Search

Conventional photocages only respond to short wavelength light, which is a significant obstacle to developing efficient phototherapy in vivo. The development of photocages activated by near‐infrared (NIR) light at wavelengths from 700 to 950 nm is important for in vivo studies but remains challenging. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a photocage based on a ruthenium (Ru) complex with NIR light‐triggered photocleavage reaction. The commercial anticancer drug, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), was coordinated to the RuII center to create the Ru‐based photocage that is readily responsive to NIR light at 760 nm. The photocage inherited the anticancer properties of THC. As a proof‐of‐concept, we further engineered a self‐assembled photocage‐based nanoparticle system with amphiphilic block copolymers. Upon exposure to NIR light at 760 nm, the Ru complex‐based photocages were released from the polymeric nanoparticles and efficiently inhibited tumor proliferation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional photocages only respond to short wavelength light, which is a significant obstacle to developing efficient phototherapy in vivo. The development of photocages activated by near‐infrared (NIR) light at wavelengths from 700 to 950 nm is important for in vivo studies but remains challenging. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a photocage based on a ruthenium (Ru) complex with NIR light‐triggered photocleavage reaction. The commercial anticancer drug, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), was coordinated to the RuII center to create the Ru‐based photocage that is readily responsive to NIR light at 760 nm. The photocage inherited the anticancer properties of THC. As a proof‐of‐concept, we further engineered a self‐assembled photocage‐based nanoparticle system with amphiphilic block copolymers. Upon exposure to NIR light at 760 nm, the Ru complex‐based photocages were released from the polymeric nanoparticles and efficiently inhibited tumor proliferation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy has attracted considerable attention for its enhanced antitumoral effects; however, it remains challenging to successfully delivery photosensitizers and anticancer drugs while minimizing drug leakage at off‐target sites. A red‐light‐activatable metallopolymer, Poly(Ru/PTX), is synthesized for combined chemo‐photodynamic therapy. The polymer has a biodegradable backbone that contains a photosensitizer Ru complex and the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) via a singlet oxygen (1O2) cleavable linker. The polymer self‐assembles into nanoparticles, which can efficiently accumulate at the tumor sites during blood circulation. The distribution of the therapeutic agents is synchronized because the Ru complex and PTX are covalently conjugate to the polymer, and off‐target toxicity during circulation is also mostly avoided. Red light irradiation at the tumor directly cleaves the Ru complex and produces 1O2 for photodynamic therapy. Sequentially, the generated 1O2 triggers the breakage of the linker to release the PTX for chemotherapy. Therefore, this novel sequential dual‐model release strategy creates a synergistic chemo‐photodynamic therapy while minimizing drug leakage. This study offers a new platform to develop smart delivery systems for the on‐demand release of therapeutic agents in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inside Back Cover: A Near-Infrared Light-Activated Photocage Based on a Ruthenium Complex for Cancer Phototherapy (Angew. The photocage was engineered into amphiphilic block copolymers, forming nanoparticles via self-assembly, which release the ruthenium complex-based photocages to inhibit tumor proliferation in vivo upon exposure to NIR light. Photocages, Ruthenium complex, NIR light, Polymer nanoparticles, Photocleavage reaction. [Extracted from the article]

Photocages, Ruthenium complex, NIR light, Polymer nanoparticles, Photocleavage reaction Keywords: Photocages; Ruthenium complex; NIR light; Polymer nanoparticles; Photocleavage reaction EN Photocages Ruthenium complex NIR light Polymer nanoparticles Photocleavage reaction 1 1 1 06/06/23 20230612 NES 230612 B A ruthenium-based photocage b that can be activated by 760 nm NIR light via single-photon pathway is reported by Xuezhao Li, Wen Sun et al. in their Research Article (e202218768). The photocage was engineered into amphiphilic block copolymers, forming nanoparticles via self-assembly, which release the ruthenium complex-based photocages to inhibit tumor proliferation in vivo upon exposure to NIR light. [Extracted from the article]

