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122 results on '"Hau-Riege, S. P."'

1. In-situ observation of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures with extreme spatial and temporal resolution

Author

Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Bonse, J., Barty, A., Chapman, H. N., Bajt, S., Bogan, M. J., Boutet, S., Cavalleri, A., Düsterer, S., Frank, M., Hajdu, J., Hau-Riege, S., Marchesini, S., Stojanovic, N., and Treusch, R.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Irradiation of solid surfaces with intense ultrashort laser pulses represents a unique way of depositing energy into materials. It allows to realize states of extreme electronic excitation and/or very high temperature and pressure, and to drive materials close to and beyond fundamental stability limits. As a consequence, structural changes and phase transitions often occur along unusual pathways and under strongly non-equilibrium conditions. Due to the inherent multiscale nature - both temporally and spatially - of these irreversible processes their direct experimental observation requires techniques that combine high temporal resolution with the appropriate spatial resolution and the capability to obtain good quality data on a single pulse/event basis. In this respect fourth generation light sources, namely short wavelength, short pulse free electron lasers (FELs) are offering new and fascinating possibilities. As an example, this chapter will discuss the results of scattering experiments carried at the FLASH free electron laser at DESY (Hamburg, Germany), which allowed us to resolve laser-induced structure formation at surfaces on the nanometer to sub-micron length scale and in temporal regimes ranging from picoseconds to several nanoseconds with sub-picosecond resolution., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures

Published
2022
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2. A new streaked soft x-ray imager for the National Ignition Facility

Author

Benstead, J, Moore, AS, Ahmed, MF, Morton, J, Guymer, TM, Soufli, R, Pardini, T, Hibbard, RL, Bailey, CG, Bell, PM, Hau-Riege, S, Bedzyk, M, Shoup, MJ, Reagan, S, Agliata, T, Jungquist, R, Schmidt, DW, Kot, LB, Garbett, WJ, Rubery, MS, Skidmore, JW, Gullikson, E, and Salmassi, F

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Engineering, Physical Sciences, Affordable and Clean Energy, Chemical Sciences, Applied Physics, Chemical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract

A new streaked soft x-ray imager has been designed for use on high energy-density (HED) physics experiments at the National Ignition Facility based at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This streaked imager uses a slit aperture, single shallow angle reflection from a nickel mirror, and soft x-ray filtering to, when coupled to one of the NIF's x-ray streak cameras, record a 4× magnification, one-dimensional image of an x-ray source with a spatial resolution of less than 90 μm. The energy band pass produced depends upon the filter material used; for the first qualification shots, vanadium and silver-on-titanium filters were used to gate on photon energy ranges of approximately 300-510 eV and 200-400 eV, respectively. A two-channel version of the snout is available for x-ray sources up to 1 mm and a single-channel is available for larger sources up to 3 mm. Both the one and two-channel variants have been qualified on quartz wire and HED physics target shots.

Published
2016

3. Solid-to-solid phase transition from amorphous carbon to graphite nanocrystal induced by intense femtosecond x-ray pulses

Author

Gaudin, J., Chalupský, J., Toufarová, M., Vyšín, L., Hájková, V., Sobierajski, R., Burian, T., Dastjani-Farahani, Sh., Graf, A., Amati, M., Gregoratti, L., Hau-Riege, S. P., Hoffmann, G., Juha, L., Krzywinski, J., London, R. A., Moeller, S., Sinn, H., Schorb, S., Störmer, M., Tschentscher, Th., Vorlíček, V., Vu, H., Bozek, J., and Bostedt, C.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

We present the results of an experiment where amorphous carbon was irradiated by femtosecond x-ray free electron laser pulses. The 830 eV laser pulses induce a phase transition in the material which is characterized ex-situ. The phase transition energy threshold is determined by measuring the surface of each irradiated area using an optical Nomarski microscope. The threshold fluence is found to be 282 +/- 11 mJ/cm^2, corresponding to an absorbed dose at the surface of 131 +/-5 meV/atom. Atomic force microscopy measurements show volume expansion of the irradiated sample area, suggesting a solid to solid phase transition. Deeper insight into the phase transition is gained by using scanning photoelectron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Photoelectron microscopy shows graphitization, i.e. modification from sp3 to sp2 hybridization, of the irradiated material. The micro-Raman spectra show the appearance of local order, i.e. formation of graphite nanocrystals. Finally, the nature of the phase transition is discussed, taking into account previous theory and experimental results.

Published
2011

4. Coherence Properties of Individual Femtosecond Pulses of an X-ray Free-Electron Laser

Author

Vartanyants, I. A., Singer, A., Mancuso, A. P., Yefanov, O., Sakdinawat, A., Liu, Y., Bang, E., Williams, G. J., Cadenazzi, G., Abbey, B., Sinn, H., Attwood, D., Nugent, K. A., Weckert, E., Wang, T., Zhu, D., Wu, B., Graves, C., Scherz, A., Turner, J. J., Schlotter, W. F., Messerschmidt, M., Luning, J., Acremann, Y., Heimann, P., Mancini, D. C., Joshi, V., Krzywinski, J., Soufli, R., Fernandez-Perea, M., Hau-Riege, S., Peele, A. G., Feng, Y., Krupin, O., Moeller, S., and Wurth, W.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Measurements of the spatial and temporal coherence of single, femtosecond x-ray pulses generated by the first hard x-ray free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), are presented. Single shot measurements were performed at 780 eV x-ray photon energy using apertures containing double pinholes in "diffract and destroy" mode. We determined a coherence length of 17 micrometers in the vertical direction, which is approximately the size of the focused LCLS beam in the same direction. The analysis of the diffraction patterns produced by the pinholes with the largest separation yields an estimate of the temporal coherence time of 0.6 fs. We find that the total degree of transverse coherence is 56% and that the x-ray pulses are adequately described by two transverse coherent modes in each direction. This leads us to the conclusion that 78% of the total power is contained in the dominant mode., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Published
2011
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6. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Temperature Equilibration in Dense Hydrogen

Author

Glosli, J. N., Graziani, F. R., More, R. M., Murillo, M. S., Streitz, F. H., Surh, M. P., Benedict, L. X., Hau-Riege, S., Langdon, A. B., and London, R. A.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The temperature equilibration rate in dense hydrogen (for both T_{i}>T_{e} and T_i1, a model by Gericke-Murillo-Schlanges (GMS) [Gericke et al., PRE 65, 036418 (2002)] based on a T-matrix method and the approach by Brown-Preston-Singleton [Brown et al., Phys. Rep. 410, 237 (2005)] agrees with the simulation data to within the error bars of the simulation. For smaller Coulomb logarithms, the GMS model is consistent with the simulation results. Landau-Spitzer models are consistent with the simulation data for L>4.

