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3. Assessing Biological Response to Bevacizumab Using 18F-Fluoromisonidazole PET/MR Imaging in a Patient with Recurrent Anaplastic Astrocytoma.

Author

Clarke, Jennifer, Seo, Youngho, Chang, Susan, Barajas, RF, Pampaloni, MH, Clarke, JL, Savic, D, Hawkins, RA, Behr, SC, Chang, SM, Berger, M, and Dillon, WP

Abstract

We present our initial experience in using single modality fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET/MR imaging to noninvasively evaluate the biological effects induced by bevacizumab therapy in a patient treated for recurrent high grade glioma. In this index patient

Published
2015

4. Safety and tolerability of putaminal AADC gene therapy for Parkinson diseaseSYMBOL

Author

Christine, CW, Starr, PA, Larson, PS, Eberling, JL, Jagust, WJ, Hawkins, RA, VanBrocklin, HF, Wright, JF, Bankiewicz, KS, and Aminoff, MJ

Subjects
Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Biotechnology, Genetics, Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Gene Therapy, Aging, Neurodegenerative, Parkinson's Disease, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Neurological, Aged, Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases, Cohort Studies, Dyskinesias, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Therapy, Humans, Intracranial Hemorrhages, Male, Middle Aged, Neurosurgical Procedures, Parkinson Disease, Positron-Emission Tomography, Putamen, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Clinical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundIn Parkinson disease (PD), the benefit of levodopa therapy becomes less marked over time, perhaps because degeneration of nigrostrial neurons causes progressive loss of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), the enzyme that converts levodopa into dopamine. In a primate model of PD, intrastriatal infusion of an adeno-associated viral type 2 vector containing the human AADC gene (AAV-hAADC) results in robust response to low-dose levodopa without the side effects associated with higher doses. These data prompted a clinical trial.MethodsPatients with moderately advanced PD received bilateral intraputaminal infusion of AAV-hAADC vector. Low-dose and high-dose cohorts (5 patients in each) were studied using standardized clinical rating scales at baseline and 6 months. PET scans using the AADC tracer [(18)F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine (FMT) were performed as a measure of gene expression.ResultsThe gene therapy was well tolerated, but 1 symptomatic and 2 asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhages followed the operative procedure. Total and motor rating scales improved in both cohorts. Motor diaries also showed increased on-time and reduced off-time without increased "on" time dyskinesia. At 6 months, FMT PET showed a 30% increase of putaminal uptake in the low-dose cohort and a 75% increase in the high-dose cohort.ConclusionThis study provides class IV evidence that bilateral intrastriatal infusion of adeno-associated viral type 2 vector containing the human AADC gene improves mean scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale by approximately 30% in the on and off states, but the surgical procedure may be associated with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage and self-limited headache.

Published
2009

5. Outcome after extended follow-up in a prospective study of operable breast cancer: key factors and a prognostic index.

Author

Hawkins, RA, Tesdale, AL, Prescott, RJ, Forster, T, McIntyre, MA, Baker, P, Jack, WJL, Chetty, U, Dixon, JM, Killen, ME, Hulme, MJ, and Miller, WR

Subjects
Humans, Breast Neoplasms, Lymphatic Metastasis, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, Tumor Markers, Biological, Prognosis, Treatment Outcome, Immunohistochemistry, Follow-Up Studies, Prospective Studies, Middle Aged, Female, Biomarkers, Tumor, Biomarkers, Tumor, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Receptors, Estrogen, Progesterone, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Public Health and Health Services, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

In 1990, 215 patients with operable breast cancer were entered into a prospective study of the prognostic significance of five biochemical markers and 15 other factors (pathological/chronological/patient). After a median follow-up of 6.6 years, there were 77 recurrences and 77 deaths (59 breast cancer-related). By univariate analysis, patient outcome related significantly to 13 factors. By multivariate analysis, the most important of nine independent factors were: number of nodes involved, steroid receptors (for oestrogen or progestogen), age, clinical or pathological tumour size and grade. Receptors and grade exerted their influence only in the first 3 years. Progestogen receptors (immunohistochemical) and oestrogen receptors (biochemical) were of similar prognostic significance. The two receptors were correlated (r=+0.50, P=0.001) and displaced each other from the analytical model but some evidence for the additivity of their prognostic values was seen when their levels were discordant.