We herein report the spontaneous interfacial reaction between copper foil with 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to form free-standing cupric phosphate (Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) nanoflowers at ambient temperature. The underlying chemistry was thoroughly investigated and it is found that the formation of nanoflower is synergistically caused by dissolved oxygen, chlorine ions and phosphate ions. Enzyme-Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 hybrid nanoflower was further prepared successfully by using an enzyme-dissolving PBS solution and the enzymes in the hybrid exhibit enhanced biological activity. This work provides a facile route for large-scale synthesis of hierarchical inorganic and functional protein-inorganic hybrid architectures via a simple one-step solution-immersion reaction without using either template or surfactant, thus offering great potential for biosensing application among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red light irradiation of polymer nanoparticles directly cleaves the Ru complex and produces SP 1 sp O SB 2 sb for photodynamic therapy, and sequentially, the generated SP 1 sp O SB 2 sb triggers the release of drugs for chemotherapy. This novel sequential dual-model release strategy creates a synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy while minimizing the drug leakage. A Sequential Dual-Model Strategy Based on Photoactivatable Metallopolymer for On-Demand Release of Photosensitizers and Anticancer Drugs (Adv. Sci. 23/2021). [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: The present method is expanded from the previous research , based on the experimental water pressure in the anode and cathode outlet. The real time NWTC in cathode and anode are obtained. The general NWTC, the peak NWTC, and the average NWTC in start-up and shut-down are discussed. The results show that, firstly, the membrane absorbs water from cathode and anode in the start-up after the current turned on and discharges water to cathode and anode after the current turned off, which causes the dynamic NWTC far from the steady state value. Secondly, there is peak value for NWTC both for start-up and shut-down, the anode peak value is nearly independent on the current in start-up, and decreases (more water transport) with increase of the current in shut-down. The asynchronous appearance moment of the peak values in the cathode side and the anode side are obtained. The average NWTC in the time interval of start-up keeps the same trend as the steady NWTC with increase of the current in start-up, and more water is discharged from the membrane for high current in shut-down. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A numerical approach is developed to determine the real-time Net Water Transport Coefficient (NWTC) based on the experimental water vapor pressure for the cathode and anode outlet obtained by the optical humidity sensors with Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS). The results show that there are sharp vibrations for NWTC in the process of start-up and shut-down. And the time needed for the water transport balance increases with the increase in the current. The balanced NWTC ranges from −0.2 to 0.2, and it increases with the increase in the operation current in the present research. In the view of flooding prevention, it is reasonable to humidify the anode inlet gas with the lower temperature than that of cathode side by decreasing the osmotic-drag water from anode to cathode. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the effect of the wall roughness on the water behavior related to the PEMFCs gas channel is investigated by the two-phase flow simulation. And, the different wetting conditions of the wall surface are considered, i.e. hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic surface. The relative roughness height and the roughness element density as well as the roughness element type are also considered in the study. And the results show: (1) for hydrophilic surface, water behavior for smooth case is different from the roughness cases, due to the effect of roughness on the water slug morphology even for r/H =0.2% roughness. (2) r/H =0.2% is positive for water removal and will not lead to the high pressure drop for hydrophilic surface, (3) r/H =5% is advantageous for water removal for hydrophilic surface but disadvantageous for hydrophobic case, and the pressure drop greatly increases for both cases, (4) for hydrophobic surface, roughness of r/H =1% and r/H =2% slow down the water removal speed, but will not affect the amount of the removable water, (5) there is nearly no effect for r/H =0.2% for hydrophobic case, (6) for both conditions, the average pressure drop obviously increases when r/H ≥2%. (7) Increase of the roughness element can help water removal for hydrophilic case but no obvious function for hydrophobic surface. (8) The triangle roughness element is better than rectangle element with the same height. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A three-dimensional and two-phase model was employed to investigate the effect of the anisotropic GDL thermal conductivity on the heat transfer and liquid water removal in the PEMFCs with serpentine flow field and semi-counter flow operation. The GDL with different anisotropic thermal conductivity in the three directions (x, y, z) was simulated for four cases. As a result, the water saturation, temperature, species, current, potential distribution and proton conductivity were obtained. According to the comparison between the results of each case, some new conclusions are obtained and listed as below: (1) The anisotropic GDL produces the high temperature difference than that of isotropic case, and the in-plane thermal conductivity perpendicular to the gas channels is more important than that of along channels, which may produce the larger temperature difference. (2) Water saturation decreases due to the large temperature difference in the anisotropic case, but some water vapor may condense in the area neighbor to the channel ribs due to the cool function of the current collector and the great temperature difference. (3) The anisotropic thermal conductivity in the through-plane direction and the in-plane direction perpendicular to the gas channels can lead to the decrease of the membrane conductivity. (4) The isotropic GDL is better than that of anisotropic one for the uniform current density. Also, in-plane thermal conductivity perpendicular to the channels has more negative effect on the current density distribution in the membrane than that of the along channels one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A droplet size dependent multiphase mixture model is developed in this paper, and the droplet size in the gas channel can be considered as a parameter in this multiphase mixture model, which includes the effect of gas diffusion layer (GDL) properties and the gas drag function and cannot be considered in the commonly used multiphase mixture model in the references. The three-dimensional two phase and non-isothermal simulation of the PEMFCs with a straight flow field is performed. The effect of droplet size on the liquid remove, the effect of liquid water on the heat transfer and the effect of gas flow pattern on the heat and mass transfer are mainly investigated. The simulation results show that the large droplet is hard to be dragged by the gas, so it produces large water saturation. The results of the heat transfer show that the liquid water hinders the heat transfer in the GDL and catalyst layer, so it produces the large relative high temperature area, and there are large temperature difference and water saturation in the PEMFCs operated with coflow pattern compared with counter flow pattern. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, a two-fluid (TF) model is developed for two-phase flows in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The drag force and lift force between gas and liquid phase are considered in N-S equations. In addition, a simplified model is introduced to obtain the liquid water droplet detachment diameter on the gas diffusion layer (GDL)/channel interface which involves the properties of the GDL/channel interface (contact angle and surface tension). The TF model and the simplified model for the prediction of water droplet detachment diameter on GDL/channel interface are validated by the comparison between the experimental data and the model results, respectively. The effect of the properties of GDL/channel interface (contact angle and surface tension) on two-phase behavior in PEMFCs is investigated, The results show that a high contact angle and a low surface tension are advantageous for liquid water removal in the gas channel and the GDL even though a low surface tension will lead to a low capillary force in the GDL. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, a fractal model is developed to predict the permeability and liquid water relative permeability of the GDL (TGP-H-120 carbon paper) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), based on the micrographs (by SEM, i.e. scanning electron microscope) of the TGP-H-120. Pore size distribution (PSD), maximum pore size, porosity, diameter of the carbon fiber, pore tortuosity, area dimension, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, the thickness of GDL and saturation are involved in this model. The model was validated by comparison between the predicted results and experimental data. The results indicate that the water relative permeability in the hydrophobicity case is much higher than in the hydrophilicity case. So, a hydrophobic carbon paper is preferred for efficient removal of liquid water from the cathode of PEMFCs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Size-effect of Au NRs on modulating the kinetic process of Aβ fibrillation. • CTAB-stabilized Au NRs inhibit the process of Aβ fibrillation. • The inhibition efficiency was related to the sizes and surface charges of Au NRs. • The inhibition efficiency of larger Au NRs is better. • The rate constant k is a quadratic function of diameters or lengths of Au NRs. Inhibiting the Aβ aggregation and understanding the kinetic process of Aβ fibrillation are very important for exploring possible tactics to treat AD. Here size-effect of Au NRs are reported to modulate the process of Aβ fibrillation. The results indicate that CTAB-stabilized Au NRs could efficiently suppress Aβ fibrillation and the inhibition efficiency of larger Au NRs is better. We