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Ryan S D’Souza,1 Yeng F Her,1 Nasir Hussain,2 Jay Karri,3 Michael E Schatman,4 Aaron K Calodney,5 Christopher Lam,6 Thomas Buchheit,7 Brennan J Boettcher,8 George C Chang Chien,9 Scott G Pritzlaff,10 Christopher Centeno,11 Shane A Shapiro,12 Johana Klasova,1 Jay S Grider,13 Ryan Hubbard,14 Eliana Ege,15 Shelby Johnson,8 Max H Epstein,16 Eva Kubrova,8 Mohamed Ehab Ramadan,17 Alexandra Michelle Moreira,18 Swarnima Vardhan,19 Yashar Eshraghi,20 Saba Javed,21 Newaj M Abdullah,22 Paul J Christo,17 Sudhir Diwan,23 Leslie C Hassett,24 Dawood Sayed,6 Timothy R Deer25 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 2Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; 3Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, & Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; 5Precision Spine Care, Tyler, TX, USA; 6Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; 7Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; 8Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 9Department of Regenerative Medicine, GCC Institute, Torrance, CA, USA; 10Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; 11Centeno-Schultz Clinic, Broomfield, CO, USA; 12Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; 13Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; 14Department of Sports Medicine, Anderson Orthopedic Clinic, Arlington, VA, USA; 15Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 16Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 17Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; 18Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA; 19Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health – Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA; 20Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA; 21Department of Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 22Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; 23Department of Pain Medicine, Advanced Spine on Park Avenue, New York City, NY, USA; 24Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 25Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Charleston, WV, USACorrespondence: Ryan S D’Souza, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA, Tel +1-(507)-284-9696, Fax +1-(507)-266-7732, Email dsouza.ryan@mayo.eduPurpose: Injectable biologics have not only been described and developed to treat dermal wounds, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, but have also been reported to treat chronic pain conditions. Despite emerging evidence supporting regenerative medicine therapy for pain, many aspects remain controversial.Methods: The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) identified the educational need for an evidence-based guideline on regenerative medicine therapy for chronic pain. The executive board nominated experts spanning multiple specialties including anesthesiology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and sports medicine based on expertise, publications, research, and clinical practice. A steering committee selected preliminary questions, which were reviewed and refined. Evidence was appraised using the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria for evidence level and degree of recommendation. Using a modified Delphi approach, consensus points were distributed to all collaborators and each collaborator voted on each point. If collaborators provided a decision of “disagree” or “abstain”, they were invited to provide a rationale in a non-blinded fashion to the committee chair, who incorporated the respective comments and distributed revised versions to the committee until consensus was achieved.Results: Sixteen questions were selected for guideline development. Questions that were addressed included type of injectable biologics and mechanism, evidence in treating chronic pain indications (eg, tendinopathy, muscular pathology, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease, neuropathic pain), role in surgical augmentation, dosing, comparative efficacy between injectable biologics, peri-procedural practices to optimize therapeutic response and quality of injectate, federal regulations, and complications with mitigating strategies.Conclusion: In well-selected individuals with certain chronic pain indications, use of injectable biologics may provide superior analgesia, functionality, and/or quality of life compared to conventional medical management or placebo. Future high-quality randomized clinical trials are warranted with implementation of minimum reporting standards, standardization of preparation protocols, investigation of dose–response associations, and comparative analysis between different injectable biologics.Keywords: regenerative medicine, injectable biologics, platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cell, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, pain medicine

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ecological validity of walking speed measurement after traumatic brain injury (TBI). PARTICIPANTS: Ten people with TBI who could walk independently and were participating in a rehabilitation program. DESIGN: Walking speed on 3 clinical gait tests (comfortable and fast pace over a 10-m distance and a 6-minute walk test) in 3 'natural' environments (a corridor in a brain injury rehabilitation unit, a car park of a metropolitan shopping center, and inside a metropolitan shopping center). Normative data were collected for 275 able-bodied pedestrians as they walked in the 3 natural environments. RESULTS: For subjects with TBI, agreement between the speeds used in the clinical gait tests and the natural environments was poor (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] values ranged from -0.24 to 0.63). The closest speed match was the comfortable paced 10-m walk test and walking in a corridor of a brain injury rehabilitation unit (ICC 0.63). Able-bodied pedestrians walked at significantly faster speeds than did subjects with TBI in all 3 natural environments. CONCLUSIONS: Comfortable walking speed appears to have the highest ecological validity of the clinical gait tests investigated. Practice in natural and more complex environments should be incorporated into walking rehabilitation programs for people with TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple studies have been published regarding various nutritional supplements or interventions to improve chronic pain. However, many of these studies emphasized widespread pain and were not specific to the spine. Therefore, the primary objective of this scoping review was to evaluate available evidence related to nutritional supplementation or dietary strategies for spine-related pain. A comprehensive literature search was performed on October 11, 2022, and updated on May 2, 2024. Databases included: MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results were limited to those published within the past 10 years, to English-language articles, and excluded animal studies. Of the 2,081 screened articles, 29 were included in the final review. Of these, 26 focused on the low back, one on the neck, and two referred to generalized "back" pain. The largest number of studies were found on vitamins D and B, specifically for low back pain. However, there were conflicting findings for both vitamins; therefore, further research is necessary before these can be confidently recommended to patients suffering from low back pain. Furthermore, this scoping review identified a lack of consistency in study design, population or sample size, and outcome measures among currently published studies with a primary focus on nutritional supplementation or dietary strategies for spine-related pain.