Published
2002

6. Whole body skeletal imaging with [18F]fluoride ion and PET.

Author

Hoh, CK, Hawkins, RA, Dahlbom, M, Glaspy, JA, Seeger, LL, Choi, Y, Schiepers, CW, Huang, SC, Satyamurthy, N, and Barrio, JR

Subjects
Bone and Bones, Humans, Osteosarcoma, Bone Neoplasms, Bone Diseases, Osteoporosis, Fluorine Radioisotopes, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Image Enhancement, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Female, Male, EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, BONES, METABOLISM, FLUORIDE, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, and over, BONES, METABOLISM, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, Clinical Sciences
Abstract

Using our recently reported whole body PET imaging technique, we performed whole body PET studies of the skeletal system with [18F]fluoride ion in 19 patients with a range of malignant and benign skeletal conditions and in 19 normal male volunteers. The technique produces two-dimensional projection images of the entire skeletal system ("a PET bone scan"), in addition to coronal, sagittal, and axial tomographic images of the skeletal system. The tomographic images had a 13% higher lesion detection sensitivity than the projection images. Whole body PET skeletal imaging with [18F]fluoride ion is technically feasible, provides images of excellent quality, and may be coupled with more quantitatively precise kinetic PET [18F]fluoride ion studies (over limited regions of the body) when numerical estimates of skeletal [18F]fluoride ion uptake are desired. The method is potentially useful in clinical applications where the high resolution and numerical precision of PET are of particular value (e.g., in accurately defining the anatomic location and extent of lesions and in assessing changes in bone metabolism on serial studies).

Published
1993

7. Epidermal growth factor receptors in intracranial and breast tumours: their clinical significance

Author

Hawkins, RA, Killen, E, Whittle, IR, Jack, WJL, Chetty, U, and Prescott, RJ

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Clinical Research, Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Brain Cancer, Cancer, Rare Diseases, Breast Cancer, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Brain Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms, Child, Child, Preschool, ErbB Receptors, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Placenta, Pregnancy, Prognosis, Radioligand Assay, Rats, Subcellular Fractions, Temperature, Public Health and Health Services, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

A method to determine the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the particulate fraction of the cell has been established and evaluated using rat liver, human placenta, and tumours of human breast and brain. Little EGF receptor (EGFR) activity was detected in normal or benign tumour tissues except for meningioma (positive in 95% samples), but EGFR were present in 43% of 131 breast tumours and 75% of 55 primary cerebral tumours. Despite the strong inverse correlation between EGFR activity and oestrogen receptors in breast tumours and a tendency for high levels of EGFR activity to be associated with glioblastoma multiforme, analysis showed that EGFR was of little prognostic significance in patients with tumours of either breast or brain.

Published
1991

8. Implementation of a combined X-ray CT-scintillation camera imaging system for localizing and measuring radionuclide uptake: experiments in phantoms and patients

Author

Tang, HR, Brown, JK, Da Silva, AJ, Matthay, KK, Price, DC, Huberty, JP, Hawkins, RA, and Hasegawa, BH

Subjects
Imaging systems -- Research, Electronic cameras -- Usage, Radioisotope scanning -- Research, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

We have developed and demonstrated an imaging system that couples an X-ray CT scanner to a scintillation camera for the localization and absolute measurement of radionuclide uptake. We use the registered CT images to provide physical information to overcome the quantitative errors in nuclear imaging due to attenuation, scatter, and limited spatial resolution. The registration accuracy and precision in phantom experiments was 0.0 [+ or -] 0.4 mm. Preliminary patient scans suggest that the registration techniques developed for phantom studies can be used. Conversion of X-ray CT image data to attenuation maps was accomplished by the scaling of calibration data and includes extensions to account for the presence of iodinated contrast agents. Experimental phantom studies with 99mTc show absolute quantitation with less than 10% error for up to 2:1 target:background activity concentration for objects as small as 2.7 ml. We are currently evaluating the imaging methods for the localization and absolute quantitation of 131I-MIBG in neuroblastoma patients.