calculated the relationship between Aβ aggregation rates and the sizes of Au NRs and found that the rate constant k was a quadratic function of diameters or lengths. This work provides a new strategy for exploring size-effect of nanoparticles on Aβ fibrillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of highly efficient, inexpensive catalysts severely hinders the large‐scale application of electrochemical energy conversion technologies (e.g., electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for hydrogen production, metal–air batteries (Cathode: oxygen reduction reaction (ORR))). As a new class of nanomaterials with a high ratio of surface atoms and tunable composition and electronic structure, metal nanocluster (NCs) are promising candidates as catalysts. Herein, a novel catalyst using S,N‐doped carbon matrix (NSCSs) is synthesized to efficiently stabilize high density and ultra‐uniform ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters (Ru@NSCSs) by small‐molecule self‐assembly pyrolysis approach. The obtained Ru@NSCSs catalyst exhibits outstanding HER activity in all pH conditions (especially with a low overpotential of 5 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH) and excellent ORR performance (half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.854 V in 0.1 m KOH). Based on the experimental investigations and theoretical calculations, it is discovered that the S‐atom can modulate the electronic structure and optimization of redox states on the surficial sites of Ru NCs during the ORR process. This work provides a feasible strategy for understanding and regulating the metal–support interface of ultra‐uniform nanoclusters catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of efficient hydrogen refueling station (HRS) is highly desirable to reduce the hydrogen cost and hence the life cycle expense of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), which is hindering the large scale application of hydrogen mobility. In this work, we demonstrate the optimization of gaseous HRS process and control method to perform fast and efficient refueling, with reduced energy consumption and increased daily fueling capacity. The HRS was modeled with thermodynamics using a numerical integration method and the accuracy for hydrogen refueling simulation was confirmed by experimental data, showing only 2 °C of temperature rise deviation. The refueling protocols for heavy duty FCVs were first optimized, demonstrating an average fueling rate of 2 kg/min and pre-cooling demand of less than 7 kW for 35 MPa type III tanks. Fast refueling of type IV tanks results in more significant temperature rise, and the required pre-cooling temperature is lowered by 20 K to achieve comparable fueling rate. The station process was also optimized to improve the daily fueling capacity. It is revealed that the hydrogen storage amount is cost-effective to be 25–30% that of the nominal daily refueling capacity, to enhance the refueling performance at peak time and minimize the start and stop cycles of compressor. A novel control method for cascade replenishment was developed by switching among the three banks in the order of decreased pressure, and results show that the daily refueling capacity of HRS is increased by 5%. Therefore, the refueling and station process optimization is effective to promote the efficiency of gaseous HRS. • Refueling protocols for heavy-duty vehicles optimized with reduced energy consumption. • Station storage is revealed favorable at 25–30% of designed daily refueling capacity. • Novel replenishment method for cascade leads to daily refueling capacity increased by 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient electrocatalyst of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for a variety of renewable energy applications and heteroatom-doped carbon materials have demonstrated promising catalytic performance towards ORR. In this paper we report a bioinspired method to synthesize nitrogen/sulfur (N/S) co-doped graphene as an efficient ORR electrocatalyst via self-polymerization of polydopamine (PDA) thin layer on graphene oxide sheets, followed by reacting with cysteine and finally thermal annealing in Argon (Ar) atmosphere. As-prepared N/S co-doped graphene exhibits significantly enhanced ORR catalytic activity in alkaline solution compared with pristine graphene or N-doped graphene. It also displays long-term operation stability and strong tolerance to methanol poison effect, indicating it a promising ORR electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Various mycotoxins with strong carcinogenesis and toxicity are fatal threats in food safety, and require highly sensitive and high-throughput detections greatly. Herein a fluorescent competitive immunoassay microarray based on a non-fouling polymer brush, poly[(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate] (POEGMA-co-GMA) is explored to sensitively detect multiple mycotoxins with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) as template targets. Due to uniformly large protein loading and high resistance to nonspecific protein absorption of the POEGMA-co-GMA brush, the optimal microarray exhibits wide dynamic ranges of three orders of magnitudes and low detection limits of 4, 4 and 3pgmL−1, respectively, which is much better than that obtained with an epoxy-functionalized antigen microarray, and is comparable or even better than the conventional ELISA method. This work offers a powerful high-throughput tool to fast screening of toxins in food quality and environmental monitoring. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • High density Ag NPs arrayed on vertical WO 3-x nanoflakes are fabricated by in-situ redox method. • Ag NPs arrayed on WO 3-x nanoflakes are fabricated by in-situ redox method. • Superior LOD of thiram at 1.3 pM compared with other methods. • SERS substrates have been successfully applied for detection of thiram on the apple. As an emerging technique for rapid detection, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has received much practical attention. Here, we report a uniformly distributed silver nanoparticles on well-defined tungsten oxide nanoflakes hierarchical nanostructures (Ag/WO 3-x) as flexible solid SERS substrate. The vertically aligned Ag/WO 3-x nanoflakes were prepared by in situ redox reaction without reductant additives, ensuring the clean surface and free of extra interferences with good signal-to-noise ratio. Using rhodamine 6G (R6G) as probe molecule, the enhancement factor of developed Ag/WO 3-x nanoflakes SERS substrate was found to be high as 2.41 × 107 with an ultrasensitive detection concentration of 10-12 M. Additionally, Ag/WO 3-x nanoflakes SERS substrate exhibited good reproducibility and long-time stability. Meanwhile, the pesticide thiram with a 1.3 pM limit of detection (LOD) can be readily determined via developed SERS substrate. To illustrate the potential practical value of the prepared substrates, 2.4 ppb spiked thiram on apple peel surface were both successfully detected. Notably, the developed SERS substrates could be cut into small pieces for detecting trace chemical or biological molecules and the flexible utilization of substrates would be improved dramatically. As a result, vertically aligned Ag/WO 3-x nanoflakes with well-defined shape and hierarchical structure have great potential as solid SERS substrate in the field of fast detection and trace analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of clean and renewable energy, hydrogen produced via photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has attracted considerable attention. However, to develop the photoanodes with stable and excellent PEC ability is still a big challenge. In our work, TiO 2 nanorods decorated with boron doped g-C 3 N 4 (BCN/TiO 2 ) is fabricated via thermal polymerization method to improve the PEC performance. The BCN/TiO 2 displays 4-fold increase of the photocurrent density (1.01 mA cm −2 ) at 1.23 V vs. RHE under irradiation (100 mW cm −2 , AM 1.5 G). And the onset potential of BCN/TiO 2 exhibits a negative shift with 100 mV. Attributed to the broad light absorption of BCN and hetero-junction forming between BCN and TiO 2 , the IPCE value is increased to 87.8% in 380 nm, and the charge separation and transfer efficiency are both increased. Doping metal-free inorganic material with heteroatoms is a simple and efficient strategy to increase the light absorption within visible light and charge transfer efficiency in PEC and photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy currently considered as to be effective way to cure cancer in clinic. However, the insufficient tumor immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment always result in diminished efficacy of immunotherapy. Herein, we report the synthesis of an organic photo-immune activator NBS-1MT , the combination of photosensitizer and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor effectively stimulates lysosomes oxidative stress the releases inflammatory cytokines. This process triggers pyroptosis for the considerable immunogenic cell death (ICD) while reversing suppressive tumor microenvironment. The photo-immune drug shows outstanding potential to activate caspase-1and then remove gasdermin-D (GSDMD), which could stimulate pyroptosis and also inhibit the tumor growth successfully in both primary and distant tumor. Furthermore, pyroptosis activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) promotes the immune related factors release, and enhance the intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with the induction of ICD of tumor cells and the cascaded synergize with IDO inhibitor, so the general antitumor immune response could be strengthened effectively. Our research confirms that the use of NBS-1MT is a promising strategy to boost the immune response and eventually to inhibit tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HCV transmission is closely associated with drug-trafficking routes in China. However, the transmission route of HCV in Eastern China remains unclear. Here, we investigate the role of Zhenjiang city of Jiangsu province, an