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1. Challenges and advances in the medical treatment of granulomatous amebic encephalitis.

Author

Spottiswoode, Natasha, Haston, Julia C, Hanners, Natasha W, Gruenberg, Katherine, Kim, Annie, DeRisi, Joseph L, and Wilson, Michael R

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Orphan Drug, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Infectious Diseases, Rare Diseases, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, ameba, Balamuthia, Acanthamoeba, drug repurposing, encephalitis
Abstract

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, caused by the free-living amebae Balamuthia mandrillaris or Acanthamoeba species, is a rare and deadly infectious syndrome with a current mortality rate of >90%. Much work remains to define the optimal treatment for these infections. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the supporting evidence behind antimicrobials currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) with updated statistics on survival rates and medication usage from the CDC Free-Living Ameba Database. We also discuss promising treatments, especially the emerging therapeutic agent nitroxoline, and provide recommendations for the next steps in this area.

Published
2024

2. Acanthamoeba Infection and Nasal Rinsing, United States, 1994-2022

Author

Haston, Julia C., Serra, Chelsea, Imada, Erin, Martin, Emalee, Ali, Ibne Karim M., and Cope, Jennifer R.

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Drinking water -- Health aspects, Infection -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae (FLA) found worldwide in soil and many types of water, including lakes, rivers, and tap water (1-3). Acanthamoeba amebae can cause keratitis, which is an [...]

Published
2024
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4. (Mis)perception and Use of Unsterile Water in Home Medical Devices, PN View 360+ Survey, United States, August 2021

Author

Miko, Shanna, Collier, Sarah A., Burns-Lynch, Claire E., Andujar, Ashley A., Benedict, Katharine M., Haston, Julia C., Hough, Catherine O., and Cope, Jennifer R.

Subjects
Medical equipment -- Surveys -- Usage, Waterborne infections -- Surveys -- Risk factors, Drinking water -- Surveys -- Usage, Health literacy -- Surveys, Physiological apparatus -- Surveys -- Usage, Health
Abstract

Tap water in the United States is treated to meet safe drinking standards; however, low levels of microorganisms remain in drinking water distribution systems, wells, and premise plumbing (1,2). Although [...]

Published
2023
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6. Contributors

