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1. SmokeHaz: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of the Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Health

Author

Dautzenberg, Bertrand, Lundbäck, Bo, Fletcher, Monica, Turnbull, Archie, Katsaounou, Paraskevi, Heederik, Dick, Smyth, Dan, Ravara, Sofia, Sculier, Jean-Paul, Martin, Fernando, De Grada Orive, Jose Ignacio, Jayes, Leah, Haslam, Patricia L., Gratziou, Christina G., Powell, Pippa, Britton, John, Vardavas, Constantine, Jimenez-Ruiz, Carlos, and Leonardi-Bee, Jo

Published
2016
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17. Pulmonary endothelial permeability in patients with severe lung injury: clinical correlates and natural history

Author

Sinclair, David G., Braude, Stanley, Haslam, Patricia L., and Evans, Timothy W.

Subjects
Lungs -- Injuries, Acute respiratory distress syndrome -- Development and progression, Health, Development and progression, Injuries
Abstract

Study objective: To establish the natural history of lung injury in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in terms of increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Secondly, to relate such changes to the [...]

Published
1994

19. Increases in HLA-DQ, DP, DR, and transferrin receptors on alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis compared with fibrosing alveolitis

Author

Haslam, Patricia L., Parker, David J., and Townsend, Philip J.

Subjects
Flow cytometry -- Physiological aspects, Pulmonary fibrosis -- Physiological aspects, Antigenic determinants -- Physiological aspects, Macrophages -- Physiological aspects, Sarcoidosis -- Physiological aspects, Transferrin -- Physiological aspects, Health, Physiological aspects
Abstract

We have used flow cytometric methods to detect and quantify HLA-DR, DQ, and DP antigens and transferrin receptors on alveolar macrophages in lavage samples from 36 patients with granulomatous lung [...]

Published
1990

20. SmokeHaz: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the effects of smoking on respiratory health

Author

Jayes, Leah, Haslam, Patricia L., Gratziou, Christina G., Powell, Pippa, Britton, John, Vardavas, Constantine, Jimenez-Ruiz, Carlos, and Leonardi-Bee, Jo

Subjects
Smoking, Passive Smoking, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Respiratory Diseases, Lung Diseases, Health Risks, Policy Makers, Public Awareness
Abstract

Background: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is accessible and usable by public and policymakers presents a challenge. We have therefore summarised scientific data on the impact of smoking on respiratory diseases to provide the content for a unique resource, SmokeHaz. Methods: We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies (published to 2013) identified from electronic databases, grey literature, and experts. Random effect meta-analyses were used to pool the findings. Results: We included 216 papers. Among adult smokers, we confirmed substantially increased risks of lung cancer (Risk Ratio (RR) 10.92, 95% CI 8.28-14.40; 34 studies), COPD (RR 4.01, 95% CI 3.18-5.05; 22 studies) and asthma (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.07-2.42; 8 studies). Exposure to passive smoke significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in adult non-smokers; and increased the risks of asthma, wheeze, lower respiratory infections, and reduced lung function in children. Smoking significantly increased the risk of sleep apnoea, and asthma exacerbations in adult and pregnant populations; and active and passive smoking increased the risk of tuberculosis. Conclusions: These findings have been translated into easily digestible content and published on the SmokeHaz website (www.smokehaz.eu).

Published
2016

21. Smoking Control Is a Priority to Promote Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Health

Author

Jimenez-Ruiz, Carlos A, Sculier, Jean-Paul, Lundback, Bo, Vardavas, Constantine, Ignacio De Granda Orive, Jose, Katsaounou, Paraskevi, Haslam, Patricia, Heederik, Dick J J, Ravara, Sofia, Smyth, Dan, Martin, Fernando, Gratziou, Christina, ERS Tobacco Control Committee, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Infection & Immunity, Risk Assessment, and LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse)