Published
2008
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7. Ultrafast, ultrabright, X-ray holography using a uniformly-redundant array

Author

Marchesini, S., Boutet, S., Sakdinawat, A. E., Bogan, M. J., Bajt, S., Barty, A., Chapman, H. N., Frank, M., Hau-Riege, S. P., Szoke, A., Cui, C., Howells, M. R., Shapiro, D. A., Spence, J. C. H., Shaevitz, J. W., Lee, J. Y., Hajdu, J., and Seibert, M. M.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Advances in the development of free-electron lasers offer the realistic prospect of high-resolution imaging to study the nanoworld on the time-scale of atomic motions. We identify X-ray Fourier Transform holography, (FTH) as a promising but, so far, inefficient scheme to do this. We show that a uniformly redundant array (URA) placed next to the sample, multiplies the efficiency of X-ray FTH by more than one thousand (approaching that of a perfect lens) and provides holographic images with both amplitude- and phase-contrast information. The experiments reported here demonstrate this concept by imaging a nano-fabricated object at a synchrotron source, and a bacterial cell at a soft X-ray free-electron-laser, where illumination by a single 15 fs pulse was successfully used in producing the holographic image. We expect with upcoming hard X-ray lasers to achieve considerably higher spatial resolution and to obtain ultrafast movies of excited states of matter., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, revtex

Published
2008
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8. Interaction of ultrashort X-ray pulses with B4C, SiC and Si

Author

Bergh, M., Timneanu, N., Hau-Riege, S. P., and Scott, H. A.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The interaction of 32.5 and 6 nm ultrashort X-ray pulses with the solid materials B4C, SiC and Si is simulated with a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) radiation transfer code. We study the ionization dynamics as function of depth in the material, modifications of the opacity during irradiation and estimate crater depth. Furthermore, we compare the estimated crater depth with experimental data, for fluences up to 2.2 J/cm2. Our results show that at 32.5 nm irradiation, the opacity changes with less than a factor of 2 for B4C and Si and a factor of 3 for SiC, for fluences up to 200 J/cm2. At a laser wavelength of 6 nm, the model predicts a dramatic decrease in opacity due to the weak inverse bremsstrahlung, increasing the crater depth for high fluences., Comment: 9 pages, 9 color figures

Published
2007
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9. Three-dimensional coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of a ceramic nanofoam: determination of structural deformation mechanisms

Author

Barty, A., Marchesini, S., Chapman, H. N., Cui, C., Howells, M. R., Shapiro, D. A., Minor, A. M., Spence, J. C. H., Weierstall, U., Ilavsky, J., Noy, A., Hau-Riege, S. P., Artyukhin, A. B., Baumann, T., Willey, T., Stolken, J., van Buuren, T., and Kinney, J. H.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Ultra-low density polymers, metals, and ceramic nanofoams are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratio, high surface area and insulating properties ascribed to their structural geometry. We obtain the labrynthine internal structure of a tantalum oxide nanofoam by X-ray diffractive imaging. Finite element analysis from the structure reveals mechanical properties consistent with bulk samples and with a diffusion limited cluster aggregation model, while excess mass on the nodes discounts the dangling fragments hypothesis of percolation theory., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 30 references

Published
2007
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10. Progress in Three-Dimensional Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging

Author

Marchesini, S., Chapman, H. N., Barty, A., Noy, A., Hau-Riege, S. P., Kinney, J. M., Cui, C., Howells, M. R., Rosen, R., Spence, J. C. H., Weierstall, U., Shapiro, D., Beetz, T., Jacobsen, C., Lima, E., Minor, A. M., and He, H.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

The Fourier inversion of phased coherent diffraction patterns offers images without the resolution and depth-of-focus limitations of lens-based tomographic systems. We report on our recent experimental images inverted using recent developments in phase retrieval algorithms, and summarize efforts that led to these accomplishments. These include ab-initio reconstruction of a two-dimensional test pattern, infinite depth of focus image of a thick object, and its high-resolution (~10 nm resolution) three-dimensional image. Developments on the structural imaging of low density aerogel samples are discussed., Comment: 5 pages, X-Ray Microscopy 2005, Himeji, Japan

Published
2005

11. SPEDEN: Reconstructing single particles from their diffraction patterns

Author

Hau-Riege, S. P., Szoke, H., Chapman, H. N., Szoke, A., Marchesini, S., Noy, A., He, H., Howells, M. R., Weierstall, U., and Spence, J. C. H.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Speden is a computer program that reconstructs the electron density of single particles from their x-ray diffraction patterns, using a single-particle adaptation of the Holographic Method in crystallography. (Szoke, A., Szoke, H., and Somoza, J.R., 1997. Acta Cryst. A53, 291-313.) The method, like its parent, is unique that it does not rely on ``back'' transformation from the diffraction pattern into real space and on interpolation within measured data. It is designed to deal successfully with sparse, irregular, incomplete and noisy data. It is also designed to use prior information for ensuring sensible results and for reliable convergence. This article describes the theoretical basis for the reconstruction algorithm, its implementation and quantitative results of tests on synthetic and experimentally obtained data. The program could be used for determining the structure of radiation tolerant samples and, eventually, of large biological molecular structures without the need for crystallization., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

Published
2004
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12. Coherent X-ray Diffractive Imaging; applications and limitations

Author

Marchesini, S., Chapman, H. N., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Szoke, A., He, H., Howells, M. R., Padmore, H., Rosen, R., Spence, J. C. H., and Weierstall, U.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

The inversion of a diffraction pattern offers aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems, the only limitation being radiation damage. We review our experimental results, discuss the fundamental limits of this technique and future plans., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures

Published
2003
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13. X-ray image reconstruction from a diffraction pattern alone

Author

Marchesini, S., He, H., Chapman, H. N., Hau-Riege, S. P., Noy, A., Howells, M. R., Weierstall, U., and Spence, J. C. H.

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Condensed Matter, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability
Abstract

A solution to the inversion problem of scattering would offer aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems. Powerful algorithms are increasingly being used to act as lenses to form such images. Current image reconstruction methods, however, require the knowledge of the shape of the object and the low spatial frequencies unavoidably lost in experiments. Diffractive imaging has thus previously been used to increase the resolution of images obtained by other means. We demonstrate experimentally here a new inversion method, which reconstructs the image of the object without the need for any such prior knowledge., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, improved figures and captions, changed title

Published
2003
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14. Toward using collective x-ray Thomson scattering to study C–H demixing and hydrogen metallization in warm dense matter conditions