Author

Abzug, Mark J., primary, Adderson, Elisabeth E., additional, Agarwal, Aastha, additional, Agwu, Allison L., additional, Albenberg, Lindsey, additional, Albert, Jonathan, additional, Alby, Kevin, additional, Aldrovandi, Grace M., additional, Allen, Upton D., additional, Alvarez-Hernndez, Gerardo, additional, Ampofo, Krow, additional, Anderson, Evan J., additional, Appiah, Grace D., additional, Ardura, Monica I., additional, Arnon, Stephen S., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Arvin, Ann M., additional, Ashkenazi, Shai, additional, Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, Liat, additional, Asturias, Edwin J., additional, Aukstuolis, Kestutis, additional, Badalyan, Vahe, additional, Baker, Carol J., additional, Balakrishnan, Karthik, additional, Barnett, Elizabeth D., additional, Bechtel, Kirsten, additional, Benitz, William E., additional, Berkovich, Rachel, additional, Berman, David M., additional, Bialek, Stephanie R., additional, Bijker, Else M., additional, Bizzarro, Matthew J., additional, Bloch, Karen C., additional, Bocchini, Joseph A., additional, Boyce, Thomas G., additional, Bradley, John S., additional, Bratcher, Denise F., additional, Braverman, Paula K., additional, Brook, Itzhak, additional, Brown, Kevin Edward, additional, Bryant, Kristina P., additional, Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F., additional, Caete-Gibas, Connie F., additional, Cantey, Joseph B., additional, Cantey, Paul, additional, Cardemil, Cristina V., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castagnini, Luis A., additional, Cataldi, Jessica R., additional, Chadwick, Ellen Gould, additional, Chancey, Rebecca J., additional, Cherry, Cara C., additional, Chiang, Silvia S., additional, Choi, Mary, additional, Christenson, John C., additional, Coffin, Susan E., additional, Cohn, Amanda, additional, Contopoulos-Ioannidis, Despina G., additional, Conway, James H., additional, Cortese, Margaret M., additional, Creech, C. Buddy, additional, Crews, Jonathan D., additional, Curtis, Donna, additional, Curtis, Nigel, additional, Danziger-Isakov, Lara A., additional, Darville, Toni, additional, Dasch, Gregory A., additional, Daskalaki, Irini, additional, Davies, H. Dele, additional, Dawood, Fatimah S., additional, Day, J. Christopher, additional, Teresa de la Morena, M., additional, DeMuri, Gregory P., additional, Despommier, Dickson D., additional, Dodson, Daniel S., additional, Dolgner, Stephen J., additional, Dunn, Clinton, additional, Dyal, Jonathan, additional, Edwards, Kathryn M., additional, Edwards, Morven S., additional, Eichenfield, Dawn Z., additional, Eichenfield, Lawrence F., additional, Elston, Dirk M., additional, Emerson, Beth, additional, Enane, Leslie A., additional, Ephros, Moshe, additional, Erdem, Guliz, additional, Eremeeva, Marina E., additional, Esposito, Douglas H., additional, Farley, Monica M., additional, Feingold, Anat R., additional, Feja, Kristina N., additional, Finn, Adam, additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Fisher, Brian T., additional, Fisher, Randall G., additional, Flynn, Patricia Michele, additional, Foster, Monique A., additional, Fox, LeAnne M., additional, Frank, Michael M., additional, Fredrick, Douglas R., additional, Frenck, Robert W., additional, Gaensbauer, James, additional, Gans, Hayley A., additional, Gauthier, Gregory M., additional, Gavigan, Patrick, additional, Gerber, Jeffrey S., additional, Gernez, Yael, additional, Gigliotti, Francis, additional, Gilger, Mark A., additional, Glaser, Carol A., additional, Gould, Jane M., additional, Graziano, James, additional, Green, Amanda M., additional, Green, Michael, additional, Griffin, Daniel, additional, Griffin, Patricia M., additional, Griffith, David C., additional, Gupta, Piyush, additional, Gutelius, Bruce J., additional, Gutman, Julie R., additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Hamdy, Rana F., additional, Han, Jin-Young, additional, Handy, Lori K., additional, Hanisch, Benjamin, additional, Harper, Marvin B., additional, Harris, Aaron M., additional, Harrison, Christopher J., additional, Haslam, David B., additional, Haston, Julia C., additional, Hawkes, Sarah.J., additional, Heald-Sargent, Taylor, additional, Hendley, J. Owen, additional, Hersh, Adam L., additional, Hilinski, Joseph A., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Hong, David K., additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Hsu, Katherine K., additional, Huang, Felicia Scaggs, additional, Hunstad, David A., additional, Hunt, W. Garrett, additional, Hwang, Loris Y., additional, Ilboudo, Christelle M., additional, Jaggi, Preeti, additional, Jean, Sophonie, additional, Jhaveri, Ravi, additional, Jirk-Pomajbkov, Kateina, additional, Kadry, Nadia A., additional, Kamb, Mary L., additional, Kapadia, Ronak K., additional, Katz, Ben Z., additional, Katz, Sophie E., additional, Kaur, Ishminder, additional, Kersh, Gilbert J., additional, Khan, Muhammad Ali, additional, Khurana, Ananta, additional, Kimberlin, David W., additional, Klein, Bruce, additional, Kobayashi, Miwako, additional, Kociolek, Larry K., additional, Koh, Andrew Y., additional, Kotloff, Karen L., additional, Kroger, Andrew T., additional, Kronman, Matthew P., additional, Lalor, Leah, additional, Lauren, Christine T., additional, Leber, Amy, additional, Leshem, Eyal, additional, Lewis, David B., additional, Livingston, Robyn A., additional, Llata, Eloisa, additional, Lloyd, Kevin, additional, Loh, Katrina, additional, Long, Sarah S., additional, Lopman, Benjamin A., additional, Lucero, Yalda C., additional, Lugo, Debra