Background: Digital interventions are becoming increasingly popular in rehabilitation. Understanding of device features which impact clinician adoption and satisfaction is limited. Research in the field should be conducted across diverse settings to ensure digital interventions do not exacerbate healthcare inequities., Objective: This study aimed to understand rehabilitation clinicians' preferences regarding device attributes and included a cross-cultural comparison., Materials and Methods: Choice experiment methodology (best-worst scaling) was used to survey rehabilitation clinicians across Australia and Brazil. Participants completed 10 best-worst questions, choosing the most and least important device attributes from subsets of 31 attributes in a partially balanced block design. Results were analysed using multinomial models by country and latent class. Attribute preference scores (PS) were scaled to 0-100 (least to most important)., Results: A total of 122 clinicians from Brazil and 104 clinicians from Australia completed the survey. Most respondents were physiotherapists (83%) working with neurological populations (51%) in the private/self-employed sector (51%) who had experience using rehabilitation devices (87%). Despite preference heterogeneity across country and work sector (public/not-for-profit versus private/self-employed/other), clinicians consistently prioritised patient outcomes (PS 100.0, 95%CI: 86.2-100.0), patient engagement (PS 93.9, 95%CI: 80.6-94.2), usability (PS 81.3, 95%CI: 68.8-82.5), research evidence (PS 80.4, 95%CI: 68.1-81.7) and risk (PS 75.7, 95%CI: 63.8-77.3). In Australia, clinicians favoured device attributes which facilitate increased therapy dosage (PS 79.2, 95%CI: 62.6-81.1) and encourage patient independent practice (PS 66.8, 95%CI: 52.0-69.2). In Brazil, clinicians preferred attributes enabling device use for providing clinical data (PS 67.6, 95%CI: 51.8-70.9) and conducting clinical assessments (PS 65.6, 95%CI: 50.2-68.8)., Conclusion: Clinicians prioritise patients' needs and practical application over technical aspects of digital rehabilitation devices. Contextual factors shape clinician preferences rather than individual clinician characteristics. Future device design and research should consider preferences and influences, involving diverse stakeholders to account for context-driven variations across cultures and healthcare settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Group allied health interventions for people with chronic conditions may be a solution to increasing access to allied health in primary care. This umbrella review aimed to determine the effectiveness of allied health group interventions to improve health-related outcomes for adults with chronic conditions and the applicability of the findings to the Australian primary health care context., Methods: An umbrella review of systematic reviews conducted April-July 2022, searching eight databases. Systematic reviews were eligible if they included randomised controlled trials (RCT) or quasi-RCTs, community dwelling adults aged ≥ 18, at least one chronic condition, group intervention in scope for allied health professionals, and published in English after 2000. Studies were excluded if interventions were conducted in hospital or aged care facilities, out of scope for allied health, or unsupervised., Results: Two thousand three hundred eighty-five systematic reviews were identified: after screening and full text review 154 were included and data extracted from 90. The chronic conditions included: cancer (n = 15), cardiovascular disease (n = 6), mixed chronic conditions (n = 3), kidney disease (n = 1), low back pain (n = 12), respiratory disease (n = 8), diabetes (n = 14), heart failure (n = 9), risk of falls (n = 5), hypertension (n = 4, osteoarthritis (n = 6) and stroke (n = 8). Most group interventions included prescribed exercise and were in scope for physiotherapists and exercise physiologists. Overall, allied health group exercise programs for community dwelling adults improved health outcomes for most chronic conditions. Aggregated data from the systematic reviews suggests programs of 45-60 min per session, 2-3 times per week for 12 weeks. Lifestyle education and support for people with type-2 diabetes improved glycaemic control., Conclusions: Prescribed group exercise delivered by allied health professionals, predominantly by exercise physiologists and physiotherapists, significantly improved health outcomes for community dwelling adults with a broad range of chronic conditions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Adults with physical or intellectual disability are less active than those without disability., Objective: To review literature regarding sport participation in adults with physical or intellectual disability. Specifically, to examine characteristics of available studies including participants, interventions, outcomes, and impact., Methods: A scoping review was completed. Searches of 6 databases and a trial registry plus citation tracking were undertaken. Two independent reviewers screened items for eligibility and extracted data about the studies, participants, interventions, and outcomes. A single reviewer extracted data to quantify impacts of sport participation, classified as favorable, insignificant, or unfavorable., Results: 164 studies involving 11,642 participants were included. Most studies (128/164) used a cross-sectional design. Most participants were men (81%) with physical disability (135/164), and spinal cord injury was the most prevalent underlying health condition (54%). Most studies evaluated a mix of sports (83/164) in a disability-specific context (159/164), with basketball or wheelchair basketball being the most common individual sport (28/164). Physical impairment was the most frequently reported outcome domain (85/334 results). Sports participation impact was classified as 55% favorable, 42% insignificant, and 3% unfavorable., Conclusions: There were many favorable and few unfavorable outcomes for participation in sport for adults with physical or intellectual disability. More research is needed to address the evidence gaps of gender, health condition, and type of sport, and to use more rigorous research designs to evaluate the effects of sport participation. While new evidence is generated, we suggest adults with physical or intellectual disability be encouraged to engage in sport., Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018104379.

Objective: Native Americans are vastly overrepresented in U.S. jails and people in rural communities face unique barriers (e.g., limited public transportation and services) that may impact how well pretrial risk assessments predict outcomes. Yet, these populations are understudied in the literature examining the predictive validity and, more importantly, the potential predictive bias of pretrial risk assessments. We sought to address these gaps., Hypotheses: We had three aims: (a) examine the validity of Public Safety Assessment (PSA) scores in predicting pretrial outcomes in a county with a high degree of rurality, (b) compare predictive validity and test for predictive bias among Native American and White people, and (c) compare predictive validity and test for predictive bias among men and women., Method: Our sample comprised 4,570 closed cases involving people released on personal recognizance bonds over a 3.5-year period. About two thirds were Native American and men. The PSA was completed and outcome data were collected as part of routine pretrial practice., Results: In slightly more than one third of cases, people failed to appear or were rearrested during the pretrial period. In the full sample, PSA scores demonstrated poor validity in predicting failure to appear but fair validity in predicting new arrest. Further analyses revealed predictive bias as a function of both race and sex in the prediction of failure to appear. In contrast, we did not find evidence of bias in the prediction of new criminal arrest, although predictive validity was slightly better for White people and men., Conclusion: Our findings raise concerns regarding the use of PSA scores to inform pretrial decisions related to risk for failure to appear in rural communities and among Native American people. They also highlight concerns regarding reliance on static factors as well as the need for research on the validity of pretrial risk assessments in these populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The optimal duration of therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection (PSA-BSI) is unknown, with prolonged therapy frequently favored due to severity of infection, patient complexity, risk of multi-drug resistance, and high mortality. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with head-to-head comparison of short versus prolonged therapy for PSA-BSI. A comprehensive search including Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus was performed. We pooled risk ratios using DerSimonian-Laird random effects model and performed subgroup analysis of outcomes including all-cause mortality, recurrent infection, and composite of these outcomes among patients receiving short versus prolonged therapy for PSA-BSI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I 2 -index. Risk of bias for cohort studies was assessed using ROBINS-I tool. Of the 908 identified studies, six were included in the systematic review and five studies with head-to-head comparison of treatment duration were assessed in the meta-analysis, totalling 1746 patients. No significant difference in propensity score-weighted composite outcome (30-day all-cause mortality or recurrent infection) was noted between patients receiving short or prolonged therapy, with a pooled RR risk ratio of 0.80 (95% CI confidence interval 0.51-1.25, P=0.32; I 2 = 0%). Additionally, duration of therapy did not impact individual outcomes of 30-day all-cause mortality or recurrent/persistent infection. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that short duration of antimicrobial therapy may have similar efficacy to prolonged treatment for PSA-BSI. Future randomized trials will be necessary to definitively determine optimal management of PSA bacteraemia., (Copyright © 2024 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Urine alkalization is one of the standard treatments to prevent acute kidney injury in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are promising adjuvants/substitutes with advantages such as faster urine alkalization time and prevention of fluid overload. However, there is limited and contradictory evidence on its efficacy and safety. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to standard treatments in adult patients receiving high-dose methotrexate., Methods: The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022352802) in August 2021. We evaluated the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in combination with standard treatment compared to standard treatment alone. We excluded articles irrelevant to the efficacy and safety of acetazolamide in patients receiving high dose methotrexate and/or did not provide sufficient data regarding doses, recruitment criteria, and follow-up period. Two authors performed the data extraction independently., Results: Among 198 articles retrieved, six observational studies met all eligibility criteria. Four studies with five datasets (totaling 558 patients/cycles) had enough data to be included in the meta-analysis. We independently report the results from the two remaining studies. The results did not show a significant difference between acetazolamide versus standard treatment in acute kidney injury (AKI) rate (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.48-1.29, P = 0.34, I 2  = 0%). Regarding the time to urine pH goal, there was no significant time difference between the two groups (Mean Difference = 0.07, 95% CI - 1.9 to 2.04, P = 0.95, I 2  = 25%). Furthermore, our meta-analysis showed that acetazolamide did not reduce length of stay (Mean Difference = 0.75, 95% CI - 0.8 to 2.31, P = 0.34, I 2  = 0%). In one study, the only reported side effect of acetazolamide was hypokalemia (nearly 50% in the acetazolamide group)., Conclusions: This systematic review showed no significant difference between acetazolamide and standard care treatment regarding urine alkalinization time and AKI rate in adult patients receiving high dose methotrexate. We suggest performing a large blinded, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the potential benefits of this low-cost medication., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Italian Society of Nephrology.)

The provision of mobility exercises through a smartphone application (app) for people undertaking neurological rehabilitation may improve mobility outcomes. However, it is difficult for clinicians and consumers to select high-quality, appropriate apps. This review aimed to identify (1) which mobile health (mHealth) apps are suitable for prescribing mobility exercises for adults with neurological health conditions, (2) how well these apps incorporate telehealth strategies, and (3) how well these apps rate in terms of quality and capacity for behaviour change. The Australian Apple iTunes Store was systematically searched, by using a search code and manually, for apps suitable for training mobility in neurological rehabilitation. Additional searches were conducted in known app repositories and for web-based apps. Trained reviewers extracted data from the included apps, including population-specific characteristics; quality, by using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS); and behaviour change potential, by using the App Behaviour Change Scale (ABACUS). The included apps (n = 18) provided <50 to >10,000 exercises, many incurred a subscription fee (n = 13), and half included telehealth features. App quality was moderate (mean MARS score of 3.2/5 and SD of 0.5), and potential for behaviour change was poor (mean ABACUS score of 5.7/21 and SD of 2.1). A limited number of high-quality apps are available for the prescription of mobility exercises in people with neurological conditions.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the responsiveness of patient-reported and device-based instruments within four physical activity trials., Methods: This was a secondary analysis of four randomized trials that used both a patient-reported outcome measure (the Incidental and Planned Exercise Questionnaire (IPEQ)) and a device-based instrument (ActiGraph or ActivPAL) to measure physical activity. The four trials included were (i) Activity and MObility UsiNg Technology (AMOUNT), digitally enabled exercises in those undertaking aged care and neurological rehabilitation; (ii) Balance Exercise Strength Training at Home, home-based balance and strength exercises in community-dwelling people 65 yr or older; (iii) Coaching for Healthy Ageing (CHAnGE), physical activity coaching and fall prevention intervention in community-dwelling people 60 yr or older; and (iv) Fitbit trial, fall prevention and physical activity promotion with health coaching and activity monitor in community-dwelling people 60 yr or older. We estimated treatment effects for all variables within each physical activity instrument using regression analyses and expressed results as effect sizes (ES)., Results: Overall, device-based instruments were more responsive among healthy older adults (ES range, 0.01 to 0.32), whereas the IPEQ was more responsive among adults requiring rehabilitation (ES range, -0.06 to 0.35). Both the IPEQ and device-based instruments were more responsive in trials that promoted walking via coaching participants to increase their daily steps (AMOUNT (ES range, -0.06 to 0.35), CHAnGE (ES range, -0.24 to 0.22), and Fitbit trial (ES range, -0.23 to 0.32)). Individual variables within the IPEQ and device-based instruments varied in their responsiveness (ES range, -0.13 to 0.20)., Conclusions: Both the IPEQ and device-based instruments are able to detect small changes in physical activity levels. However, responsiveness varies across different interventions and populations. Our findings provide guidance for researchers and clinicians in selecting an appropriate instrument to measure changes in physical activity., (Copyright © 2023 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)