Author

(0000-0002-8641-4794) Ranjan, D., (0000-0003-4211-2484) Ramakrishna, K., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0001-6748-0422) Humphries, O. S., (0000-0001-6363-1780) Heuser, B., (0009-0006-9039-5756) Stevenson, M. G., (0000-0002-2593-573X) Lütgert, B. J., (0000-0001-5416-456X) He, Z., (0000-0002-4890-7440) Qu, C., (0000-0002-1846-0000) Schumacher, S., (0009-0003-4989-8704) May, P. T., Amouretti, A., (0000-0002-2902-2102) Appel, K., Brambrink, E., (0000-0002-2808-2963) Cerantola, V., (0000-0002-7337-2337) Chekrygina, D., (0000-0002-7120-7194) Fletcher, L. B., Göde, S., (0000-0003-0713-5824) Harmand, M., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., (0000-0001-7331-6485) Hau-Riege, S. P., (0000-0003-1513-9198) Makita, M., (0009-0001-3308-5376) Pelka, A., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., Zhang, M., (0000-0003-1228-2263) Preston, T. R., (0000-0002-3575-4449) Zastrau, U., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0002-8641-4794) Ranjan, D., (0000-0003-4211-2484) Ramakrishna, K., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., (0000-0001-6748-0422) Humphries, O. S., (0000-0001-6363-1780) Heuser, B., (0009-0006-9039-5756) Stevenson, M. G., (0000-0002-2593-573X) Lütgert, B. J., (0000-0001-5416-456X) He, Z., (0000-0002-4890-7440) Qu, C., (0000-0002-1846-0000) Schumacher, S., (0009-0003-4989-8704) May, P. T., Amouretti, A., (0000-0002-2902-2102) Appel, K., Brambrink, E., (0000-0002-2808-2963) Cerantola, V., (0000-0002-7337-2337) Chekrygina, D., (0000-0002-7120-7194) Fletcher, L. B., Göde, S., (0000-0003-0713-5824) Harmand, M., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., (0000-0001-7331-6485) Hau-Riege, S. P., (0000-0003-1513-9198) Makita, M., (0009-0001-3308-5376) Pelka, A., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., Zhang, M., (0000-0003-1228-2263) Preston, T. R., (0000-0002-3575-4449) Zastrau, U., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., and (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D.

Abstract

The insulator–metal transition in liquid hydrogen is an important phenomenon to understand the interiors of gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn, as well as the physical and chemical behavior of materials at high pressures and temperatures. Here, the path toward an experimental approach is detailed based on spectrally resolved x-ray scattering, tailored to observe and characterize hydrogen metallization in dynamically compressed hydrocarbons in the regime of carbon–hydrogen phase separation. With the help of time-dependent density functional theory calculations and scattering spectra from undriven carbon samples collected at the European x-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (EuXFEL), we demonstrate sufficient data quality for observing C–H demixing and investigating the presence of liquid metallic hydrogen in future experiments using the reprated drive laser systems at EuXFEL.

Published
2023

15. Toward using collective x-ray Thomson scattering to study C-H demixing and hydrogen metallization in warm dense matter conditions

Author

Ranjan, D, Ramakrishna, K, Voigt, K, Humphries, O, Heuser, B, Stevenson, M, Lütgert, J, He, Z, Qu, C, Schumacher, S, May, P, Amouretti, A, Appel, K, Brambrink, E, Cerantola, V, Chekrygina, D, Fletcher, L, Göde, S, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Hau-Riege, S, Makita, M, Pelka, A, Schuster, A, Šmíd, M, Toncian, T, Zhang, M, Preston, T, Zastrau, U, Vorberger, J, Kraus, D, Ranjan D., Ramakrishna K., Voigt K., Humphries O. S., Heuser B., Stevenson M. G., Lütgert J., He Z., Qu C., Schumacher S., May P. T., Amouretti A., Appel K., Brambrink E., Cerantola V., Chekrygina D., Fletcher L. B., Göde S., Harmand M., Hartley N. J., Hau-Riege S. P., Makita M., Pelka A., Schuster A. K., Šmíd M., Toncian T., Zhang M., Preston T. R., Zastrau U., Vorberger J., Kraus D., Ranjan, D, Ramakrishna, K, Voigt, K, Humphries, O, Heuser, B, Stevenson, M, Lütgert, J, He, Z, Qu, C, Schumacher, S, May, P, Amouretti, A, Appel, K, Brambrink, E, Cerantola, V, Chekrygina, D, Fletcher, L, Göde, S, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Hau-Riege, S, Makita, M, Pelka, A, Schuster, A, Šmíd, M, Toncian, T, Zhang, M, Preston, T, Zastrau, U, Vorberger, J, Kraus, D, Ranjan D., Ramakrishna K., Voigt K., Humphries O. S., Heuser B., Stevenson M. G., Lütgert J., He Z., Qu C., Schumacher S., May P. T., Amouretti A., Appel K., Brambrink E., Cerantola V., Chekrygina D., Fletcher L. B., Göde S., Harmand M., Hartley N. J., Hau-Riege S. P., Makita M., Pelka A., Schuster A. K., Šmíd M., Toncian T., Zhang M., Preston T. R., Zastrau U., Vorberger J., and Kraus D.

Abstract

The insulator-metal transition in liquid hydrogen is an important phenomenon to understand the interiors of gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn, as well as the physical and chemical behavior of materials at high pressures and temperatures. Here, the path toward an experimental approach is detailed based on spectrally resolved x-ray scattering, tailored to observe and characterize hydrogen metallization in dynamically compressed hydrocarbons in the regime of carbon-hydrogen phase separation. With the help of time-dependent density functional theory calculations and scattering spectra from undriven carbon samples collected at the European x-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (EuXFEL), we demonstrate sufficient data quality for observing C-H demixing and investigating the presence of liquid metallic hydrogen in future experiments using the reprated drive laser systems at EuXFEL.

Published
2023

16. Toward using collective x-ray Thomson scattering to study C–H demixing and hydrogen metallization in warm dense matter conditions

Author

Ranjan, D., primary, Ramakrishna, K., additional, Voigt, K., additional, Humphries, O. S., additional, Heuser, B., additional, Stevenson, M. G., additional, Lütgert, J., additional, He, Z., additional, Qu, C., additional, Schumacher, S., additional, May, P. T., additional, Amouretti, A., additional, Appel, K., additional, Brambrink, E., additional, Cerantola, V., additional, Chekrygina, D., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Göde, S., additional, Harmand, M., additional, Hartley, N. J., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Makita, M., additional, Pelka, A., additional, Schuster, A. K., additional, Šmíd, M., additional, Toncian, T., additional, Zhang, M., additional, Preston, T. R., additional, Zastrau, U., additional, Vorberger, J., additional, and Kraus, D., additional

Published
2023
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18. Ultrafast coherent X-ray diffractive imaging with the FLASH Free-Electron Laser

Author

Chapman, H. N., Bajt, S., Barty, A., Benner, W. H., Bogan, M. J., Boutet, S., Cavalleri, A., Düsterer, S., Frank, M., Hajdu, J., Hau-Riege, S. P., Iwan, B., Marchesini, S., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Siebert, M. M., Treusch, R., Woods, B. W., Corkum, Paul, editor, Silvestri, Sandro, editor, Nelson, Keith A., editor, Riedle, Eberhard, editor, and Schoenlein, Robert W., editor

Published
2009
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19. High intensity XUV-FEL interaction with solids: first experimental results

Author

Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., von der Linde, D., Zastrau, U., Perner, F., Förster, E., Sobierajski, R., Nietubyc, R., Jurek, M., Krzywinski, J., Pelka, J. B., Juha, L., Hajkova, V., Cihelka, J., Velyhan, A., Kuba, J., Chalupský, J., Tschentscher, Th., Toleikis, S., Düsterer, S., Redlin, H., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Bionta, R. M., Chapman, H., Lee, R. W., Bergh, M., Caleman, K., Hajdu, J., Castleman, A. W., Jr., editor, Toennies, J. P., editor, Zinth, W., editor, Yamanouchi, K., editor, Corkum, Paul, editor, Jonas, David M., editor, Miller, R. J. Dwayne., editor, and Weiner, Andrew M., editor