J., additional, Lujn-Zilbermann, Jorge, additional, Maldonado, Yvonne A., additional, Manaloor, John J., additional, Manthiram, Kalpana, additional, Martin, Stacey W., additional, Mathew, Roshni, additional, Mazzulli, Tony, additional, McFarland, Elizabeth J., additional, McGann, Kathleen A., additional, McNamara, Lucy A., additional, Meislich, Debrah, additional, Meissner, H. Cody, additional, Mejias, Asuncion, additional, Mertsola, Jussi, additional, Messacar, Kevin, additional, Mhaissen, Mohammad Nael, additional, Michaels, Marian G., additional, Miller, Melissa B., additional, Miller-Handley, Hilary, additional, Mintz, Eric, additional, Mohan, Parvathi, additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Montoya, Jose G., additional, Moorman, Anne C., additional, Moro, Pedro L., additional, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, additional, Muller, William J., additional, Myers, Angela L., additional, Nadel, Simon, additional, Nayak, Jennifer Lynn, additional, Neely, Michael Noel, additional, Neil, Karen P., additional, Nelson, Christina A., additional, Nelson, Noele P., additional, Nichols, Megin, additional, Nicholson, William, additional, Nopper, Amy Jo, additional, Norton, Laura E., additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, Olarte, Liset, additional, Onarecker, Timothy R., additional, Orenstein, Walter A., additional, ORyan, Miguel, additional, Otto, William R., additional, Ouellette, Christopher P., additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Palazzi, Debra L., additional, Panuganti, Suresh Kumar, additional, Pappas, Diane E., additional, Paret, Michal, additional, Pastula, Daniel M., additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Petersen, Brett W., additional, Petrosyan, Mikael, additional, Pickering, Larry K., additional, Pindyck, Talia, additional, Pinninti, Swetha, additional, Pittet, Laure F., additional, Planet, Paul J., additional, Pollard, Andrew J., additional, Posfay-Barbe, Klara M., additional, Poulsen, Casper S., additional, Poutanen, Susan M., additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Prasanphanich, Nina Salinger, additional, Pritt, Bobbi S., additional, Prober, Charles G., additional, Puar, Neha, additional, Quilter, Laura A.S., additional, Ramilo, Octavio, additional, Rao, Suchitra, additional, Ratner, Adam J., additional, Rawstron, Sarah A., additional, Read, Jennifer S., additional, Relich, Ryan F., additional, Reller, Megan E., additional, Robinson, Candice L., additional, Romero, Jos R., additional, Rosen, David A., additional, Ross, Shannon A., additional, Rours, G. Ingrid J.G., additional, Rowe, Peter C., additional, Rowley, Anne H., additional, Rubin, Lorry G., additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Sacharok, Alexandra, additional, Sandora, Thomas J., additional, Sapp, Sarah G.H., additional, Sardana, Kabir, additional, Sauberan, Jason B., additional, Schaffzin, Joshua K., additional, Schillie, Sarah, additional, Schuster, Jennifer E., additional, Schwartz, Kevin L., additional, Sederdahl, Bethany K., additional, Serpa-Alvarez, Jose, additional, Shah, Kara N., additional, Shah, Samir S., additional, Shaikh, Nader, additional, Shane, Andi L., additional, Shapiro, Eugene D., additional, Shaw, Jana, additional, Shetty, Avinash K., additional, Shope, Timothy R., additional, Dairiki Shortliffe, Linda M., additional, Shulman, Stanford T., additional, Shust, Gail F., additional, Siberry, George Kelly, additional, Siegel, Jane D., additional, Siegel, Robert David, additional, Simonsen, Kari A., additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Smith, Lauren L., additional, Song, Eunkyung, additional, Souder, Emily, additional, Spearman, Paul, additional, St. Geme, Joseph W., additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Starke, Jeffrey R., additional, Statler, Victoria A., additional, Steinbach, William J., additional, Stensvold, Christen Rune, additional, Stokes, Erin K., additional, Stoner, Bradley P., additional, Storch, Gregory A., additional, Straily, Anne, additional, Sullivan, Kathleen E., additional, Swanson, Douglas S., additional, Tanz, Robert R., additional, Taormina, Gillian, additional, Tate, Jacqueline E., additional, Taveras, Jeanette, additional, Tebruegge, Marc, additional, Teshale, Eyasu H., additional, Thompson, George R., additional, Thompson-Stone, Robert, additional, Thomsen, Isaac, additional, Thomson, Richard B., additional, Thorell, Emily A., additional, Tien, Vivian, additional, Tobin, Nicole H., additional, Toltzis, Philip, additional, Treat, James, additional, Troy, Stephanie B., additional, Van Dvke, Russell B., additional, Vaz, Louise Elaine, additional, Vijayan, Vini, additional, Vodzak, Jennifer, additional, Wagner, Thor A., additional, Wald, Ellen R., additional, Wallihan, Rebecca, additional, Wang, Huanyu, additional, Wangu, Zoon, additional, Washam, Matthew, additional, Waters, Valerie, additional, Watson, Joshua R., additional, Weatherhead, Jill E., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Weng, Mark K., additional, Wiederhold, Nathan P., additional, Wiesenfeld, Harold C., additional, Williams, Cydni, additional, Williams, John V., additional, Willoughby, Rodney E., additional, Wittler, Robert R., additional, Wood, James B., additional, Woods, Charles Reece, additional, Workowski, Kimberly A., additional, Wright, Terry W., additional, Wu, Hsi-Yang, additional, Xu, Huan, additional, Yagupsky, Pablo, additional, Yi, Jumi, additional, Yoder, Jonathan, additional, Young, Edward J., additional, Zaenglein, Andrea L., additional, Zimmermann, Petra, additional, and Zong, Wenjing, additional