Published
1999

11. PET cancer evaluations with FDG

Author

Hawkins, RA, Hoh, C, Dahlbom, M, Choi, Y, Glaspy, J, Tse, N, Slamon, D, Chen, B, Maddahi, J, Phelps, ME, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Hawkins, R, Hoh, C, Dahlbom, M, Choi, Y, Glaspy, J, Tse, N, Slamon, D, Chen, B, Messa, M, Maddahi, J, and Phelps, M

Subjects
PET, FDG
Published
1991

12. Evaluation of the effect of glucose ingestion and kinetic model configurations of FDG in the normal liver

Author

Choi, Y, Hawkins, R, Huang, S, Brunken, R, Hoh, C, Messa, M, Nitzsche, E, Phelps, M, Schelbert, H, Hawkins, RA, Huang, SC, Brunken, RC, Hoh, CK, Nitzsche, EU, Phelps, ME, Schelbert, HR, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Choi, Y, Hawkins, R, Huang, S, Brunken, R, Hoh, C, Messa, M, Nitzsche, E, Phelps, M, Schelbert, H, Hawkins, RA, Huang, SC, Brunken, RC, Hoh, CK, Nitzsche, EU, Phelps, ME, Schelbert, HR, and MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA

Abstract

The liver plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. PET studies with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) of the liver (e.g., in neoplasms) require an understanding of the effects of dietary conditions on hepatic FDG uptake. METHODS: Twenty studies were performed on 10 normal volunteers (ages 24 +/- 4) after fasting 4 to 19 hr and again after oral consumption of 100 g of dextrose to investigate tracer kinetic model configurations of FDG in the normal liver and to evaluate the impact of oral glucose on liver in normal subjects. Dynamic PET images were acquired for about 1 hr using a Siemens/CTI 931 tomograph. RESULTS: A three-compartment model with an input function delay time parameter was the statistically preferred model configuration. The model estimated transport rate constant from plasma to liver, K1, increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 0.864 +/- 0.136 ml/min/g in fasting studies to 1.058 +/- 0.269 ml/min/g in postglucose studies. Glucose loading also significantly increased (p < 0.01) the rate constant for FDG phosphorylation, k3, from 0.005 +/- 0.003 min-1 in fasting studies to 0.013 +/- 0.007 min-1 in postglucose administration and, consequently, significantly increased both the phosphorylation fraction (k3/(k2 + k3)) and the influx constant (K1k3/(k2 + k3)). No significant differences in the liver-to-plasma transport rate constant, k2, dephosphorylation constant, k4, or distribution volume of FDG (K1/(k2 + k3)) were observed. CONCLUSION: Dynamic FDG-PET studies can be used to evaluate kinetics of liver glucose metabolism. The results indicate that dietary conditions have a significant effect on hepatic FDG kinetics. Because of the higher net FDG uptake by normal liver after glucose loading, fasting conditions are preferred for FDG liver tumor studies to increase the tumor-to-background contrast.