important transportation hub linking Shanghai with other regions of China, in HCV transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 141 whole blood samples were collected from injection drug users (IDUs) in Zhenjiang and then tested for HCV infection. Of them, 115 HCV positive plasmas were subjected to RNA extraction, RT-PCR amplification, and sequencing. The subtype characterization and the evolutionary origin of HCV strains circulating in Zhenjiang were determined using polygenetic or phylogeographic analyses. Seven HCV subtypes 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 6a, 6e and 6n were detected among Zhenjiang IDUs, showing a complex HCV epidemic. The most predominant subtypes were 3a (38%) and 1b (26.8%). Among these subtypes, subtypes 3b, 6n and 6e originated from Southwestern China (i.e., Yunnan and/or Guangxi), subtypes 2a and 6a from Southern China (i.e., Guangdong), subtype 1b from Central (i.e., Henan) and Northwestern (i.e., Xinjiang) China, and subtype 3a from Southwestern (i.e., Yunnan) and Northwestern (i.e., Xinjiang) China. From Zhenjiang, subtypes 1b and 2a were further spread to Eastern (i.e., Shanghai) and Northern (i.e., Beijing) China, respectively. Conclusions/Significance: The mixing of seven HCV subtypes in Zhenjiang from all quarters of China indicates that as an important middle station, Zhenjiang plays a crucial role in HCV transmission, just as it is important in population migration between other regions of China and Eastern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We designed a convenient route to fabricate the ternary Au/TiO 2 @PCN photoanode. • The Au/TiO 2 @PCN remarkably facilitated the interfacial charge transfer and separation process. • The Au/TiO 2 @PCN presents a pronounced photocurrent density of 2.03 mA cm−2 (1.23 V vs. RHE). • The PEC performance of Au/TiO 2 @PCN can be enhanced both in UV and visible light region. Utilization of solar energy to split water via photoelectrochemical (PEC) technique is a desirable technology to address the development of sustainable carbon-free energy source. The key challenge of this advanced technique is to design a photoelectrode with both high solar to chemical efficiency and fast charge transfer and separation efficiency. Herein, the core-shell heterostructure of TiO 2 @PCN (P doped g -C 3 N 4) decorating with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) photoanode (Au/TiO 2 @PCN) is successfully fabricated for high-efficiency PEC water splitting. The resulting integrated Au/TiO 2 @PCN photoanode exhibits significantly enhanced PEC activities both in UV and visible light region with AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW cm−2). Each component of Au/TiO 2 @PCN plays a vital role in promoting the PEC performance. The TiO 2 @PCN core-shell heterostructure could remarkably facilitate the charge transfer and separation efficiency with the effect of an internal built-in electric field. The introduction of Au NPs could further enhance the charge transfer efficiency and improve the PEC activity of TiO 2 @PCN in visible light, which is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. Accordingly, the Au/TiO 2 @PCN presents pronounced photocurrent density of 2.03 mA cm−2 (1.23 V vs. RHE), which is four-fold higher than that of TiO 2 NRs (0.51 mA cm−2). This work supports a new approach to combine the advantages of the core-shell heterostructure and the LSPR effect of noble metal for high-performance PEC water oxidation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, we face a series of global challenges, including the growing depletion of fossil energy, environmental pollution, and global warming. The replacement of coal, petroleum, and natural gas by secondary energy resources is vital for sustainable development. Hydrogen (H2) energy is considered the ultimate energy in the 21st century because of its diverse sources, cleanliness, low carbon emission, flexibility, and high efficiency. H2 fuel cell vehicles are commonly the end-point application of H2 energy. Owing to their zero carbon emission, they are gradually replacing traditional vehicles powered by fossil fuel. As the H2 fuel cell vehicle industry rapidly develops, H2 fuel supply, especially H2 quality, attracts increasing attention. Compared with H2 for industrial use, the H2 purity requirements for fuel cells are not high. Still, the impurity content is strictly controlled since even a low amount of some impurities may irreversibly damage fuel cells' performance and running life. This paper reviews different versions of current standards concerning H2 for fuel cell vehicles in China and abroad. Furthermore, we analyze the causes and developing trends for the changes in these standards in detail. On the other hand, according to characteristics of H2 for fuel cell vehicles, standard H2 purification technologies, such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA), membrane separation and metal hydride separation, were analyzed, and the latest research progress was reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]