Published
2023
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11. Cronobacter sakazakii Infections in Two Infants Linked to Powdered Infant Formula and Breast Pump Equipment--United States, 2021 and 2022

Author

Haston, Julia C., Miko, Shanna, Cope, Jennifer R., McKeel, Haley, Walters, Cynney, Joseph, Lavin A., Griswold, Taylor, Katz, Lee S., Andujar, Ashley A., Tourdot, Laura, Rounds, Joshua, Vagnone, Paula, Medus, Carlota, Harris, JoAnn, Geist, Robert, Neises, Daniel, Wiggington, Ashley, Smith, Trey, Im, Monica S., Wheeler, Courtney, Smith, Peyton, Carleton, Heather A., and Lee, Christine C.

Subjects
Infant formulas, Infection, Control equipment, Food contamination, Health
Abstract

Cronobacter sakazakii, a species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is known to cause severe and often fatal meningitis and sepsis in young infants. C. sakazakii is ubiquitous [...]

Published
2023

13. Factors Associated With Severe Illness in Patients Aged <21 Years Hospitalized for COVID-19

Author

Choudhary, Rewa, primary, Webber, Bryant J., additional, Womack, Lindsay S., additional, Dupont, Hannah K., additional, Chiu, Sophia K., additional, Wanga, Valentine, additional, Gerdes, Megan E., additional, Hsu, Sophia, additional, Shi, Dallas S., additional, Dulski, Theresa M., additional, Idubor, Osatohamwen I., additional, Wendel, Arthur M., additional, Agathis, Nickolas T., additional, Anderson, Kristi, additional, Boyles, Tricia, additional, Click, Eleanor S., additional, Da Silva, Juliana, additional, Evans, Mary E., additional, Gold, Jeremy A.W., additional, Haston, Julia C., additional, Logan, Pamela, additional, Maloney, Susan A., additional, Martinez, Marisol, additional, Natarajan, Pavithra, additional, Spicer, Kevin B., additional, Swancutt, Mark, additional, Stevens, Valerie A., additional, Rogers-Brown, Jessica, additional, Chandra, Gyan, additional, Light, Megan, additional, Barr, Frederick E., additional, Snowden, Jessica, additional, Kociolek, Larry K., additional, McHugh, Matthew, additional, Wessel, David L., additional, Simpson, Joelle N., additional, Gorman, Kathleen C., additional, Breslin, Kristen A., additional, DeBiasi, Roberta L., additional, Thompson, Aaron, additional, Kline, Mark W., additional, Boom, Julie A., additional, Singh, Ila R., additional, Dowlin, Michael, additional, Wietecha, Mark, additional, Schweitzer, Beth, additional, Morris, Sapna Bamrah, additional, Koumans, Emilia H., additional, Ko, Jean Y., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, and Kimball, Anne A., additional

Published
2022
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16. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in US Children Over 9 Seasons Following the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic

Author

Kamidani, Satoshi, primary, Garg, Shikha, additional, Rolfes, Melissa A, additional, Campbell, Angela P, additional, Cummings, Charisse N, additional, Haston, Julia C, additional, Openo, Kyle P, additional, Fawcett, Emily, additional, Chai, Shua J, additional, Herlihy, Rachel, additional, Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly, additional, Monroe, Maya L, additional, Kim, Sue, additional, Lynfield, Ruth, additional, Smelser, Chad, additional, Muse, Alison, additional, Felsen, Christina B, additional, Billing, Laurie, additional, Thomas, Ann, additional, Talbot, H Keipp, additional, Schaffner, William, additional, Risk, Ilene, additional, and Anderson, Evan J, additional

Published
2022
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18. Factors Associated With Severe Illness in Patients Aged <21 Years Hospitalized for COVID-19.