Subjects
Coronacrisis-Taverne
Published
2015

22. SmokeHaz

Author

Jayes, Leah, primary, Haslam, Patricia L., additional, Gratziou, Christina G., additional, Powell, Pippa, additional, Britton, John, additional, Vardavas, Constantine, additional, Jimenez-Ruiz, Carlos, additional, Leonardi-Bee, Jo, additional, Dautzenberg, Bertrand, additional, Lundbäck, Bo, additional, Fletcher, Monica, additional, Turnbull, Archie, additional, Katsaounou, Paraskevi, additional, Heederik, Dick, additional, Smyth, Dan, additional, Ravara, Sofia, additional, Sculier, Jean-Paul, additional, Martin, Fernando, additional, and De Grada Orive, Jose Ignacio, additional

Published
2016
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25. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cellularity

Author

WELLS, ATHOL U., primary, HANSELL, DAVID M., additional, HASLAM, PATRICIA L., additional, RUBENS, MICHAEL B., additional, CAILES, JEREMY, additional, BLACK, CAROL M., additional, and du BOIS, ROLAND M., additional

Published
1998
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30. Immunomodulatory effects of pulmonary surfactant on natural killer cell and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.

Author

Wilsher, Margaret L., Hughes, D. A., and Haslam, Patricia L.

Subjects
STEROIDS, BIOMOLECULES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, LYMPHOCYTES, LIPIDS, IMMUNOMODULATORS
Abstract

Alveolar natural killer (NK) cells are functionally weak compared to their blood and interstitial counterparts. Having previously demonstrated that pulmonary surfactant suppresses lymphocyte responses to a variety of stimuli we sought in this study to determine if surfactant exerts a similar suppressive effect on cytotoxic function. Lipids were purified from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from normal human volunteers. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (n= 10 subjects) were cultured overnight in the presence or absence of purified BAL lipids (0.2 mg/ml), or pure preparations of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (0.4 mg/ml). Standard NK and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays were performed using K562 and Chang target cells. The pooled BAL lipids significantly suppressed both NK (P < 0.01) and ADCC (P = 0.01) activity in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas pure PC did not exert a significant effect, PG significantly suppressed (P < 0.01) and PE significantly enhanced (P < 0.01) both cytotoxic functions. There was no change in the expression of leu 7 or 11 b antigens by lymphocytes after culture in BAL lipids. These results suggest that under normal circumstances pulmonary surfactant may suppress alveolar cytotoxic responses but that imbalances in the phospholipid profile might affect this immunoregulatory properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1988

31. Immunoregulatory properties of pulmonary surfactant: influence of variations in the phospholipid profile.

Author

Wilsher, Margaret L., Hughes, D. A., and Haslam, Patricia L.

Subjects
PULMONARY surfactant, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, SERUM, LECITHIN, PHOSPHOINOSITIDES, LYMPHOCYTES, LIPIDS
Abstract

The aim of this study was to seek in vitro evidence to support our hypothesis that the immunosuppressive properties of pulmonary surfactant might be influenced by variations in phospholipid composition. Dose response studies conducted in scrum-free medium, have demonstrated that pure phospholipids of the major types found in pulmonary surfactant, namely phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) exhibit significant dose dependent suppression of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) (PC > PG > PI). By contrast, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), and the neutral lipid cholesterol (CH) augment the lymphoproliferative response in serum-free medium. The degree of suppression obtained using mixtures of various ratios of PC, PG and PI depended on the proportion of the most suppressive phospholipids (PC and PG), Similarly, increasing the proportion of PC in mixtures containing variable proportions of PE or CH resulted in increasing suppression of lymphoproliferation. Comparisons of the lipid fractions purified from pulmonary surfactant of three species (human, pig and rabbit) showed that the levels of suppression they induced reflected their relative content of phospholipids with the greatest immunosuppressive properties. We conclude that variations in phospholipid composition may affect the immunoregulatory properties of pulmonary surfactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1988

33. SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTIBODY IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA.

