Search

In ischemic preconditioning (IPC), brief sublethal ischemia protects neurons from a subsequent lethal ischemia. In vivo models faithfully display preconditioning, yet, these models are technically challenging, time-consuming and expensive. In vitro models of preconditioning have also been developed that are technically easier and less expensive. A drawback of pre-existing in vitro models is that since susceptibility to ischemic injury is age-dependent; neuroprotection is being studied in neurons that have intrinsic resistance to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). This study introduces a new in vitro model of ischemic preconditioning in hippocampal slice cultures isolated from 20–30-day-old rats. Slice cultures show a high susceptibility and sharp thresholds toward ischemia that is comparable to that found in vivo. A 5-min OGD treatment was not neurotoxic to young adult slice cultures, while a 10-min OGD treatment was neurotoxic. In addition, the sublethal 5-min OGD treatment protected against a 10-min OGD treatment that was delivered 24 h later. Neuroprotection was seen in preconditioned slice cultures stained with propidium iodide (PI) or with antisera against the neuron-specific antigen NeuN. Energy failure is hypothesized to trigger ischemic preconditioning and a 5-min OGD treatment induced transient energy failure in young adult slice cultures. This model may assist in the search for new therapeutics for the prevention and/or treatment of stroke. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Auscultation for an extended period of time using a wearable stethoscope enables objective computerized analysis and longitudinal assessment of lung sounds. However, this auscultation method differs from bedside auscultation in that clinicians are not present to optimize the quality of auscultation. No prior studies have compared these two auscultation methods.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare intermittent auscultation using a conventional stethoscope with continuous auscultation using a wearable stethoscope for wheeze detection in patients who present with acute respiratory distress.Methods: Patients presenting to the emergency department with acute respiratory distress were enrolled. The Strados Remote Electronic Stethoscope Platform (RESP™) was used for continuous auscultation, and intermittent auscultation was performed using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-cleared electronic stethoscope. A recording was made with an electronic stethoscope. Subsequently, continuous recording was made using RESP™, which continued until the patient was admitted or discharged from the emergency department. The number of captured wheezes in each recording was counted and validated by two board-certified physicians.Results: From May 2018 to May 2019, 43 patients were enrolled in the study. Three patients were excluded from analysis due to incomplete audio recording data. The mean length of recording was 62.3 min for continuous auscultation and 0.7 min for intermittent auscultation; 77.5% (31 of 40) of intermittent recordings contained wheezes, in contrast to 85% (34 of 40) of continuous recordings.Conclusions: Extending the duration of auscultation using a wearable stethoscope in a noisy clinical environment showed comparable performance to standard of care intermittent auscultation in identifying patients who have wheezes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the initial minutes of cerebral ischemia, lactic acid accumulates and acidifies brain pH to 6.0–6.7. Glutamate is also released during ischemia that activates glutamate receptors and induces excitotoxicity. While glutamate excitotoxicity is well established to induce ischemic injury, a role of lactic acidosis in ischemic brain damage is poorly understood. This study analyzes acidosis neurotoxicity in hippocampal slice cultures in the presence or absence of lactate. At pH 6.7, neuronal loss was similar whether or not lactate was present. At pH 6.4, neuronal loss was significantly greater in the presence of lactate suggesting that lactate potentiates the acidosis toxicity. At pH 6.4 in the presence of lactate, NMDA or non-NMDA receptor antagonists reduced neuronal loss, while in the absence of lactate, NMDA or non-NMDA receptor antagonists had little effect. [3H]-Glutamate uptake was inhibited by acidic pH, and the amount of inhibition was significantly greater in the presence of lactate. These findings suggest that lactate plays a role in acidosis neurotoxicity by inducing excitotoxicity. Lactic acidosis and excitotoxicity have been previously thought to be independent events during ischemia. This study suggests that during ischemia, lactic acidosis contributes to excitotoxic neuronal loss. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective. A study to determine Spanish-speaking parents’ acceptance of the physician’s attire in the pediatric emergency department. Hypothesis. The attire of the physicians does not matter for the parents. Methods and materials. The sample size was 450. An anonymous patient survey with no identifiers was used. The sample questionnaire was enclosed, and the parents were asked to answer the questionnaire. The results were interesting; patients preferred physicians who wear hospital scrubs (410/450 or 91%) and short hair (430/450 = 96%). They preferred physicians wearing sneakers (430/450 = 96%) compared with dress shoes, and male physicians with moustaches/beards and wearing glasses (450/450 = 100%). Parents did not like women physicians wearing makeup and high heels. Conclusions. Parents prefer physicians wearing hospital scrubs and sneakers and having short hair. This could indicate that parents do not prefer formal attire in the pediatric emergency room (ER). Also, a gender difference was noticed. Parents do not prefer women physicians with high heels and make up. But, they tolerate male physicians with moustaches/beards. This could be related to the fact that most of the parent questionnaires were answered by Spanish women. Results are interesting and useful in addressing the question of physicians’ attire in the pediatric ER in the context of a predominantly Spanish speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]