Published
1994

13. Bone metabolic activity measured with positron emission tomography and [18F]fluoride ion in renal osteodystrophy: Correlation with bone histomorphometry

Author

Messa, M, Goodman, W, Hoh, C, Choi, Y, Nissenson, A, Salusky, I, Phelps, M, Hawkins, R, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Goodman, WG, Hoh, CK, Nissenson, AR, Salusky, IB, Phelps, ME, Hawkins, RA, Messa, M, Goodman, W, Hoh, C, Choi, Y, Nissenson, A, Salusky, I, Phelps, M, Hawkins, R, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Goodman, WG, Hoh, CK, Nissenson, AR, Salusky, IB, Phelps, ME, and Hawkins, RA

Abstract

We evaluated the bone metabolic activity in patients with renal osteodystrophy using positron emission tomography and [18F]fluoride ion. Eight patients had secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), and three had low-turnover bone disease. Eleven normal subjects were also studied, and three of the eight HPT patients were reevaluated after therapy. A rate constant (K) describing the net transport of [18F] fluoride ion into a bound compartment in bone was calculated using both a three-compartment model and Patlak graphical analysis. Values of K were compared with biochemical data and with histomorphometric indices. The results indicate that K is significantly higher (P < 0.01) in HPT patients than in normal subjects and patients with low-turnover bone disease. Values of K correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.81) and PTH (r = 0.93) levels and with histomorphometric indices of bone formation rate (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and eroded perimeter (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). Values of K decreased by 40 and 30%, respectively, in two patients who underwent parathyroidectomy and medical therapy. Positron emission tomography studies of bone using [18F]fluoride ion can differentiate low turnover from high turnover lesions of renal osteodystrophy and provide quantitative estimates of bone cell activity that correlate with histomorphometric data., We evaluated the bone metabolic activity in patients with renal osteodystrophy using positron emission tomography and [18F]fluoride ion. Eight patients had secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), and three had low-turnover bone disease. Eleven normal subjects were also studied, and three of the eight HPT patients were reevaluated after therapy. A rate constant (K) describing the net transport of [18F] fluoride ion into a bound compartment in bone was calculated using both a three-compartment model and Patlak graphical analysis. Values of K were compared with biochemical data and with histomorphometric indices. The results indicate that K is significantly higher (P < 0.01) in HPT patients than in normal subjects and patients with low-turnover bone disease. Values of K correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.81) and PTH (r = 0.93) levels and with histomorphometric indices of bone formation rate (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and eroded perimeter (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). Values of K decreased by 40 and 30%, respectively, in two patients who underwent parathyroidectomy and medical therapy. Positron emission tomography studies of bone using [18F]fluoride ion can differentiate low turnover from high turnover lesions of renal osteodystrophy and provide quantitative estimates of bone cell activity that correlate with histomorphometric data. © 1993 by The Endocrine Society.

Published
1993

14. The role of positron emission tomography in oncology and other whole-body applications

Author

Hawkins, R, Hoh, C, Glaspy, J, Choi, Y, Dahlbom, M, Rege, S, Messa, M, Nietszche, E, Hoffman, E, Seeger, L, Maddahi, J, Phelps, M, Hawkins, RA, Phelps, ME, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Hawkins, R, Hoh, C, Glaspy, J, Choi, Y, Dahlbom, M, Rege, S, Messa, M, Nietszche, E, Hoffman, E, Seeger, L, Maddahi, J, Phelps, M, Hawkins, RA, Phelps, ME, and MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA

Abstract

Imaging and quantifying biochemical and physiological processes with PET clearly has major potential significance for all organ systems and many disease states. Although the full utility and potential of emerging new applications of PET in organs other than the heart and brain must be demonstrated in basic and clinical research studies, the rapidly accumulating aggregate experience in oncology in particular, and in other organ systems and disease states as well, indicates that PET is now truly becoming a modality of both clinical and investigative use for the body as a whole as well as for specific organ systems. Whole-body PET FDG imaging (Fig 9) illustrates the potential of biochemical imaging to map the distribution of cancer throughout the body. With the growing list of radiopharmaceutical and quantitative techniques applicable to cancer studies with PET, this field will continue to realize significant growth.