Author

Warwick, Maroaret Turner and Haslam, Patricia

Subjects
*IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, *SMOOTH muscle, *ANTIGENS, *ASTHMA, *AUTOANTIBODIES, *SERUM
Abstract

Circulating IgG antibodies reactive with smooth muscle antigens have been found in 21% of patients with intrinsic asthma contrasting with an incidence of 2.9% in extrinsic asthma and 3.7% in chronic bronchitis. This antibody is neither organ nor species specific and does not cross-react with cardiac or skeletal muscle. In some sera the pattern of fluorescence is distinct from that commonly seen in patients with liver disease and has a `streaky' appearance outlining the surface of individual muscle fibres, similar to the inter-myofibrillary pattern of some cardiac antibodies. Other autoantibodies were found in seven of the eleven positive sera, suggesting a heightened immunological reactivity in these patients with intrinsic asthma. There is no evidence from this study that the presence of smooth muscle anti-bodies is related to pathogenesis of asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1970

35. SmokeHaz Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of the Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Health

Author

Jayes, Leah, Haslam, Patricia L., Gratziou, Christina G., Powell, Pippa, Britton, John, Vardavas, Constantine, Jimenez-Ruiz, Carlos, Leonardi-Bee, Jo, Dautzenberg, Bertrand, Lundbäck, Bo, Fletcher, Monica, Turnbull, Archie, Katsaounou, Paraskevi, Heederik, Dick, Smyth, Dan, Ravara, Sofia, Sculier, Jean-Paul, Martin, Fernando, and De Grada Orive, Jose Ignacio

Subjects
meta-analysis, passive smoking, systematic review, respiratory diseases, health risks, policymakers, public awareness, smoking, lung diseases
Abstract

BackgroundSmoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is accessible and usable by the public and policymakers presents a challenge. We have therefore summarized scientific data on the impact of smoking on respiratory diseases to provide the content for a unique resource, SmokeHaz.MethodsWe conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies (published to 2013) identified from electronic databases, gray literature, and experts. Random effect meta-analyses were used to pool the findings.ResultsWe included 216 articles. Among adult smokers, we confirmed substantially increased risks of lung cancer (risk ratio (RR), 10.92; 95% CI, 8.28-14.40; 34 studies), COPD (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.18-5.05; 22 studies), and asthma (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.42; eight studies). Exposure to passive smoke significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increased the risks of asthma, wheeze, lower respiratory infections, and reduced lung function in children. Smoking significantly increased the risk of sleep apnea and asthma exacerbations in adult and pregnant populations, and active and passive smoking increased the risk of tuberculosis.ConclusionsThese findings have been translated into easily digestible content and published on the SmokeHaz website.

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36. Changes in Phosphatidylglycerol in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids from Patients with Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis

Author

Hughes, David A. and Haslam, Patricia L.

Abstract

In view of recent evidence that changes in phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant occur in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the aim of this study was to examine whether similar changes occur in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We have analyzed phospholipid profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from a group of 32 patients with “lone” cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) compared with 17 control subjects. Prior to treatment, resembling the findings in bleomycin fibrosis, many CFA patients had decreased proportions of phosphatidylglycerol (PC) (percent of total phospholipid; median 10.5, range 0 to 35.1 compared with 18.2, range 9.6 to 24.2 for the control group of similar age range and smoking habits; p<0.01). Following the initial lavage, the patients were treated with prednisolone. The initial percentage of PG levels did not predict response to prednisolone, but serial lavage studies conducted in 14 patients suggest that an early and sustained increase in percentage of PG following commencement of prednisolone is associated with clinical improvement. The reasons for the proportional reductions in phosphatidylglycerol, and whether they result in functional deficiency of surfactant in CFA, need to be explored. (Chest 1989; 95:82-89)

Published
1989
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38. Children must be protected from the tobacco industry's marketing tactics

