48. IL-17-producing [gamma][delta] T cells protect against Clostridium difficile infection

Author

Chen, Yee-Shiuan, Chen, Iuan-Bor, Pham, Giang, Shao, Tzu-Yu, Bangar, Hansraj, Way, Sing Sing, and Haslam, David B.

Subjects
Inflammation, Antibiotics, Infection, T cells, Colitis, Morbidity, Setting (Literature), Infants, Newborn infants, Health care industry, Washington University. School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center
Abstract

Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection is a growing cause of human morbidity and mortality, especially after antibiotic use in health care settings. The natural immunity of newborn infants and protective host immune mediators against C. difficile infection are not fully understood, with data suggesting that inflammation can be either protective or pathogenic. Here, we show an essential role for IL-17A produced by [gamma][delta] T cells in host defense against C. difficile infection. Fecal extracts from children with C. difficile infection showed increased IL-17A and T cell receptor [gamma] chain expression, and IL-17 production by intestinal [gamma][delta] T cells was efficiently induced after infection in mice. C. difficile-induced tissue inflammation and mortality were markedly increased in mice deficient in IL-17A or [gamma][delta] T cells. Neonatal mice, with naturally expanded [ROR[gamma]t.sup.+] [gamma][delta] T cells poised for IL-17 production were resistant to C. difficile infection, whereas elimination of [gamma][delta] T cells or IL-17A each efficiently overturned neonatal resistance against infection. These results reveal an expanded role for IL-17-producing [gamma][delta] T cells in neonatal host defense against infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed resistance of infants to C. difficile colitis., Introduction Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus that colonizes the large intestine and causes colitis when normal microbiota communities are disrupted. C. difficile infection is [...]

Published
2020
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