Introductions: This study assessed the effects of telehealth-delivered exercise interventions on physical functioning for older adults and explored implementation measures related to program delivery. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating effects of exercise interventions delivered through telehealth in adults 60+ years of age with frailty, mobility, or cognitive disability on mobility, strength, balance, falls, and quality of life (QoL). Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTSDiscus, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database) were searched from inception until May 2022. Evidence certainty was assessed with Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation and meta-analysis summarized study effects. Results: A total of 11 studies were included, 5 randomized controlled trials, 2 pilot studies, and 4 feasibility studies. The overall certainty of evidence was rated as "low" or "very low." Pooled between-group differences were not statistically significant, but effect sizes suggested that telehealth produced a moderate improvement on mobility ( n  = 5 studies; standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.25 to 1.51; p  = 0.000, I 2  = 86%) and strength ( n  = 4; SMD = 0.73; 95% CI = -0.10 to 1.56; p  = 0.000, I 2  = 84%), a small improvement on balance ( n  = 3; SMD = 0.40; 95% CI = -035 to 1.15; p  = 0.012, I 2  = 78%), and no effect on QoL. Analysis of implementation measures suggested telehealth to be feasible in this population, given high rates of acceptability and adherence with minimal safety concerns. Discussion: Telehealth may provide small to moderate benefits on a range of physical outcomes and appears to be well received in aged care populations.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of sport or physical recreation on participation, mobility and quality of life for adults living with disabilities., Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis., Data Sources: Six databases searched from inception to May 2022., Eligibility Criteria: Randomised controlled trials including adults living with a physical or intellectual disability, comparing sport or physical recreation to non-active control., Results: Seventy-four trials (n=2954; mean age 55 years) were included. Most (70) trials included people with physical disabilities, none evaluated sport and the most common physical recreation activities tested were traditional Chinese exercise (35%), yoga (27%) and dance (18%). Mean frequency and duration was 65 min/session, two times per week for 13 weeks. Most (86%) interventions were led by people with experience and/or training in the recreation activity, and only 37% reported leader experience and/or training working with people with disabilities. Participation was measured as attendance (mean 81%, 30 intervention groups). Physical recreation improved mobility (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.38, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.69, n=469) and walking endurance (mean difference (MD) 40.3 m, 95% CI 19.5 to 61.1, n=801) with low certainty evidence and balance (Berg Balance Scale, range 0-56 points; MD 3.4 points, 95% CI 2.3 to 4.4, n=906) and quality of life (physical health; SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.72, n=468) with very low certainty evidence, but not walking speed (MD 0.03 m/s, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.11, n=486)., Conclusion: Physical recreation may confer multiple benefits for people living with disabilities regardless of the activity chosen, thus offering a potentially enjoyable and scalable strategy to increase physical activity., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42018104379., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: Accurate fall reporting is essential for assessing the effectiveness of fall prevention strategies. This study aimed to investigate the level of agreement between incident reports and resident progress notes as data sources for falls monitoring in residential aged care facilities., Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted involving 46 older people from six residential aged care facilities who had consented to join the broader TOP UP trial. Fall events documented in the incident report system and resident progress notes over 12 months before randomisation were extracted by two independent reviewers using a standardised Excel form. Agreement between the two data collection methods was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient., Results: A total of 75 falls were recorded from 27 (59%) of the 46 participants who were 65% female, with an average age of 83 [SD 9] years. The incident reports captured 68 (90.7%) falls, while the progress notes captured 73 (97.3%) falls. Overall, there was a 75% agreement between falls recorded in progress notes and incident reports. Perfect agreement was identified for five facilities (n = 35), while one facility had a lower agreement rate of 29% (n = 11), which appeared to be attributable to staff shortages linked to the COVID-19 pandemic., Conclusions: There was substantial agreement between incident reports and progress records. These findings support the use of incident reports for identifying falls in research or to investigate the effectiveness of fall prevention strategies in residential aged care facilities., (© 2024 The Authors. Australasian Journal on Ageing published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of AJA Inc’.)