Author

Hopkinson, Nicholas, Wallis, Colin, Higgins, Bernard, Gaduzo, Stephen, Sherrington, Rebecca, Keilty, Sarah, Stern, Myra, Britton, John, Bush, Andrew, Moxham, John, Sylvester, Karl, Griffiths, Valerie, Sutherland, Tim, Crossingham, Iain, Raju, Raghu, Spencer, Charlotte, Safavi, Shahideh, Deegan, Paul, Seymour, John, Hickman, Katherine, Hughes, John, Wieboldt, Jason, Shaheen, Fizah, Peedell, Clive, Mackenzie, Nesta, Nicholl, David, Jolley, Caroline, Crooks, Gillian, Dow, Claire, Deveson, Pete, Bintcliffe, Oliver, Gray, Barry, Kumar, Sanjay, Haney, Sarah, Docherty, Marianne, Thomas, Angela, Chua, Felix, Dwarakanath, Akshay, Summers, Geoffrey, Prowse, Keith, Lytton, Stephen, Ong, Yee Ean, Graves, Jennifer, Banerjee, Tushar, English, Peter, Leonard, Andrew, Brunet, Martin, Chaudhry, Nauman, Ketchell, Robert Ian, Cummings, Natalie, Lebus, Jenny, Sharp, Charles, Meadows, Chris, Harle, Amelie, Stewart, Tara, Parry, Diane, Templeton-Wright, Suzanne, Moore-Gillon, John, Stratford- Martin, James, Saini, Sarvesh, Matusiewicz, Simon, Merritt, Simon, Dowson, Lee, Satkunam, Karnan, Hodgson, Luke, Suh, Eui-Sik, Durrington, Hannah, Browne, Emma, Walters, Nicola, Steier, Joerg, Barry, Simon, Griffiths, Mark, Hart, Nicholas, Nikolic, Marko, Berry, Matthew, Thomas, Ajit, Miller, Joy, McNicholl, Diarmuid, Marsden, Paul, Warwick, Geoffrey, Barr, Laura, Adeboyeku, David, Mohd Noh, Mohd Shahrin, Griffiths, Paul, Davies, Lisa, Quint, Jennifer, Lyall, Rebecca, Shribman, Jonathan, Collins, Andrea, Goldman, Jon, Bloch, Susannah, Gill, Alison, Man, William, Christopher, Anne, Yasso, Razouqi, Rajhan, Ashwin, Shrikrishna, Dinesh, Moore, Caroline, Absalom, Gareth, Booton, Richard, Fowler, Robert William, Mackinlay, Carolyn, Sapey, Elizabeth, Lock, Sara, Walker, Paul, Jha, Akhilesh, Satia, Imran, Bradley, Bethia, Mustfa, Naveed, Haqqee, Raana, Thomas, Matt, Patel, Anant, Redington, Anthony, Pillai, Anilkumar, Keaney, Niall, Fowler, Stephen, Lowe, Lesley, Brennan, Amanda, Morrison, Douglas, Murray, Clare, Hankinson, Jenny, Dutta, P, Maddocks, Matthew, Pengo, Martino, Curtis, Katrina, Rafferty, Gerrard, Hutchinson, John, Whitfield, Ruth, Turner, Steve, Breen, Ronan, Naveed, Shams-un-nisa, Goode, Chris, Esterbrook, Georgina, Ahmed, Liju, Walker, Woolf, Ford, David, Connett, Gary, Davidson, Philip, Elston, Will, Stanton, Andrew, Morgan, David, Myerson, James, Maxwell, David, Harrris, Ann, Parmar, Sonia, Houghton, Catherine, Winter, Robert, Puthucheary, Zudin, Thomson, Fiona, Sturney, Sharon, Harvey, John, Haslam, Patricia L, Patel, Irem, Jennings, David, Range, Simon, Mallia-Milanes, Brendan, Collett, Anne, Tate, Paul, Russell, Richard, Feary, Johanna, O'Driscoll, Ronan, Eaden, James, Round, Jonathan, Sharkey, Emma, Montgomery, Mary, Vaughan, Sophie, Scheele, Kate, Lithgow, Anna, Partridge, Samuel, Chavasse, Richard, Restrick, Louise, Agrawal, Sanjay, Abdallah, Said, Lacy-Colson, Amruta, Adams, Nick, Mitchell, Sally, Haja Mydin, Helmy, Ward, Ann, Denniston, Sarah, Steel, Mark, Ghosh, Dipansu, Connellan, Stephen, Rigge, Lucy, Williams, Ruth, Grove, Alison, Anwar, Sadia, Dobson, Lee, Hosker, Harold, Stableforth, David, Greening, Neil, Howell, Tim, Casswell, Georgina, Davies, Sarah, Tunnicliffe, Georgia, Mitchelmore, Philip, Phitidis, Elpida, Robinson, Louise, Bafadhel, Mona, Robinson, Grace, Boland, Alison, Lipman, Marc, Bourke, Stephen, Kaul, Sundeep, Cowie, Calvin, Forrest, Ian, Starren, Elizabeth, Burke, Hannah, Furness, John, Bhowmik, Angshu, Everett, Caroline, Seaton, Douglas, Holmes, Steve, Doe, Simon, Parker, Samuel, Graham, Annika, Paterson, Ian, Maqsood, Usman