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12. Side Channel Security Oriented Evaluation and Protection on Hardware Implementations of Kyber

Author

Zhao, Yiqiang, Pan, Shijian, Ma, Haocheng, Gao, Ya, Song, Xintong, He, Jiaji, and Jin, Yier

Abstract

The emergence of quantum computing and its impact on current cryptographic algorithms has triggered the migration to post-quantum cryptography (PQC). Among the PQC candidates, CRYSTALS-Kyber is a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) that stands out from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standardization project. While software implementations of Kyber have been developed and evaluated recently, Kyber’s hardware implementations especially those designed with parallel architecture, are rarely discussed. To help better understand Kyber hardware designs and their security against side-channel analysis (SCA) attacks, in this paper, we first adapt the two most recent Kyber hardware designs for FPGA implementations. We then perform SCA attacks against these hardware designs with different architectures, i.e., parallelization and pipelining. Our experimental results show that Kyber designs on FPGA boards are vulnerable to SCA attacks including electromagnetic (EM) and power side channels. An attacker only needs $27 \sim 1,600$ power traces or $60 \sim 2,680$ EM traces to recover the decryption key successfully. Furthermore, we propose two first-order IND-CPA Kyber decapsulation masking protected designs, and then we evaluate their securities and overheads. The experimental results demonstrate that the side channel security of masked Kyber designs has increased by more than 10x.

Published
2023
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16. EO-Shield

Author

Gao, Ya, primary, Zhang, Qizhi, additional, Ma, Haocheng, additional, He, Jiaji, additional, and Zhao, Yiqiang, additional

Published
2023
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23. Coupling Dilated Encoder–Decoder Network for Multi-Channel Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry Full-Waveform Denoising.

Author

Hu, Bin, Zhao, Yiqiang, Zhou, Guoqing, He, Jiaji, Liu, Changlong, Liu, Qiang, Ye, Mao, and Li, Yao

Subjects
LIDAR, IMAGE denoising, BATHYMETRY, FEATURE extraction, AIRBORNE-based remote sensing, DEEP learning, SHALLOW-water equations
Abstract

Multi-channel airborne full-waveform LiDAR is widely used for high-precision underwater depth measurement. However, the signal quality of full-waveform data is unstable due to the influence of background light, dark current noise, and the complex transmission process. Therefore, we propose a nonlocal encoder block (NLEB) based on spatial dilated convolution to optimize the feature extraction of adjacent frames. On this basis, a coupled denoising encoder–decoder network is proposed that takes advantage of the echo correlation in deep-water and shallow-water channels. Firstly, full waveforms from different channels are stacked together to form a two-dimensional tensor and input into the proposed network. Then, NLEB is used to extract local and nonlocal features from the 2D tensor. After fusing the features of the two channels, the reconstructed denoised data can be obtained by upsampling with a fully connected layer and deconvolution layer. Based on the measured data set, we constructed a noise–noisier data set, on which several denoising algorithms were compared. The results show that the proposed method improves the stability of denoising by using the inter-channel and multi-frame data correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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29. PathFinder

Author

Ma, Haocheng, primary, Zhang, Qizhi, additional, Gao, Ya, additional, He, Jiaji, additional, Zhao, Yiqiang, additional, and Jin, Yier, additional

Published
2022
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32. The applicability research of the diagnostic criteria for 10.2 Heamodialysis-related headache in the international classification of headache disorders-3rd edition.

Author

Yang, Ying, Meng, Fanchao, Zhu, Hanyu, Zhang, Lei, Lu, Guangshuang, Xiao, Shaobo, He, Jiaji, Yu, Shengyuan, and Liu, Ruozhuo

Subjects
HEADACHE risk factors, HEADACHE diagnosis, MIGRAINE, CROSS-sectional method, RISK assessment, DISEASE prevalence, QUESTIONNAIRES, TENSION headache, HEADACHE, HEMODIALYSIS
Abstract