Author

Choudhary, Rewa, Webber, Bryant J., Womack, Lindsay S., Dupont, Hannah K., Chiu, Sophia K., Wanga, Valentine, Gerdes, Megan E., Hsu, Sophia, Shi, Dallas S., Dulski, Theresa M., Idubor, Osatohamwen I., Wendel, Arthur M., Agathis, Nickolas T., Anderson, Kristi, Boyles, Tricia, Click, Eleanor S., Da Silva, Juliana, Evans, Mary E., Gold, Jeremy A. W., and Haston, Julia C.

Published
2022
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19. 2741. Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Timing in Children and Adults Hospitalized with Influenza in the United States, FluSurv-NET, 2013–2017

Author

Haston, Julia C, primary, Garg, Shikha, additional, Campbell, Angela P, additional, Ferdinands, Jill, additional, O’Halloran, Alissa, additional, Cummings, Charisse N, additional, Kirley, Pam Daily, additional, Stephens, Samantha, additional, Yousey-Hindes, Kim, additional, Openo, Kyle P, additional, Fawcett, Emily, additional, Farley, Monica M, additional, Monroe, Maya, additional, Kim, Sue, additional, McMahon, Melissa, additional, Irizarry, Lourdes, additional, Dufort, Elizabeth, additional, Bennett, Nancy M, additional, Billing, Laurie M, additional, Thomas, Ann, additional, Talbot, Keipp, additional, Spencer, Melanie, additional, and Anderson, Evan J, additional

Published
2019
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20. Prospective Cohort Study of Next-Generation Sequencing as a Diagnostic Modality for Unexplained Encephalitis in Children

Author

Haston, Julia C, primary, Rostad, Christina A, additional, Jerris, Robert C, additional, Milla, Sarah S, additional, McCracken, Courtney, additional, Pratt, Catherine, additional, Wiley, Michael, additional, Prieto, Karla, additional, Palacios, Gustavo, additional, Shane, Andi L, additional, and McElroy, Anita K, additional

Published
2019
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21. Prospective Cohort Study of Next-Generation Sequencing as a Diagnostic Modality for Unexplained Encephalitis in Children.

Author

Haston, Julia C, Rostad, Christina A, Jerris, Robert C, Milla, Sarah S, McCracken, Courtney, Pratt, Catherine, Wiley, Michael, Prieto, Karla, Palacios, Gustavo, Shane, Andi L, and McElroy, Anita K

Subjects
*CEREBROSPINAL fluid examination, *ENCEPHALITIS diagnosis, *BACTERIA, *CEREBROSPINAL fluid, *ENCEPHALITIS, *GLUCOSE, *LONGITUDINAL method, *SERODIAGNOSIS, *VIRUSES, *GENOMICS, *LEUKOCYTE count, *SEQUENCE analysis, *ADOLESCENCE, *CHILDREN
Abstract

Background Encephalitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain associated with long-term neurologic sequelae and even death in children. Although viruses are often implicated, an etiology is not identified in the majority of cases. Metagenomics-based next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a high-throughput sequencing technique that can enhance the detection of novel or low-frequency pathogens. Methods Hospitalized immunocompetent children aged 6 months to 18 years with encephalitis of unidentified etiology were eligible for enrollment. Demographic, historical, and clinical information was obtained, and residual blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were subjected to mNGS. Pathogens were identified by querying the sequence data against the NCBI GenBank database. Results Twenty children were enrolled prospectively between 2013 and 2017. mNGS of CSF identified 7 nonhuman nucleic acid sequences of significant frequency in 6 patients, including that of Mycoplasma bovis , parvovirus B19, Neisseria meningitidis , and Balamuthia mandrillaris. mNGS also detected Cladophialophora species, tobacco mosaic virus, and human bocavirus, which were presumed to be contaminants or nonpathogenic organisms. One patient was found to have positive serology results for California encephalitis virus, but mNGS did not detect it. Patients for whom mNGS identified a diagnosis had a significantly higher CSF white blood cell count, a higher CSF protein concentration, and a lower CSF glucose level than patients for whom mNGS did not identify a diagnosis. Conclusion We describe here the results of a prospective cohort analysis to evaluate mNGS as a diagnostic tool for children with unexplained encephalitis. Although mNGS detected multiple nonpathogenic organisms, it also identified multiple pathogens successfully and was most useful in patients with a CSF abnormality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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27. Cronobacter sakazakii Infections in Two Infants Linked to Powdered Infant Formula and Breast Pump Equipment - United States, 2021 and 2022.