Background: Understanding behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of physical activity programs/services for older adults can help us to guide their implementation in real-world settings., Purpose: This study aims to: (a) identify the number and type of BCTs used in physical activity programs/services for older adults evaluated in large, good quality RCTs and (b) explore the impact of different BCTs on different outcome domains., Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of a WHO-commissioned rapid review of physical activity programs/services for older adults. Fifty-six trials testing 70 interventions were coded for the type and number of BCTs present using a published BCT taxonomy. The proportion of positive effects found from physical activity interventions using the most common BCTs was calculated for the outcomes of physical activity, intrinsic capacity, functional ability, social domain, cognitive and emotional functioning, and well-being and quality of life., Results: Thirty-nine of the 93 possible BCTs were identified in the included trials and 529 BCTs in total (mean 7.6, range 2-17). The most common BCTs were "action planning" (68/70 interventions), "instructions on how to perform a behavior" (60/70), "graded tasks" (53/70), "demonstration of behavior" (44/70), and "behavioral practice/rehearsal" (43/70). Interventions that used any of the most common BCTs showed overwhelmingly positive impacts on physical activity and social domain outcomes., Conclusion: Consideration of which BCTs are included in interventions and their impact on outcomes can improve the effectiveness and implementation of future interventions. To enable this, providers can design, implement, and evaluate interventions using a BCT taxonomy., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.)

Issue Addressed: Despite strong evidence of physical and mental health benefits from physical activity, participation is low. Physical activity promotion by health professionals can effectively increase physical activity participation. This study aimed to explore the frequency of physical activity promotion by health professionals in public hospitals with a focus on community-based structured exercise; and facilitators and barriers to such promotion., Methods: We surveyed health professionals (n = 100) from physiotherapy, rheumatology and rehabilitation departments at six public hospitals in Sydney, Australia., Results: Most common respondent characteristics were physiotherapist (84%), female (68%), aged 25-34 years (45%) and treating older adults (45%). Almost all health professionals (94%) considered themselves physical activity role-models. Half (53%) reported promoting physical activity frequently/often to their clients. Those working with children with a physical disability (23%) were more likely to promote physical activity (Relative Risk 1.69, 95% CI 1.13-2.51, p = .03), than those working with adults or older adults. Half the physiotherapists (52%) reported providing tailored advice about increasing physical activity frequently/often, but only 20% provided advice about structured physical activity. Barriers reported by physiotherapists were lack of time (51%) and client's access to transport (61%)., Conclusion: Only half the health professionals surveyed offered tailored physical activity advice to clients, and advice on structured physical activity was less common. SO WHAT?: Some promotion of physical activity by health professionals is occurring in hospital settings but more work is needed to embed this within clinical care., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Promotion Journal of Australia published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian Health Promotion Association.)