Published
2007
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20. Demonstration of an x-ray Raman spectroscopy setup to study warm dense carbon at the high energy density instrument of European XFEL

Author

Voigt, K., primary, Zhang, M., additional, Ramakrishna, K., additional, Amouretti, A., additional, Appel, K., additional, Brambrink, E., additional, Cerantola, V., additional, Chekrygina, D., additional, Döppner, T., additional, Falcone, R. W., additional, Falk, K., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Gericke, D. O., additional, Göde, S., additional, Harmand, M., additional, Hartley, N. J., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Huang, L. G., additional, Humphries, O. S., additional, Lokamani, M., additional, Makita, M., additional, Pelka, A., additional, Prescher, C., additional, Schuster, A. K., additional, Šmíd, M., additional, Toncian, T., additional, Vorberger, J., additional, Zastrau, U., additional, Preston, T. R., additional, and Kraus, D., additional

Published
2021
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21. Demonstration of an X-ray Raman Spectroscopy setup to study warm dense carbon at the High Energy Density Instrument of European XFEL

Author

(0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., Zhang, M., (0000-0003-4211-2484) Ramakrishna, K., Amouretti, A., Appel, K., Brambrink, E., Cerantola, V., Chekrygina, D., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., (0000-0001-5975-776X) Falk, K., Fletcher, L. B., Gericke, D. O., Göde, S., Harmand, M., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Hau-Riege, S. P., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., (0000-0001-6748-0422) Humphries, O. S., (0000-0001-8679-5905) Lokamani, M., Makita, M., Pelka, A., Prescher, C., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Zastrau, U., Preston, T. R., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., Zhang, M., (0000-0003-4211-2484) Ramakrishna, K., Amouretti, A., Appel, K., Brambrink, E., Cerantola, V., Chekrygina, D., Döppner, T., Falcone, R. W., (0000-0001-5975-776X) Falk, K., Fletcher, L. B., Gericke, D. O., Göde, S., Harmand, M., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Hau-Riege, S. P., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., (0000-0001-6748-0422) Humphries, O. S., (0000-0001-8679-5905) Lokamani, M., Makita, M., Pelka, A., Prescher, C., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., (0000-0001-5926-9192) Vorberger, J., Zastrau, U., Preston, T. R., and (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D.

Abstract

We present a proof-of-principle study demonstrating X-ray Raman Spectroscopy (XRS) from carbon samples at ambient conditions in conjunction with other common diagnostics to study warm dense matter, performed at the High Energy Density scientific instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). We obtain sufficient spectral resolution to identify the local structure and chemical bonding of diamond and graphite samples, using highly annealed pyrolytic graphite spectrometers. Due to the high crystal reflectivity and XFEL brightness, we obtain signal strengths that will enable accurate XRS measurements in upcoming pump-probe experiments with high repetition-rate, where the samples will be pumped with high-power lasers. Molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory together with XRS simulations demonstrate the potential of this technique and show predictions for high-energy-density conditions. Our setup allows simultaneous implementation of several di erent diagnostic methods to reduce ambiguities in the analysis of the experimental results, which, for warm dense matter, often relies on simplifying model assumptions. The promising capabilities demonstrated here provide unprecedented insights into chemical and structural dynamics in warm dense matter states of light elements, including conditions similar to the interiors of planets, low-mass stars and other celestial bodies.

Published
2021

23. Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight

Author

Loh, N. D., Hampton, C. Y., Martin, A. V., Starodub, D., Sierra, R. G., Barty, A., Aquila, A., Schulz, J., Lomb, L., Steinbrener, J., Shoeman, R. L., Kassemeyer, S., Bostedt, C., Bozek, J., Epp, S. W., Erk, B., Hartmann, R., Rolles, D., Rudenko, A., Rudek, B., Foucar, L., Kimmel, N., Weidenspointner, G., Hauser, G., Holl, P., Pedersoli, E., Liang, M., Hunter, M. M., Gumprecht, L., Coppola, N., Wunderer, C., Graafsma, H., Maia, F. R. N. C., Ekeberg, T., Hantke, M., Fleckenstein, H., Hirsemann, H., Nass, K., White, T. A., Tobias, H. J., Farquar, G. R., Benner, W. H., Hau-Riege, S. P., Reich, C., Hartmann, A., Soltau, H., Marchesini, S., Bajt, S., Barthelmess, M., Bucksbaum, P., Hodgson, K. O., Strüder, L., Ullrich, J., Frank, M., Schlichting, I., Chapman, H. N., and Bogan, M. J.

Published
2012
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24. High intensity XUV-FEL interaction with solids: first experimental results

Author

Sokolowski-Tinten, K., primary, Stojanovic, N., additional, von der Linde, D., additional, Zastrau, U., additional, Perner, F., additional, Förster, E., additional, Sobierajski, R., additional, Nietubyc, R., additional, Jurek, M., additional, Krzywinski, J., additional, Pelka, J. B., additional, Juha, L., additional, Hajkova, V., additional, Cihelka, J., additional, Velyhan, A., additional, Kuba, J., additional, Chalupský, J., additional, Tschentscher, Th., additional, Toleikis, S., additional, Düsterer, S., additional, Redlin, H., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, London, R. A., additional, Bionta, R. M., additional, Chapman, H., additional, Lee, R. W., additional, Bergh, M., additional, Caleman, K., additional, and Hajdu, J., additional

Published
2007
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25. Design and performance characterisation of the HAPG von Hámos Spectrometer at the High Energy Density Instrument of the European XFEL

Author

Preston, T. R., Göde, S., Schwinkendorf, J.-P., Appel, K., Brambrink, E., Cerantola, V., Höppner, H., Makita, M., (0009-0001-3308-5376) Pelka, A., Prescher, C., Sukharnikov, K., Schmidt, A., Thorpe, I., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., Amouretti, A., Chekrygina, D., Falcone, R. W., (0000-0001-5975-776X) Falk, K., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Harmand, M., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Hau-Riege, S. P., Heimann, P., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Humphries, O. S., Karnbach, O., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Ren, S., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., Zhang, M., Zastrau, U., Preston, T. R., Göde, S., Schwinkendorf, J.-P., Appel, K., Brambrink, E., Cerantola, V., Höppner, H., Makita, M., (0009-0001-3308-5376) Pelka, A., Prescher, C., Sukharnikov, K., Schmidt, A., Thorpe, I., (0000-0001-7986-3631) Toncian, T., Amouretti, A., Chekrygina, D., Falcone, R. W., (0000-0001-5975-776X) Falk, K., Fletcher, L. B., Galtier, E., Harmand, M., (0000-0002-6268-2436) Hartley, N., Hau-Riege, S. P., Heimann, P., (0000-0003-1184-2097) Huang, L., Humphries, O. S., Karnbach, O., (0000-0002-6350-4180) Kraus, D., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Ren, S., (0000-0001-5489-5952) Schuster, A., (0000-0002-7162-7500) Smid, M., (0000-0001-8090-2626) Voigt, K., Zhang, M., and Zastrau, U.

