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Les mouvements masticatoires sont générés par un réseau neuronal localisé dans le tronc cérébral connu sous le nom de générateur de patron central (GPC). De plus en plus d’évidences dans la littérature associent le noyau sensoriel principal du trijumeau (NVsnpr) au cœur rythmogène du GPC masticatoire, bien qu’il soit traditionnellement considéré comme un relais sensoriel au thalamus. La présente étude amène une nouvelle preuve de connectivité fonctionnelle entre le NVsnpr et le noyau moteur du trijumeau (NVmt) contenant les motoneurones (MNs) innervant les différents muscles masticatoires. Nos résultats indiquent que les neurones projetant vers NVmt sont situés dans le ¾ dorsal du NVsnpr. La stimulation électrique dans le NVsnpr dorsal évoque des réponses synaptiques excitatrices multiphasiques dans les MNs trigéminaux tandis que l'application locale de BAPTA, connue pour induire une activité rythmique dans les neurones du NVsnpr, évoqua aussi une activité rythmique dans les MNs, supportant davantage la relation fonctionnelle entre ces deux noyaux en termes de transmission de rythme. En imagerie calcique, la stimulation électrique de NVsnpr évoquait des réponses calciques dans les MNs situées principalement dans la région dorsolatérale contenant les MNs des muscles de fermeture et révéla un patron spécifique de connectivité entre les deux noyaux. L'organisation des projections semblait dépendre de manière critique de la localisation dorso-ventrale du site de stimulation au sein du NVsnpr. La principale tendance observée concernait la région DL de NVmt recevant des inputs du NVsnpr dorsal (R1 et R2), alors que la région ventromédiane de NVmt recevait plutôt des inputs de R2 et R3, qui représentent la majeure partie de la région intermédiaire du NVsnpr. Cette étude confirme et développe les expériences antérieures en explorant la nature physiologique et la topographie fonctionnelle de la connectivité entre NVsnpr et NVmt., Masticatory movements are generated by a brainstem neuronal network known as the central pattern generator (CPG). Increasing evidence associate the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (NVsnpr) to the rhythmogenic heart of the masticatory CPG, despite the fact that it is conventionally seen as a sensory relay to the thalamus. The present study provides new evidence of a functional connectivity between NVsnpr and the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt), known to contain all the motoneurons (MNs) innervating jaw muscles. Our results indicate that neurons projecting to NVmt are located in the dorsal ¾ region of NVsnpr. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal NVsnpr induced multiphasic excitatory synaptic responses in trigeminal MNs while BAPTA application, which causes NVsnpr neurons to fire rhythmically, also induced rhythmic firing in some MNs, further emphasizing the functional relationship between these two nuclei in terms of rhythm transmission. In our calcium imaging experiments, electrical stimulation of NVsnpr evoked calcium responses in MNs located mainly in the jaw-closing region of NVmt and revealed a specific pattern of connectivity between the two nuclei. The organization of the projections seemed to depend critically on the dorsoventral location of the stimulation site within NVsnpr. The dorsolateral region of NVmt received mainly inputs from the dorsal NVsnpr (R1 and R2), whereas the ventromedial region of NVmt was found to receive inputs from R2 and R3 which account for the major part of the intermediate division of the NVsnpr. This study confirms and develops earlier experiments by exploring the physiological nature and functional topography of the connectivity between NVsnpr and NVmt that was demonstrated in the past with neuroanatomical techniques.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study analytically and numerically the effect of a transverse magnetic field on the separation of species induced in an inclined rectangular porous cavity saturated with an electrically conducting mixture. Design/methodology/approach – The porous layer is assumed homogeneous and submitted from its long sides to uniform heat fluxes and to a magnetic field of strength B. The Darcy model combined with the Boussinesq approximation are used to study the heat and solute transfer in the medium. An analytical solution is developed on the basis of the parallel flow approximation. Numerical simulations are also performed in order to validate the analytical solution. The controlling parameters of this problem are the thermal Rayleigh number, the inclination of the enclosure, the separation parameter, the Hartmann number and the Lewis number. Findings – For given values of the thermal Rayleigh number, the inclination of the enclosure, the separation parameter and the Lewis number, there is an optimal magnetic field which leads to a maximum of separation. At relatively high Rayleigh numbers, where convection destroys the separation process, it is possible, with an optimal choice of the Hartman number, to recover a good level of separation. Research limitations/implications – Since the problem is governed by several parameters (five parameters), only the Darcy model was used in this study instead of the Darcy-Brinkman extended model even if the latter model allows to cover the pure fluid and Darcy porous media as limiting cases. Practical implications – In separation experiments, it is very difficult technically to work with small Rayleigh numbers due to technical difficulties. However, the process of separations is canceled at high Rayleigh number by the strength of convection which causes a mixing in the binary mixture. This study shows that, by using adequate combinations of the controlling parameters, it becomes possible to reach a good level of separation even at relatively high Rayleigh numbers. Originality/value – Optimum choice of the magnetic field and the inclination of the cavity may lead to a good level of the separation process. For large Lewis numbers, the separation vanishes far above and far below the optimal Ha. However, for small Lewis numbers, an important level of separation is maintained for any Ha located below the optimal value of the latter parameter.