Introduction: Deteriorating mobility and falls reduce independence and quality of life for older people receiving aged care services. This trial aims to establish effectiveness on the mobility of older people, and explore cost-effectiveness and implementation of a telehealth physiotherapy programme., Method and Analysis: This type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation randomised controlled trial will involve 240 people aged 65+ years receiving aged care services in community or residential settings. Participants will be randomised to either: (1) the Telehealth Physiotherapy for Older People (TOP UP) Program or (2) a wait-list control group. The 6-month intervention includes 10 physiotherapy sessions delivered by videocall (Zoom). The intervention will include the local support of an aged care worker and online exercise resources. Primary outcome is mobility at 6 months post randomisation measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery. Secondary outcomes include rate of falls, sit-to-stand, quality of life, and goal attainment at 6 months after randomisation. Regression models will assess the effect of group allocation on mobility and the other continuously scored secondary outcomes, adjusting for baseline scores. The number of falls per person over 6 months will be analysed using negative binomial regression models to estimate between-group differences. An economic analysis will explore the cost-effectiveness of the TOP UP programme compared with usual care. Implementation outcomes and determinants relating to the intervention's reach, fidelity, exercise dose delivered, adoption, feasibility, acceptability, barriers and facilitators will be explored using mixed methods., Conclusion: This is the first trial to investigate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and implementation of a physiotherapy intervention in aged care delivered solely by telehealth internationally. The study has strong aged care co-design and governance and is guided by steering and advisory committees that include staff from aged care service providers and end-users. Trial results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed articles, conference presentations and lay summaries., Trial Registration Number: The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12621000734864)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: Digital health interventions have potential to enhance rehabilitation services by increasing accessibility, affordability and scalability. However, implementation of digital interventions in rehabilitation is poorly understood. This scoping review aims to map current strategies, research designs, frameworks, outcomes and determinants used to support and evaluate the implementation of digital interventions in rehabilitation., Data Sources: Comprehensive searches from inception until October 2022 of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PEDro, SpeechBITE, NeuroBITE, REHABDATA, WHO International Clinical Trial Registry and the Cochrane Library., Methods: Two reviewers screened studies against the eligibility criteria. Implementation science taxonomies and methods, including Powell et al.'s compilation of implementation strategies, were used to guide analysis and synthesis of findings., Results: The search retrieved 13,833 papers and 23 studies were included. Only 4 studies were randomised controlled trials and 9 studies (39%) were feasibility studies. Thirty-seven discrete implementation strategies were reported across studies. Strategies related to training and educating clinicians (91%), providing interactive assistance (61%), and developing stakeholder interrelationships (43%) were most frequently reported. Few studies adequately described implementation strategies and methods for selecting strategies. Almost all studies measured implementation outcomes and determinants; most commonly, acceptability, compatibility and dose delivered of digital interventions., Conclusion: The rigour of implementation methods in the field is currently poor. Digital interventions require carefully planned and tailored implementation to facilitate successful adoption into rehabilitation practice. To keep pace with rapidly advancing technology, future rehabilitation research should prioritise using implementation science methods to explore and evaluate implementation while testing effectiveness of digital interventions.

Background and Objective: The World Health Organization physical activity guidelines for people living with disability do not consider the needs of people living with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. This paper describes the qualitative co-development of a discrete choice experiment survey to inform the adaption of these guidelines by identifying the physical activity preferences of people living with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury in Australia., Methods: The research team comprised researchers, people with lived experience of traumatic brain injury and health professionals with expertise in traumatic brain injury. We followed a four-stage process: (1) identification of key constructs and initial expression of attributes, (2) critique and refinement of attributes, (3) prioritisation of attributes and refinement of levels and (4) testing and refining language, format and comprehensibility. Data collection included deliberative dialogue, focus groups and think-aloud interviews with 22 purposively sampled people living with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Strategies were used to support inclusive participation. Analysis employed qualitative description and framework methods., Results: This formative process resulted in discarding, merging, renaming and reconceptualising attributes and levels. Attributes were reduced from an initial list of 17 to six: (1) Type of activity, (2) Out-of-pocket cost, (3) Travel time, (4) Who with, (5) Facilitated by and (6) Accessibility of setting. Confusing terminology and cumbersome features of the survey instrument were also revised. Challenges included purposive recruitment, reducing diverse stakeholder views to a few attributes, finding the right language and navigating the complexity of discrete choice experiment scenarios., Conclusions: This formative co-development process significantly improved the relevance and comprehensibility of the discrete choice experiment survey tool. This process may be applicable in other discrete choice experiment studies., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: To investigate the trial-based cost-effectiveness of the addition of a tailored digitally enabled exercise intervention to usual care shown to be clinically effective in improving mobility in the Activity and MObility UsiNg Technology (AMOUNT) rehabilitation trial compared to usual care alone., Design: Economic evaluation alongside a pragmatic randomized controlled trial., Participants: 300 people receiving inpatient aged and neurological rehabilitation were randomized to the intervention ( n  = 149) or usual care control group ( n  = 151)., Main Measures: Incremental cost effectiveness ratios were calculated for the additional costs per additional person demonstrating a meaningful improvement in mobility (3-point in Short Physical Performance Battery) and quality-adjusted life years gained at 6 months (primary analysis). The joint probability distribution of costs and outcomes was examined using bootstrapping., Results: The mean cost saving for the intervention group at 6 months was AU$2286 (95% Bootstrapped cost CI: -$11,190 to $6410) per participant; 68% and 67% of bootstraps showed the intervention to be dominant (i.e. more effective and cost saving) for mobility and quality-adjusted life years, respectively. The probability of the intervention being cost-effective considering a willingness to pay threshold of AU$50,000 per additional person with a meaningful improvement in mobility or quality-adjusted life year gained was 93% and 77%, respectively., Conclusions: The AMOUNT intervention had a high probability of being cost-effective if decision makers are willing to pay AU$50,000 per meaningful improvement in mobility or per quality-adjusted life year gained, and a moderate probability of being cost-saving and effective considering both outcomes at 6 months post randomization.