Published
2020

26. Erratum: Delayed Onset of Nonthermal Melting in Single-Crystal Silicon Pumped with Hard X Rays [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 , 265701 (2018)]

Author

Pardini, T., primary, Alameda, J., additional, Aquila, A., additional, Boutet, S., additional, Decker, T., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Guillet, S., additional, Hamilton, P., additional, Hayes, M., additional, Hill, R., additional, Koglin, J., additional, Kozioziemski, B., additional, Robinson, J., additional, Sokolowski-Tinten, K., additional, Soufli, R., additional, and Hau-Riege, S. P., additional

Published
2020
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31. Delayed Onset of Nonthermal Melting in Single-Crystal Silicon Pumped with Hard X Rays

Author

Pardini, T., primary, Alameda, J., additional, Aquila, A., additional, Boutet, S., additional, Decker, T., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Guillet, S., additional, Hamilton, P., additional, Hayes, M., additional, Hill, R., additional, Koglin, J., additional, Kozioziemski, B., additional, Robinson, J., additional, Sokolowski-Tinten, K., additional, Soufli, R., additional, and Hau-Riege, S. P., additional

Published
2018
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32. Measurement of x-ray free-electron-laser pulse energies by photoluminescence in nitrogen gas.

Author

Hau-Riege, S. P., Bionta, R. M., Ryutov, D. D., and Krzywinski, J.

Subjects
*PHOTOLUMINESCENCE, *DETECTORS, *ELECTRONS, *POSITRONS, *MONTE Carlo method
Abstract

We discuss the physics of a photoluminescence-based pulse-energy detector that will be used to characterize hard x-ray free-electron-laser pulses at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We tested the detector in a quasi-steady-state mode of operation at the conventional synchrotron light source Stanford positron electron assymetric ring 3 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. We also developed a Monte-Carlo model for the x-ray interaction with the nitrogen gas and the resulting ultraviolet signal and found good agreement with the experimental data. Remaining discrepancies can, to a large extent, be attributed to the varying luminescence behavior of different chamber wall materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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33. Measurement of high-dynamic range x-ray Thomson scattering spectra for the characterization of nano-plasmas at LCLS

Author

MacDonald, M. J., primary, Gorkhover, T., additional, Bachmann, B., additional, Bucher, M., additional, Carron, S., additional, Coffee, R. N., additional, Drake, R. P., additional, Ferguson, K. R., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Gamboa, E. J., additional, Glenzer, S. H., additional, Göde, S., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Kraus, D., additional, Krzywinski, J., additional, Levitan, A. L., additional, Meiwes-Broer, K.-H., additional, O’Grady, C. P., additional, Osipov, T., additional, Pardini, T., additional, Peltz, C., additional, Skruszewicz, S., additional, Swiggers, M., additional, Bostedt, C., additional, Fennel, T., additional, and Döppner, T., additional

Published
2016
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34. The linac coherent light source single particle imaging road map

Author

Aquila, A., Barty, A., Bostedt, C., Boutet, S., Carini, G., dePonte, D., Drell, P., Doniach, S., Downing, K. H., Earnest, T., Elmlund, H., Elser, V., Gühr, M., Hajdu, Janos, Hastings, J., Hau-Riege, S. P., Huang, Z., Lattman, E. E., Maia, F. R. N. C., Marchesini, S., Ourmazd, A., Pellegrini, C., Santra, R., Schlichting, I., Schroer, C., Spence, J. C. H., Vartanyants, I. A., Wakatsuki, S., Weis, W. I., Williams, G. J., Aquila, A., Barty, A., Bostedt, C., Boutet, S., Carini, G., dePonte, D., Drell, P., Doniach, S., Downing, K. H., Earnest, T., Elmlund, H., Elser, V., Gühr, M., Hajdu, Janos, Hastings, J., Hau-Riege, S. P., Huang, Z., Lattman, E. E., Maia, F. R. N. C., Marchesini, S., Ourmazd, A., Pellegrini, C., Santra, R., Schlichting, I., Schroer, C., Spence, J. C. H., Vartanyants, I. A., Wakatsuki, S., Weis, W. I., and Williams, G. J.

Abstract

Intense femtosecond x-ray pulses from free-electron laser sources allow the imag-ing of individual particles in a single shot. Early experiments at the Linac CoherentLight Source (LCLS) have led to rapid progress in the field and, so far, coherentdiffractive images have been recorded from biological specimens, aerosols, andquantum systems with a few-tens-of-nanometers resolution. In March 2014, LCLSheld a workshop to discuss the scientific and technical challenges for reaching theultimate goal of atomic resolution with single-shot coherent diffractive imaging. This paper summarizes the workshop findings and presents the roadmap towardreaching atomic resolution, 3D imaging at free-electron laser sources.

Published
2015
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35. Imprinting a Focused X-Ray Laser Beam to Measure Its Full Spatial Characteristics

Author

Chalupský, J., primary, Boháček, P., additional, Burian, T., additional, Hájková, V., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Heimann, P. A., additional, Juha, L., additional, Messerschmidt, M., additional, Moeller, S. P., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Rowen, M., additional, Schlotter, W. F., additional, Swiggers, M. L., additional, Turner, J. J., additional, and Krzywinski, J., additional

Published
2015
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36. The linac coherent light source single particle imaging road map

Author

Aquila, A., primary, Barty, A., additional, Bostedt, C., additional, Boutet, S., additional, Carini, G., additional, dePonte, D., additional, Drell, P., additional, Doniach, S., additional, Downing, K. H., additional, Earnest, T., additional, Elmlund, H., additional, Elser, V., additional, Gühr, M., additional, Hajdu, J., additional, Hastings, J., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Huang, Z., additional, Lattman, E. E., additional, Maia, F. R. N. C., additional, Marchesini, S., additional, Ourmazd, A., additional, Pellegrini, C., additional, Santra, R., additional, Schlichting, I., additional, Schroer, C., additional, Spence, J. C. H., additional, Vartanyants, I. A., additional, Wakatsuki, S., additional, Weis, W. I., additional, and Williams, G. J., additional

Published
2015
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37. Mesoscale morphology of airborne core-shell nanoparticle clusters : x-ray laser coherent diffraction imaging