Background: Headache during hemodialysis (HDH) is prevalent but not negligible. Despite the high prevalence of dialysis headaches, they have rarely been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of HDH and reappraise the HDH diagnostic criteria in the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 (ICHD-3). Methods: One hundred and fifty-four patients completed this randomized cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients who underwent haemodialysis were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The patients were administered face-to-face questionnaires while undergoing dialysis. Results: This study included 154 patients. Before commencing dialysis, 3.24% (5/154) of the patients had migraine without aura, 1.29% (2/154) had menstrual-related migraine, 0.6% (1/154) had tension-type headaches, and 0.6% (1/154) had an unclassifiable headache. One case (0.6%) of headache resolved after dialysis treatment. HDH was diagnosed in 9.09% (14/154) of the patients. Headache after haemodialysis (HAH) was reported in 6.49% (10/154) of patients. The most prevalent features of HDH were frontal or temporal location, bilateral headaches, dull and throbbing nature, and moderate severity. HDH started at a mean of 2.33 ± 0.79 h after dialysis commenced. The average headache duration was 6.56 ± 1.57 h (median = 3.0 h), with 66.67% of the patients reporting a duration of ≤4 h. HDH was more prevalent in females than males (P = 0.01, P < 0.05). Female sex was a risk factor for HDH (P = 0.01，P < 0.05). Conclusions: The diagnostic criteria for 10.2 HDH in ICHD-3 may miss several HAH. Therefore, ICHD-3 should be revised according to the literature and further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. Acoustic Waveguides and Sensors for High Temperature and Gamma Radiation Environment

Author

He, Jiaji, Electrical Engineering, Wang, Anbo, Zhu, Yizheng, Pickrell, Gary R., Safaai-Jazi, Ahmad, and Jia, Xiaoting

Subjects
periodic structure, Acoustic wave, acoustic sensor, gamma radiation, Physics::Optics, temperature sensor
Abstract

Sensing in harsh environments is always in great need. Although many sensors and sensing systems are reported, such as optical fiber sensors and acoustic sensors, they all have drawbacks. In this dissertation, fused quartz and sapphire acoustic waveguides and sensors are developed for high temperature and heavy gamma radiation. The periodic structure, acoustic fiber Bragg grating (AFBG), is the core sensor structure in this dissertation. To better analyze the propagation of acoustic waves, the acoustic coupled more analysis is proposed. It could solve for the reflection spectrum of the AFBG with at most 2.1% error. For the waveguide, the fused quartz "suspended core" waveguide is designed. It achieved strong acoustic energy confinement so surface perturbations no longer affected the wave propagation. Single crystal sapphire fiber features low acoustic loss, and survivability under high temperature. It is also chosen as an acoustic waveguide. AFBGs are fabricated in both waveguides. The fused quartz suspended core AFBG is shown to sense temperature up to 1000 C and to have stable reading at 700 C for 14 days. The sapphire AFBG as a temperature sensor works up to 1500 C and also provides continuous stable reading at 1100 C for 12 days. Both waveguides with AFBGs are then tested under long-term gamma radiation. Despite some fluctuations from radiation-related causes, the readings of both sensors generally remain stable. Given the experimental observations, the fused quartz AFBG waveguide and the sapphire AFBG waveguide are shown to work well in high temperature and gamma radiations. Doctor of Philosophy Sensing in harsh environments, like high temperature, high pressure, and corrosive environment, is always in great need. Efficient and safe operation of instruments like nuclear reactors could be better secured. Although many sensors and sensing systems are reported, such as optical fiber sensors and acoustic sensors, they all have drawbacks so new designs are constantly in need. In this dissertation, silica (a glass commonly acquired by melting sand) and sapphire (used in iphone screens due to its transparency and hardness) acoustic waveguides and sensors are developed. A periodic structure known as acoustic fiber Bragg grating (AFBG) is the core sensor structure in this dissertation. A calculation method is proposed first. Acoustic wave needs a waveguide to propagate somewhere further, and a new waveguide structure is made to keep the acoustic energy within the very center of the waveguide, so any change on the outer surface does not affect the wave inside. Also, sapphire has good acoustic property and is used. The AFBGs are fabricated in both waveguides. These sensing waveguides are shown to work at >1000 C temperature and provide stable reading for more than 10 days. Long term exposure to gamma radiation for weeks or months resulted in stable performances. Therefore, it is concluded that silica and sapphire waveguide sensors are successfully developed for high temperature and nuclear radiation applications.

Published
2021

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