Objectives: To summarise evidence of benefits of sport for health among people aged 60+., Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs)., Data Sources: Medline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database from inception to April 2021., Study Selection: RCTs investigating the effect of sport on health-related outcomes in people aged 60+ compared with non-active control., Data Synthesis and Analysis: Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random-effect models. Standardised mean differences (SMD), and mean difference (MD) were calculated. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system was used to assess the certainty of the evidence for analyses with ≥3 studies., Results: Nine trials (628 participants) reported in 15 articles were included. Participation in sport improved cardiorespiratory fitness (n=5 trials; SMD=0.43, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.70; low certainty evidence), physical function (n=4; SMD=0.62, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.18; very low certainty evidence), and mental health (n=2; SMD=0.28, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.51) and reduced fat mass (n=6; MD=-0.99 kg, 95% CI -1.75kg to -0.23 kg; low certainty evidence) among older people. We found no significant effects of sport on overall physical activity participation, strength, balance, lean mass and bone mineral density (BMD). One study investigating quality of life reported a positive, but non-significant effect of sport., Conclusion: Sport may have a positive impact on health outcomes in people aged 60+. There was uncertainty on the effect of sport on strength, balance, lean mass and BMD. Further research is needed to investigate the optimal type and dose of sport to maximise the long-term benefits among older people., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first global physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines for children and adults living with disability. The evidence informing the guidelines though is not specific to people living with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but rather comes from other disabling conditions such as Parkinson's disease, and stroke. There remains a clear lack of direct evidence of the effects of physical activity for people living with TBI. The objective of this rapid review was to identify direct evidence of the effect of physical activity on health outcomes in people with moderate-to-severe TBI to inform adaptation of the WHO physical activity guidelines into clinical practice guidelines., Methods: We conducted a rapid systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, including people of any age with moderate-to-severe TBI, investigating physical activity interventions compared to either usual care, a physical activity intervention with different parameters, or a non-physical activity intervention. Four databases (CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, Ovid MEDLINE) were searched from inception to October 8, 2021. The primary outcomes were physical function, cognition, and quality of life., Results: Twenty-three studies were included incorporating 812 participants (36% females, majority working-age adults, time post-TBI in studies ranged from 56 days (median) to 16.6 years (mean)). A range of physical activity interventions were evaluated in rehabilitation (n = 12 studies), community (n = 8) and home (n = 3) settings. We pooled data from the end of the intervention for eight outcomes. Participation in a virtual reality physical activity intervention improved mobility, assessed by the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (range 0 to 96; higher score indicates better mobility) more than standard balance training (two studies, 80 participants, Mean Difference = 2.78, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.16; low certainty evidence). There was uncertainty of effect for the remaining outcomes, limited by small sample sizes, diverse comparators and a wide range of outcome measures., Conclusion: This review consolidates the current evidence base for the prescription of physical activity for people with moderate-to-severe TBI. There remains a pressing need for further rigorous research in order to develop practice guidelines to support clinical decision-making when prescribing physical activity in this population., (© 2023. The Author(s).)