Author

Pedersoli, E., Loh, N. D., Capotondi, F., Hampton, C. Y., Sierra, R. G., Starodub, D., Bostedt, C., Bozek, J., Nelson, A. J., Aslam, M., Li, S., Dravid, V. P., Martin, A. V., Aquila, A., Barty, A., Fleckenstein, H., Gumprecht, L., Liang, M., Nass, K., Schulz, J., White, T. A., Coppola, N., Bajt, S., Barthelmess, M., Graafsma, H., Hirsemann, H., Wunderer, C., Epp, S. W., Erk, B., Rudek, B., Rudenko, A., Foucar, L., Kassemeyer, S., Lomb, L., Rolles, D., Shoeman, R. L., Steinbrener, J., Hartmann, R., Hartmann, A., Hauser, G., Holl, P., Kimmel, N., Reich, C., Soltau, H., Weidenspointner, G., Benner, W. H., Farquar, G. R., Hau-Riege, S. P., Hunter, M. S., Ekeberg, Tomas, Hantke, Max, Maia, Filipe R. N. C., Tobias, H. J., Marchesini, S., Frank, M., Strueder, L., Schlichting, I., Ullrich, J., Chapman, H. N., Bucksbaum, P. H., Kiskinova, M., Bogan, M. J., Pedersoli, E., Loh, N. D., Capotondi, F., Hampton, C. Y., Sierra, R. G., Starodub, D., Bostedt, C., Bozek, J., Nelson, A. J., Aslam, M., Li, S., Dravid, V. P., Martin, A. V., Aquila, A., Barty, A., Fleckenstein, H., Gumprecht, L., Liang, M., Nass, K., Schulz, J., White, T. A., Coppola, N., Bajt, S., Barthelmess, M., Graafsma, H., Hirsemann, H., Wunderer, C., Epp, S. W., Erk, B., Rudek, B., Rudenko, A., Foucar, L., Kassemeyer, S., Lomb, L., Rolles, D., Shoeman, R. L., Steinbrener, J., Hartmann, R., Hartmann, A., Hauser, G., Holl, P., Kimmel, N., Reich, C., Soltau, H., Weidenspointner, G., Benner, W. H., Farquar, G. R., Hau-Riege, S. P., Hunter, M. S., Ekeberg, Tomas, Hantke, Max, Maia, Filipe R. N. C., Tobias, H. J., Marchesini, S., Frank, M., Strueder, L., Schlichting, I., Ullrich, J., Chapman, H. N., Bucksbaum, P. H., Kiskinova, M., and Bogan, M. J.

Abstract

Unraveling the complex morphology of functional materials like core-shell nanoparticles and its evolution in different environments is still a challenge. Only recently has the single-particle coherent diffraction imaging (CDI), enabled by the ultrabright femtosecond free-electron laser pulses, provided breakthroughs in understanding mesoscopic morphology of nanoparticulate matter. Here, we report the first CDI results for Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles randomly clustered in large airborne aggregates, obtained using the x-ray free-electron laser at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Our experimental results compare favourably with simulated diffraction patterns for clustered Co@SiO2 nanoparticles with similar to 10 nm core diameter and similar to 30 nm shell outer diameter, which confirms the ability to resolve the mesoscale morphology of complex metastable structures. The findings in this first morphological study of core-shell nanomaterials are a solid base for future time-resolved studies of dynamic phenomena in complex nanoparticulate matter using x-ray lasers.

Published
2013
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38. X-ray laser-induced ablation of lead compounds

Author

Hajkova, V., Juha, L., Bohacek, P., Burian, T., Chalupsky, J., Vysin, L., Gaudin, J., Heimann, P. A., Hau-Riege, S. P., Jurek, M., Klinger, D., Pelka, J., Sobierajski, R., Krzywinski, J., Messerschmidt, M., Moeller, S. P., Nagler, B., Rowen, M., Schlotter, W. F., Swiggers, M. L., Turner, J. J., Vinko, S. M., Whitcher, T., Wark, J., Matuchova, M., Bajt, S., Chapman, H., Dzelzainis, T., Riley, D., Andreasson, J., Hajdu, J., Iwan, B., Timneanu, N., Saksl, K., Faeustlin, R., Singer, A., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Vartaniants, I., Wabnitz, H., Hajkova, V., Juha, L., Bohacek, P., Burian, T., Chalupsky, J., Vysin, L., Gaudin, J., Heimann, P. A., Hau-Riege, S. P., Jurek, M., Klinger, D., Pelka, J., Sobierajski, R., Krzywinski, J., Messerschmidt, M., Moeller, S. P., Nagler, B., Rowen, M., Schlotter, W. F., Swiggers, M. L., Turner, J. J., Vinko, S. M., Whitcher, T., Wark, J., Matuchova, M., Bajt, S., Chapman, H., Dzelzainis, T., Riley, D., Andreasson, J., Hajdu, J., Iwan, B., Timneanu, N., Saksl, K., Faeustlin, R., Singer, A., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Vartaniants, I., and Wabnitz, H.

Abstract

The recent commissioning of a X-ray free-electron laser triggered an extensive research in the area of X-ray ablation of high-Z, high-density materials. Such compounds should be used to shorten an effective attenuation length for obtaining clean ablation imprints required for the focused beam analysis. Compounds of lead (Z=82) represent the materials of first choice. In this contribution, single-shot ablation thresholds are reported for PbWO(4) and PbI(2) exposed to ultra-short pulses of extreme ultraviolet radiation and X-rays at FLASH and LCLS facilities, respectively. Interestingly, the threshold reaches only 0.11 J/cm(2) at 1.55 nm in lead tungstate although a value of 0.4 J/cm(2) is expected according to the wavelength dependence of an attenuation length and the threshold value determined in the XUV spectral region, i.e., 79 mJ/cm(2) at a FEL wavelength of 13.5 nm. Mechanisms of ablation processes are discussed to explain this discrepancy. Lead iodide shows at 1.55 nm significantly lower ablation threshold than tungstate although an attenuation length of the radiation is in both materials quite the same. Lower thermal and radiation stability of PbI(2) is responsible for this finding., Conference on Damage to VUV, EUV, and X-ray Optics III, Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC, APR 18-20, 2011

Published
2011
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39. Single-shot femtosecond x-ray diffraction from randomly oriented ellipsoidal nanoparticles

Author

Bogan, M. J., Boutet, S., Barty, A., Benner, W. H., Frank, M., Lomb, L., Shoeman, R., Starodub, D., Seibert, Marvin M., Hau-Riege, S. P., Woods, B., Decorwin-Martin, P., Bajt, S., Schulz, J., Rohner, U., Iwan, Bianca, Timneanu, Nicusor, Marchesini, S., Schlichting, I., Hajdu, Janos, Chapman, H. N., Bogan, M. J., Boutet, S., Barty, A., Benner, W. H., Frank, M., Lomb, L., Shoeman, R., Starodub, D., Seibert, Marvin M., Hau-Riege, S. P., Woods, B., Decorwin-Martin, P., Bajt, S., Schulz, J., Rohner, U., Iwan, Bianca, Timneanu, Nicusor, Marchesini, S., Schlichting, I., Hajdu, Janos, and Chapman, H. N.

Abstract

Coherent diffractive imaging of single particles using the single-shot "diffract and destroy" approach with an x-ray free electron laser (FEL) was recently demonstrated. A high-resolution low-noise coherent diffraction pattern, representative of the object before it turns into a plasma and explodes, results from the interaction of the FEL with the particle. Iterative phase retrieval algorithms are used to reconstruct two-dimensional projection images of the object from the recorded intensities alone. Here we describe the first single-shot diffraction data set that mimics the data proposed for obtaining 3D structure from identical particles. Ellipsoidal iron oxide nanoparticles (250 nm x 50 nm) were aerosolized and injected through an aerodynamic lens stack into a soft x-ray FEL. Particle orientation was not controlled with this injection method. We observed that, at the instant the x-ray pulse interacts with the particle, a snapshot of the particle's orientation is encoded in the diffraction pattern. The results give credence to one of the technical concepts of imaging individual nanometer and subnanometer-sized objects such as single molecules or larger clusters of molecules using hard x-ray FELs and will be used to help develop robust algorithms for determining particle orientations and 3D structure.