, Ohri, Chandra, Iles, Peter, Kemp, Samuel, Iftikhar, Ahsan, Carlin, Chris, Fletcher, Tim, Emerson, Peter, Beasley, Victoria, Ramsay, Michelle, Buttery, Robert, Mungall, Sarah, Crooks, Stephen, Ridyard, John, Ross, David, Guadagno, Alison, Holden, Emma, Coutts, Ian, Cullen, Kathy, O'Connor, Sally, Barker, Jack, Sloper, Katherine, Watson, John, Smith, Peter, Anderson, Paul, Brown, Louise, Nyman, Cyril, Milburn, Heather, Clive, Amelia, Serlin, Matthew, Bolton, Charlotte, Fuld, Jonathan, Powell, Helen, Dayer, Mark, Woolhouse, Ian, Georgiadi, Adamantia, Leonard, Helen, Dodd, James, Campbell, Ian, Ruiz, Gary, Zurek, Andrew, Paton, James Y, Malin, Adam, Wood, Fraser, Hynes, Gareth, Connell, David, Spencer, David, Brown, Sarah, Smith, David, Cooper, David, O'Kane, Cecilia, Hicks, Alex, Creagh-Brown, Ben, Lordan, James, Nickol, Annabel, Primhak, Robert, Fleming, Louise, Powrie, Duncan, Brown, Joanna, Zoumot, Zaid, Elkin, Sarah, Szram, Joanna, Scaffardi, Anthony, Marshall, Robert, Macdonald, Ian, Lightbody, Darren, Farmer, Ray, Wheatley, Iain, Radnan, Paul, Lane, Ian, Booth, Andrew, Tilbrook, Sean, Capstick, Toby, Hewitt, Lee, McHugh, Martin, Nelson, Christopher, Wilson, Patrick, Padmanaban, Vijay, White, John, Davison, John, O'Callaghan, Una, Hodson, Matthew, Edwards, John, Campbell, Colin, Ward, Simon, Wooler, Edwina, Ringrose, Elizabeth, Bridges, Diana, Matthew Hodson, John Edwards, Colin Campbell, Simon Ward, Edwina Wooler, Elizabeth Ringrose, Diana Bridges, Rosalind Backham, Kim Randall, Tracey Mathieson, Long, Alex, Parkes, Marilyn, Clarke, Sarah, Allen, Bev, Connelly, Carol, Forster, Georgia, Hoadley, Jacky, Martin, Katharine, Barnham, Kate, Khan, Katie, Munday, Maureen, Edwards, Catherine, O'Hara, Doreen, Turner, Sally, Pieri-Davies, Sue, Ford, Kate, Daniels, Tracey, Wright, Joanne, Towns, Rebecca, Fern, Karen, Butcher, Jane, Burgin, Karen, Winter, Barbara, Freeman, Debbie, Olive, Sandra, Gray, Linda, Pye, Kathy, Roots, Debbie, Cox, Nicola, Davies, Carol-Anne, Wicker, Jacquelyne, Hilton, Kay, Lloyd, Jananee, MacBean, Vicky, Wood, Marion, Kowal, Julia, Downs, Janis, Ryan, Helen, Guyatt, Fran, Nicoll, Debby, Lyons, Elizabeth, Narasimhan, Divya, Rodman, Anne, Walmsley, Sandy, Newey, Alison, Buxton, Maria, Dewar, Maria, Cooper, Angela, Reilly, Jacqui, Lloyd, Julie, Macmillan, Alison Bennett, Olley, Amy, Voase, Nia, Martin, Sarah, McCarvill, Iona, Christensen, Anne, Agate, Rowan, Heslop, Karen, Timlett, Amber, Hailes, Karen, Davey, Claire, Pawulska, Barbara, Lane, Amber, Ioakim, Shona, Hough, Alexandra, Treharne, Jo, Jones, Helen, Winter-Burke, Alice, Miller, Lauren, Connolly, Bronwen, Bingham, Lyn, Fraser, Una, Bott, Julia, Johnston, Carol, Graham, Alison, Curry, Denise, Sumner, Helen, Costello, Carol Ann, Bartoszewicz, Charlotte, Badman, Ros, Williamson, Kathryn, Taylor, Amy, Purcell, Helen, Barnett, Emma, Molloy, Alanna, Crawfurd, Laura, Collins, Nicola, Monaghan, Valerie, Mir, Misbah, Lord, Victoria, Stocks, Janet, Edwards, Adrian, Greenhalgh, Trish, Lenney, Warren, McKee, Martin, McAuley, Danny, Majeed, Azeem, Cookson, John, Baker, Emma, Janes, Sam, Wedzicha, Wisia, Lomas Dean, David, Harrison, Brian, Davison, Tony, Calverley, Peter, Wilson, Robert, Stockley, Robert, Ayres, Jon, Gibson, John, Simpson, John, Burge, Sherwood, Warner, John, Thomson, Neil, Davies, Peter, Woodcock, Ashley, Woodhead, Mark, Spiro, Stephen, Ormerod, Lawrence, Bothamley, Graham, Partridge, Martyn, Shields, Michael, Montgomery, Hugh, Simonds, Anita, Barnes, Peter, Durham, Stephen, Malone, Sarah, Arabnia, Gilda, Olivier, Sharon, Gardiner, Karen, and Edwards, Sheila