Published
1992

15. Quantitating tumor glucose metabolism with FDG and PET

Author

Hawkins, R, Choi, Y, Huang, S, Messa, M, Hoh, C, Phelps, M, Hawkins, RA, Huang, SC, Hoh, CK, Phelps, ME, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Hawkins, R, Choi, Y, Huang, S, Messa, M, Hoh, C, Phelps, M, Hawkins, RA, Huang, SC, Hoh, CK, Phelps, ME, and MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA

Published
1992

16. Quantification of glucose utilization in liver metastases: parametric imaging of FDG uptake with PET

Author

Messa, M, Choi, Y, Hoh, C, Jacobs, E, Glaspy, J, Rege, S, Nitzsche, E, Huang, S, Phelps, M, Hawkins, R, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Hoh, CK, Jacobs, EL, Glaspy, JA, Huang, SC, Phelps, ME, Hawkins, RA, Messa, M, Choi, Y, Hoh, C, Jacobs, E, Glaspy, J, Rege, S, Nitzsche, E, Huang, S, Phelps, M, Hawkins, R, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Hoh, CK, Jacobs, EL, Glaspy, JA, Huang, SC, Phelps, ME, and Hawkins, RA

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) studies are useful for identifying foci of increased FDG uptake in liver metastases, because of the high glycolytic rate of malignancies, as well as for monitoring changes in tumor glucose metabolism during treatment. We performed 15 kinetic PET FDG studies in four patients with metastatic liver disease. We produced parametric images of glucose metabolism in terms of the rate constant K (ml/min/g) for net phosphorylation of FDG. Tumor K values, estimated with nonlinear regression, correlated well with K values estimated with Patlak graphical analysis (r = 0.96), validating the assumption of low k4* values in liver metastases and supporting the use of pixel by pixel Patlak plot analysis of the data to generate parametric images. In normal liver, high levels of glucose-6-phosphatase produce much higher values of k4* than in liver metastases. Uncorrected Patlak graphical analysis underestimates K in normal liver, but this further increases the contrast between tumor and liver and facilitates both tumor detection and quantification. The technique is computationally feasible and is well suited for serial evaluations of tumor metabolism during treatment.

Published
1992

17. PET cancer evaluations with FDG

Author

Hawkins, R, Hoh, C, Dahlbom, M, Choi, Y, Glaspy, J, Tse, N, Slamon, D, Chen, B, Messa, M, Maddahi, J, Phelps, M, Hawkins, RA, Phelps, ME, MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA, Hawkins, R, Hoh, C, Dahlbom, M, Choi, Y, Glaspy, J, Tse, N, Slamon, D, Chen, B, Messa, M, Maddahi, J, Phelps, M, Hawkins, RA, Phelps, ME, and MESSA, MARIA CRISTINA

Published
1991

26. Phase I trial of oral irinotecan and temozolomide for children with relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma: a new approach to neuroblastoma therapy consortium study.

Author

Wagner LM, Villablanca JG, Stewart CF, Crews KR, Groshen S, Reynolds CP, Park JR, Maris JM, Hawkins RA, Daldrup-Link HE, Jackson HA, Matthay KK, Wagner, Lars M, Villablanca, Judith G, Stewart, Clinton F, Crews, Kristine R, Groshen, Susan, Reynolds, C Patrick, Park, Julie R, and Maris, John M

Published
2009
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39. The Fluorodeoxyglucose 18F Scan in Alzheimer's Disease and Multi-infarct Dementia

Author

Kuhl De, Phelps Me, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Benson Df, S. Y. Tsai, and Hawkins Ra

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Central nervous system, Deoxyglucose, Scintigraphy, Degenerative disease, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Alzheimer Disease, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Internal medicine, Deoxy Sugars, mental disorders, Humans, Medicine, Dementia, Sensory cortex, Aged, Radioisotopes, Fluorodeoxyglucose, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Cerebral infarction, Brain, Fluorine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Radiography, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cardiology, Female, Neurology (clinical), Alzheimer's disease, business, Tomography, Emission-Computed, medicine.drug
Abstract

• Patients with Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia were studied with scans using fluorodeoxyglucose tagged with fluorine 18. The rates of glucose metabolism were calculated. Patients with Alzheimer's dementia showed decreased metabolism in all areas of the brain but with preferential sparing of the primary motor and sensory cortex. Patients with multi-infarct dementia also had global reductions in glucose metabolic rates when compared with normal control subjects, but the areas of hypometabolism were focal and asymmetric.