Published
2010
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40. Wavelength dependence of the damage threshold of inorganic materials under extreme-ultraviolet free-electron-laser irradiation

Author

Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Bionta, R. M., Ryutov, D., Soufli, R., Bajt, S., McKernan, M. A., Baker, S. L., Krzywinski, J., Sobierajski, R., Nietubyc, R., Klinger, D., Pelka, J. B., Jurek, M., Juha, L., Chalupsky, J., Cihelka, J., Hajkova, V., Velyhan, A., Krasa, J., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Wabnitz, H., Bergh, M., Caleman, C., Timneanu, N., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Bionta, R. M., Ryutov, D., Soufli, R., Bajt, S., McKernan, M. A., Baker, S. L., Krzywinski, J., Sobierajski, R., Nietubyc, R., Klinger, D., Pelka, J. B., Jurek, M., Juha, L., Chalupsky, J., Cihelka, J., Hajkova, V., Velyhan, A., Krasa, J., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Wabnitz, H., Bergh, M., Caleman, C., and Timneanu, N.

Abstract

We exposed bulk SiC and films of SiC and B4C to single 25 fs long free-electron-laser pulses with wavelengths between 13.5 and 32 nm. The materials are candidates for x-ray free-electron laser optics. We found that the threshold for surface-damage of the bulk SiC samples exceeds the fluence required for thermal melting at all wavelengths. The damage threshold of the film sample shows a strong wavelength dependence. For wavelengths of 13.5 and 21.7 nm, the damage threshold is equal to or exceeds the melting threshold, whereas at 32 nm the damage threshold falls below the melting threshold.

Published
2009
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41. Coherent imaging at FLASH

Author

Chapman, H N, Bajt, S, Barty, A, Benner, W H, Bogan, M J, Boutet, S, Cavalleri, A, Duesterer, S, Frank, M, Hajdu, Janos, Hau-Riege, S P, Iwan, B, Marchesini, S, Sakdinawat, A, Sokolowski-Tinten, K, Seibert, Marvin M, Timneanu, Nicusor, Treusch, R, Woods, B W, Chapman, H N, Bajt, S, Barty, A, Benner, W H, Bogan, M J, Boutet, S, Cavalleri, A, Duesterer, S, Frank, M, Hajdu, Janos, Hau-Riege, S P, Iwan, B, Marchesini, S, Sakdinawat, A, Sokolowski-Tinten, K, Seibert, Marvin M, Timneanu, Nicusor, Treusch, R, and Woods, B W

Abstract

We have carried out high-resolution single-pulse coherent diffractive imaging at the FLASH free-electron laser. The intense focused FEL pulse gives a high-resolution low-noise coherent diffraction pattern of an object before that object turns into a plasma and explodes. In particular we are developing imaging of biological specimens beyond conventional radiation damage resolution limits, developing imaging of ultrafast processes, and testing methods to characterize and perform single-particle imaging.

Published
2009
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42. Interaction of Ultrashort X-ray Pulses with B4C, SiC and Si

Author

Bergh, Magnus, Timneanu, Nicusor, Hau-Riege, S. P., Scott, H. A., Bergh, Magnus, Timneanu, Nicusor, Hau-Riege, S. P., and Scott, H. A.

Abstract

The interaction of 32.5 and 6 nm ultrashort x-ray pulses with the solid materials B4C, SiC, and Si is simulated with a nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium radiation transfer code. We study the ionization dynamics as a function of depth in the material and modifications of the opacity during irradiation, and estimate the crater depth. Furthermore, we compare the estimated crater depth with experimental data, for fluences up to 2.2 J/cm(2). Our results show that, at 32.5 nm irradiation, the opacity changes by less than a factor of 2 for B4C and Si and by a factor of 3 for SiC, for fluences up to 200 J/cm(2). At a laser wavelength of 6 nm, the model predicts a dramatic decrease in opacity due to the weak inverse bremsstrahlung, increasing the crater depth for high fluences.

Published
2008
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43. Mesoscale morphology of airborne core–shell nanoparticle clusters: x-ray laser coherent diffraction imaging

Author

Pedersoli, E, primary, Loh, N D, additional, Capotondi, F, additional, Hampton, C Y, additional, Sierra, R G, additional, Starodub, D, additional, Bostedt, C, additional, Bozek, J, additional, Nelson, A J, additional, Aslam, M, additional, Li, S, additional, Dravid, V P, additional, Martin, A V, additional, Aquila, A, additional, Barty, A, additional, Fleckenstein, H, additional, Gumprecht, L, additional, Liang, M, additional, Nass, K, additional, Schulz, J, additional, White, T A, additional, Coppola, N, additional, Bajt, S, additional, Barthelmess, M, additional, Graafsma, H, additional, Hirsemann, H, additional, Wunderer, C, additional, Epp, S W, additional, Erk, B, additional, Rudek, B, additional, Rudenko, A, additional, Foucar, L, additional, Kassemeyer, S, additional, Lomb, L, additional, Rolles, D, additional, Shoeman, R L, additional, Steinbrener, J, additional, Hartmann, R, additional, Hartmann, A, additional, Hauser, G, additional, Holl, P, additional, Kimmel, N, additional, Reich, C, additional, Soltau, H, additional, Weidenspointner, G, additional, Benner, W H, additional, Farquar, G R, additional, Hau-Riege, S P, additional, Hunter, M S, additional, Ekeberg, T, additional, Hantke, M, additional, Maia, F R N C, additional, Tobias, H J, additional, Marchesini, S, additional, Frank, M, additional, Strüder, L, additional, Schlichting, I, additional, Ullrich, J, additional, Chapman, H N, additional, Bucksbaum, P H, additional, Kiskinova, M, additional, and Bogan, M J, additional

Published
2013
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44. Soft-x-ray free-electron-laser interaction with materials

Author

Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Chapman, H. N., Bergh, M., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Chapman, H. N., and Bergh, M.

Abstract

Soft-x-ray free-electron lasers have enabled materials studies in which structural information is obtained faster than the relevant probe-induced damage mechanisms. We present a continuum model to describe the damage process based on hot-dense plasma theory, which includes a description of the energy deposition in the samples, the subsequent dynamics of the sample, and the detector signal. We compared the model predictions with experimental data and mostly found reasonable agreement. In view of future free-electron-laser performance, the model was also used to predict damage dynamics of samples and optical elements at shorter wavelengths and larger photon fluences than currently available.