Subjects
Marketing, Tobacco harm reduction, Government, Adolescent, Health professionals, business.industry, MEDLINE, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Products, General Medicine, Tobacco industry, United Kingdom, Lung disease, Environmental health, Tobacco in Alabama, Product Packaging, Humans, Medicine, Packaging and labeling, Child, business
Abstract

Every day in the UK, hundreds of children aged 11-15 years start smoking for the first time,1 2 and there is compelling evidence that children’s perceptions of cigarettes are influenced by branding.3 4 As health professionals working to prevent and treat lung disease caused by smoking, we welcome the government’s …

42. SmokeHaz: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of the Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Health.

Author

Jayes L, Haslam PL, Gratziou CG, Powell P, Britton J, Vardavas C, Jimenez-Ruiz C, and Leonardi-Bee J

Subjects
Humans, Public Health, Risk Factors, Respiratory Tract Diseases epidemiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases psychology, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is accessible and usable by the public and policymakers presents a challenge. We have therefore summarized scientific data on the impact of smoking on respiratory diseases to provide the content for a unique resource, SmokeHaz., Methods: We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies (published to 2013) identified from electronic databases, gray literature, and experts. Random effect meta-analyses were used to pool the findings., Results: We included 216 articles. Among adult smokers, we confirmed substantially increased risks of lung cancer (risk ratio (RR), 10.92; 95% CI, 8.28-14.40; 34 studies), COPD (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.18-5.05; 22 studies), and asthma (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.42; eight studies). Exposure to passive smoke significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increased the risks of asthma, wheeze, lower respiratory infections, and reduced lung function in children. Smoking significantly increased the risk of sleep apnea and asthma exacerbations in adult and pregnant populations, and active and passive smoking increased the risk of tuberculosis., Conclusions: These findings have been translated into easily digestible content and published on the SmokeHaz website., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2016
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43. Children must be protected from the tobacco industry's marketing tactics.