Published
1983
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40. Oestrogens and Breast Cancer: Present Position

Author

Hawkins Ra

Subjects
Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Breast Neoplasms, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Internal medicine, Humans, Endocrine system, Medicine, Castration, 030212 general & internal medicine, skin and connective tissue diseases, Receptor, Carcinogen, business.industry, Cancer, Estrogens, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Endocrinology, Receptors, Estrogen, Hormone receptor, Cancer research, Female, business, Hormone
Abstract

Oestrogen is probably involved in breast cancer in two main ways: (1) in the aetiology of the disease as a promoting substance rather than as a carcinogen; (2) in stimulating the growth of at least some established breast cancers, acting through the oestrogen receptor. Successful modes of endocrine therapy would then be interpreted as interfering with (a) the supply of oestrogen to the tumour (b) the nuclear events in oestrogen action or (c) receptor replenishment.Estrogens can be involved in breast cancer in the following 2 ways: 1) as a promoting rather than a carcinogenic agent in the formation of breast cancers; and 2) as a stimulant to the growth of established breast tumors through the estrogen receptor. The evidence linking estrogen with the etiology of breast cancer is, however, largely circumstantial. Successful endocrine therapy would interfere with the supply of estrogen to the tumor, the nuclear events in estrogen action, or receptor replenishment. The minimal criterion for therapeutic success with endogenous estrogen therapy is to effect a reduction in hormone levels. Only tumors with endocrine sensitivity, indicating the presence of estrogen receptors, will respond, it is believed. The absence of estrogen receptors predicts failure for this type of therapy. Studies have shown that the estrogenic components of OCs (oral contraceptives) do not lead to an increased risk of breast cancer except perhaps in a small subgroup of women already at high risk.

Published
1980
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41. Expression of glutathione S-transferase B1, B2, Mu and Pi in breast cancers and their relationship to oestrogen receptor status

Author

Howie, AF, Miller, WR, Hawkins, RA, Hutchinson, AR, and Beckett, GJ

Abstract

The concentrations of glutathione S-transferase (GST) B1 and B2 (Alpha), Pi and Mu have been measured by radioimmunoassay in cytosols from 28 oestrogen receptor (ER) rich an 30 ER-poor breast tumours. GST B1, B2 and Pi was detected in all 58 breast tumour cytosols whilst GST Mu was found in only 28. Of the GSTs, Pi was expressed most strongly in all cytosols and the concentration was significantly higher in ER-poor tumour cytosols than in ER-rich tumours (P less than 0.01). As with GST Pi, the highest levels of GST B1 and GST B2 were found in ER-poor tumour cytosols; the levels of GST B1 and GST B2 were positively correlated (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001). No quantitative or qualitative association was found between ER status and GST Mu which was expressed in 46% of ER-rich and 50% of ER-poor tumour cytosols. No relationship could be found between GST expression and age, menopausal status, lymph node involvement or tumour T stage in the subgroup of patients in whom this information was available. These data suggest that a common mechanism is responsible for GST induction in ER-poor tumours and that the nulled Mu phenotype has no increased susceptibility to developing breast cancer.

Published
1989
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48. Cimetidine and Polymyositis

Author

MacCarter Dk, Harmon Ce, Hawkins Ra, and Eckhoff Pj

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Internal medicine, Medicine, General Medicine, Cimetidine, business, medicine.disease, Gastroenterology, Polymyositis, medicine.drug
Published
1983
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