Author

Haston JC, Miko S, Cope JR, McKeel H, Walters C, Joseph LA, Griswold T, Katz LS, Andújar AA, Tourdot L, Rounds J, Vagnone P, Medus C, Harris J, Geist R, Neises D, Wiggington A, Smith T, Im MS, Wheeler C, Smith P, Carleton HA, and Lee CC

Subjects
Female, Infant, Humans, Infant Formula, Enterobacteriaceae, Milk, Human, Powders, Cronobacter sakazakii genetics, Enterobacteriaceae Infections diagnosis
Abstract

Cronobacter sakazakii, a species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is known to cause severe and often fatal meningitis and sepsis in young infants. C. sakazakii is ubiquitous in the environment, and most reported infant cases have been attributed to contaminated powdered infant formula (powdered formula) or breast milk that was expressed using contaminated breast pump equipment (1-3). Previous investigations of cases and outbreaks have identified C. sakazakii in opened powdered formula, breast pump parts, environmental surfaces in the home, and, rarely, in unopened powdered formula and formula manufacturing facilities (2,4-6). This report describes two infants with C. sakazakii meningitis reported to CDC in September 2021 and February 2022. CDC used whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis to link one case to contaminated opened powdered formula from the patient's home and the other to contaminated breast pump equipment. These cases highlight the importance of expanding awareness about C. sakazakii infections in infants, safe preparation and storage of powdered formula, proper cleaning and sanitizing of breast pump equipment, and using WGS as a tool for C. sakazakii investigations., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Published
2023
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28. Characteristics Associated with Adults Remembering to Wash Hands in Multiple Situations Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, October 2019 and June 2020.

Author

Haston JC, Miller GF, Berendes D, Andújar A, Marshall B, Cope J, Hunter CM, Robinson BM, Hill VR, and Garcia-Williams AG

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Coronavirus Infections prevention & control, Hand Disinfection, Pandemics prevention & control, Pneumonia, Viral prevention & control
Abstract

Washing hands often, especially during times when one is likely to acquire and spread pathogens,* is one important measure to help prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as other pathogens spread by respiratory or fecal-oral transmission (1,2). Studies have reported moderate to high levels of self-reported handwashing among adults worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic (3-5) † ; however, little is known about how handwashing behavior among U.S. adults has changed since the start of the pandemic. For this study, survey data from October 2019 (prepandemic) and June 2020 (during pandemic) were compared to assess changes in adults' remembering to wash their hands in six situations. § Statistically significant increases in reported handwashing were seen in June 2020 compared with October 2019 in four of the six situations; the odds of remembering to wash hands was 2.3 times higher among respondents after coughing, sneezing, or blowing their nose, 2.0 times higher before eating at a restaurant, and 1.7 times higher before eating at home. Men, young adults aged 18-24 years, and non-Hispanic White (White) adults were less likely to remember to wash hands in multiple situations. Strategies to help persons remember to wash their hands frequently and at important times should be identified and implemented, especially among groups reporting low prevalence of remembering to wash their hands., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Published
2020
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29. Guidance for Using Tafenoquine for Prevention and Antirelapse Therapy for Malaria - United States, 2019.

Author

Haston JC, Hwang J, and Tan KR

Subjects
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Travel Medicine, United States, Aminoquinolines therapeutic use, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Malaria prevention & control, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Secondary Prevention
Abstract

An estimated 219 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide in 2017, causing approximately 435,000 deaths (1). Malaria is caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium transmitted to humans through the bite of an infective Anopheles mosquito. Five Plasmodium species that regularly cause illness in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi (2). The parasite first develops in the liver before infecting red blood cells. Travelers to areas with endemic malaria can prevent malaria by taking chemoprophylaxis. However, most antimalarials do not kill the liver stages of the parasite, including hypnozoites that cause relapses of disease caused by P. vivax or P. ovale. Therefore, patients with these relapsing species must be treated with two medications: one for the acute infection, and another to treat the hypnozoites (antirelapse therapy). Until recently, primaquine was the only drug available worldwide to kill hypnozoites. Tafenoquine, a long-acting 8-aminoquinoline drug related to primaquine, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 20, 2018, for antirelapse therapy (Krintafel) and August 8, 2018, for chemoprophylaxis (Arakoda) (3,4). This report reviews evidence for the efficacy and safety of tafenoquine and provides CDC guidance for clinicians who prescribe chemoprophylaxis for travelers to areas with endemic malaria and treat malaria., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Kathrine Tan reports that she is a coinvestigator for postmarketing surveillance for adverse events associated with tafenoquine use; she receives no compensation for this work. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Published
2019
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