Author

Hopkinson N, Wallis C, Higgins B, Gaduzo S, Sherrington R, Keilty S, Stern M, Britton J, Bush A, Moxham J, Sylvester K, Griffiths V, Sutherland T, Crossingham I, Raju R, Spencer C, Safavi S, Deegan P, Seymour J, Hickman K, Hughes J, Wieboldt J, Shaheen F, Peedell C, Mackenzie N, Nicholl D, Jolley C, Crooks G, Crooks G, Dow C, Deveson P, Bintcliffe O, Gray B, Kumar S, Haney S, Docherty M, Thomas A, Chua F, Dwarakanath A, Summers G, Prowse K, Lytton S, Ong YE, Graves J, Banerjee T, English P, Leonard A, Brunet M, Chaudhry N, Ketchell RI, Cummings N, Lebus J, Sharp C, Meadows C, Harle A, Stewart T, Parry D, Templeton-Wright S, Moore-Gillon J, Stratford- Martin J, Saini S, Matusiewicz S, Merritt S, Dowson L, Satkunam K, Hodgson L, Suh ES, Durrington H, Browne E, Walters N, Steier J, Barry S, Griffiths M, Hart N, Nikolic M, Berry M, Thomas A, Miller J, McNicholl D, Marsden P, Warwick G, Barr L, Adeboyeku D, Mohd Noh MS, Griffiths P, Davies L, Quint J, Lyall R, Shribman J, Collins A, Goldman J, Bloch S, Gill A, Man W, Christopher A, Yasso R, Rajhan A, Shrikrishna D, Moore C, Absalom G, Booton R, Fowler RW, Mackinlay C, Sapey E, Lock S, Walker P, Jha A, Satia I, Bradley B, Mustfa N, Haqqee R, Thomas M, Patel A, Redington A, Pillai A, Keaney N, Fowler S, Lowe L, Brennan A, Morrison D, Murray C, Hankinson J, Dutta P, Maddocks M, Pengo M, Curtis K, Rafferty G, Hutchinson J, Whitfield R, Turner S, Breen R, Naveed SU, Goode C, Esterbrook G, Ahmed L, Walker W, Ford D, Connett G, Davidson P, Elston W, Stanton A, Morgan D, Myerson J, Maxwell D, Harrris A, Parmar S, Houghton C, Winter R, Puthucheary Z, Thomson F, Sturney S, Harvey J, Haslam PL, Patel I, Jennings D, Range S, Mallia-Milanes B, Collett A, Tate P, Russell R, Feary J, O'Driscoll R, Eaden J, Round J, Sharkey E, Montgomery M, Vaughan S, Scheele K, Lithgow A, Partridge S, Chavasse R, Restrick L, Agrawal S, Abdallah S, Lacy-Colson A, Adams N, Mitchell S, Haja Mydin H, Ward A, Denniston S, Steel M, Ghosh D, Connellan S, Rigge L, Williams R, Grove A, Anwar S, Dobson L, Hosker H, Stableforth D, Greening N, Howell T, Casswell G, Davies S, Tunnicliffe G, Mitchelmore P, Phitidis E, Robinson L, Prowse K, Bafadhel M, Robinson G, Boland A, Lipman M, Bourke S, Kaul S, Cowie C, Forrest I, Starren E, Burke H, Furness J, Bhowmik A, Everett C, Seaton D, Holmes S, Doe S, Parker S, Graham A, Paterson I, Maqsood U, Ohri C, Iles P, Kemp S, Iftikhar A, Carlin C, Fletcher T, Emerson P, Beasley V, Ramsay M, Buttery R, Mungall S, Crooks S, Ridyard J, Ross D, Guadagno A, Holden E, Coutts I, Cullen K, O'Connor S, Barker