Published
2007
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45. Force Field Benchmark of Organic Liquids : Density, Enthalpy of Vaporization, Heat Capacities, Surface Tension, Isothermal Compressibility, Volumetric Expansion Coefficient, and Dielectric Constant

Author

Hau-Riege, S. P., Chapman, H. N., Kuba, J., Spiller, E., Baker, S., Bionta, R., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., Kjornrattanawanich, B., Gullikson, E., Plonjes, E., Toleikis, S., Krzywinski, J., Tschentscher, T., Sobierajski, R., Bajt, S., London, R. A., Bergh, Magnus, Caleman, Carl, Nietubyc, R., Juha, L., Tschentscher, Thomas, Hau-Riege, S. P., Chapman, H. N., Kuba, J., Spiller, E., Baker, S., Bionta, R., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., Kjornrattanawanich, B., Gullikson, E., Plonjes, E., Toleikis, S., Krzywinski, J., Tschentscher, T., Sobierajski, R., Bajt, S., London, R. A., Bergh, Magnus, Caleman, Carl, Nietubyc, R., Juha, L., and Tschentscher, Thomas

Abstract

At the recently built FLASH x-ray free-electron laser, we studied the reflectivity of Si/C multilayers with fluxes up to 3×1014W/cm2. Even though the nanostructures were ultimately completely destroyed, we found that they maintained their integrity and reflectance characteristics during the 25-fs-long pulse, with no evidence for any structural changes over lengths greater than 3Å. This experiment demonstrates that with intense ultrafast pulses, structural damage does not occur during the pulse, giving credence to the concept of diffraction imaging of single macromolecules.,

Published
2007
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46. Damage threshold of inorganic solids under free-electron-laser irradiation at 32.5 nm wavelength

Author

Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Bionta, R. M., McKernan, M. A., Baker, S. L., Krzywinski, J., Sobierajski, R., Nietubyc, R., Pelka, J. B., Jurek, M., Juha, L., Chalupsky, J., Cihelka, J., Hajkova, V., Velyhan, A., Krasa, J., Kuba, J., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, Th., Wabnitz, H., Bergh, Magnus, Caleman, Carl, Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., Zastrau, U., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Bionta, R. M., McKernan, M. A., Baker, S. L., Krzywinski, J., Sobierajski, R., Nietubyc, R., Pelka, J. B., Jurek, M., Juha, L., Chalupsky, J., Cihelka, J., Hajkova, V., Velyhan, A., Krasa, J., Kuba, J., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, Th., Wabnitz, H., Bergh, Magnus, Caleman, Carl, Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., and Zastrau, U.

Abstract

Samples of B4C, amorphous C, chemical-vapor-deposition-diamond C, Si, and SiC were exposed to single 25 fs long pulses of 32.5 nm free-electron-laser radiation at fluences of up to 2.2 J/cm(2). The samples were chosen as candidate materials for x-ray free-electron-laser optics. It was found that the threshold for surface damage is on the order of the fluence required for thermal melting. For larger fluences, the crater depths correspond to temperatures on the order of the critical temperature, suggesting that the craters are formed by two-phase vaporization.

Published
2007
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47. Characteristics of focused soft X-ray free-electron laser beam determined by ablation of organic molecular solids

Author

Chalupsky, J., Juha, L., Kuba, J., Cihelka, J., Hajkova, V., Koptyaev, S., Krasa, J., Velyhan, A., Bergh, Magnus, Caleman, Carl, Hajdu, Janos, Bionta, R. M., Chapman, H., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Jurek, M., Krzywinski, J., Nietubyc, R., Pelka, J. B., Sobierajski, R., Meyer-ter-Vehn, J., Tronnier, A., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, T., Wabnitz, H., Zastrau, U., Chalupsky, J., Juha, L., Kuba, J., Cihelka, J., Hajkova, V., Koptyaev, S., Krasa, J., Velyhan, A., Bergh, Magnus, Caleman, Carl, Hajdu, Janos, Bionta, R. M., Chapman, H., Hau-Riege, S. P., London, R. A., Jurek, M., Krzywinski, J., Nietubyc, R., Pelka, J. B., Sobierajski, R., Meyer-ter-Vehn, J., Tronnier, A., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Stojanovic, N., Tiedtke, K., Toleikis, S., Tschentscher, T., Wabnitz, H., and Zastrau, U.

Abstract

A linear accelerator based source of coherent radiation, FLASH (Free-electron LASer in Hamburg) provides ultra-intense femtosecond radiation pulses at wavelengths from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV; lambda< 100nm) to the soft X-ray (SXR; lambda<30nm) spectral regions. 25-fs pulses of 32-nm FLASH radiation were used to determine the ablation parameters of PMMA - poly ( methyl methacrylate). Under these irradiation conditions the attenuation length and ablation threshold were found to be (56.9 +/- 7.5) nm and similar to 2 mJ center dot cm(-2), respectively. For a second wavelength of 21.7 nm, the PMMA ablation was utilized to image the transverse intensity distribution within the focused beam at mu m resolution by a method developed here.

Published
2007
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49. Erratum: Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight

Author

Loh, N. D., primary, Hampton, C. Y., additional, Martin, A. V., additional, Starodub, D., additional, Sierra, R. G., additional, Barty, A., additional, Aquila, A., additional, Schulz, J., additional, Lomb, L., additional, Steinbrener, J., additional, Shoeman, R. L., additional, Kassemeyer, S., additional, Bostedt, C., additional, Bozek, J., additional, Epp, S. W., additional, Erk, B., additional, Hartmann, R., additional, Rolles, D., additional, Rudenko, A., additional, Rudek, B., additional, Foucar, L., additional, Kimmel, N., additional, Weidenspointner, G., additional, Hauser, G., additional, Holl, P., additional, Pedersoli, E., additional, Liang, M., additional, Hunter, M. S., additional, Gumprecht, L., additional, Coppola, N., additional, Wunderer, C., additional, Graafsma, H., additional, Maia, F. R. N. C., additional, Ekeberg, T., additional, Hantke, M., additional, Fleckenstein, H., additional, Hirsemann, H., additional, Nass, K., additional, White, T. A., additional, Tobias, H. J., additional, Farquar, G. R., additional, Benner, W. H., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Reich, C., additional, Hartmann, A., additional, Soltau, H., additional, Marchesini, S., additional, Bajt, S., additional, Barthelmess, M., additional, Bucksbaum, P., additional, Hodgson, K. O., additional, Strüder, L., additional, Ullrich, J., additional, Frank, M., additional, Schlichting, I., additional, Chapman, H. N., additional, and Bogan, M. J., additional

Published
2012
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50. Amorphous to crystalline phase transition in carbon induced by intense femtosecond x-ray free-electron laser pulses

Author

Gaudin, J., primary, Peyrusse, O., additional, Chalupský, J., additional, Toufarová, M., additional, Vyšín, L., additional, Hájková, V., additional, Sobierajski, R., additional, Burian, T., additional, Dastjani-Farahani, Sh., additional, Graf, A., additional, Amati, M., additional, Gregoratti, L., additional, Hau-Riege, S. P., additional, Hoffmann, G., additional, Juha, L., additional, Krzywinski, J., additional, London, R. A., additional, Moeller, S., additional, Sinn, H., additional, Schorb, S., additional, Störmer, M., additional, Tschentscher, Th., additional, Vorlíček, V., additional, Vu, H., additional, Bozek, J., additional, and Bostedt, C., additional

Published
2012
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