J, Sloper K, Watson J, Smith P, Anderson P, Brown L, Nyman C, Milburn H, Clive A, Serlin M, Bolton C, Fuld J, Powell H, Dayer M, Woolhouse I, Georgiadi A, Leonard H, Dodd J, Campbell I, Ruiz G, Zurek A, Paton JY, Malin A, Wood F, Hynes G, Connell D, Spencer D, Brown S, Smith D, Cooper D, O'Kane C, Hicks A, Creagh-Brown B, Lordan J, Nickol A, Primhak R, Fleming L, Powrie D, Brown J, Zoumot Z, Elkin S, Szram J, Scaffardi A, Marshall R, Macdonald I, Lightbody D, Farmer R, Wheatley I, Radnan P, Lane I, Booth A, Tilbrook S, Capstick T, Hewitt L, McHugh M, Nelson C, Wilson P, Padmanaban V, White J, Davison J, O'Callaghan U, Hodson M, Edwards J, Campbell C, Ward S, Wooler E, Ringrose E, Bridges D, Matthew Hodson, John Edwards, Colin Campbell, Simon Ward, Edwina Wooler, Elizabeth Ringrose, Diana Bridges, Rosalind Backham, Kim Randall, Tracey Mathieson, Long A, Parkes M, Clarke S, Allen B, Connelly C, Forster G, Hoadley J, Martin K, Barnham K, Khan K, Munday M, Edwards C, O'Hara D, Turner S, Pieri-Davies S, Ford K, Daniels T, Wright J, Towns R, Fern K, Butcher J, Burgin K, Winter B, Freeman D, Olive S, Gray L, Pye K, Roots D, Cox N, Davies CA, Wicker J, Hilton K, Lloyd J, MacBean V, Wood M, Kowal J, Downs J, Ryan H, Guyatt F, Nicoll D, Lyons E, Narasimhan D, Rodman A, Walmsley S, Newey A, Buxton M, Dewar M, Cooper A, Reilly J, Lloyd J, Macmillan AB, Roots D, Olley A, Voase N, Martin S, McCarvill I, Christensen A, Agate R, Heslop K, Timlett A, Hailes K, Davey C, Pawulska B, Lane A, Ioakim S, Hough A, Treharne J, Jones H, Winter-Burke A, Miller L, Connolly B, Bingham L, Fraser U, Bott J, Johnston C, Graham A, Curry D, Sumner H, Costello CA, Bartoszewicz C, Badman R, Williamson K, Taylor A, Purcell H, Barnett E, Molloy A, Crawfurd L, Collins N, Monaghan V, Mir M, Lord V, Stocks J, Edwards A, Greenhalgh T, Lenney W, McKee M, McAuley D, Majeed A, Cookson J, Baker E, Janes S, Wedzicha W, Lomas Dean D, Harrison B, Davison T, Calverley P, Wilson R, Stockley R, Ayres J, Gibson J, Simpson J, Burge S, Warner J, Lenney W, Thomson N, Davies P, Woodcock A, Woodhead M, Spiro S, Ormerod L, Bothamley G, Partridge M, Shields M, Montgomery H, Simonds A, Barnes P, Durham S, Malone S, Arabnia G, Olivier S, Gardiner K, and Edwards S

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Humans, Marketing standards, Product Packaging standards, Tobacco Industry standards, United Kingdom, Marketing legislation & jurisprudence, Product Packaging legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Products
Published
2013
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