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Using HZSM-5 zeolite, potassium permanganate and methanol as raw materials, MnOx/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared to oxidize formaldehyde at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other characterization methods were used to analyze the morphology, structure and chemical composition of the catalyst. The catalytic activity and regeneration performance of MnOx/HZSM-5 on formaldehyde were studied, and the mechanism of formaldehyde catalytic oxidation was discussed. The results show that the formaldehyde removal rate of MnOx/HZSM-5 remains at 90% after 1020 minutes of dynamic testing. After five regeneration tests, the removal rate of formaldehyde by MnOx/HZSM-5 remains at 91%. In the static test, the formaldehyde removal rate reaches 97% and the conversion rate of formaldehyde reaches 92%. After analyzing the mechanism of oxidizing formaldehyde with MnOx/HZSM-5, it is found that formaldehyde is first adsorbed by the catalyst to the active site of MnOx. Then it is preliminarily oxidized to intermediate products such as formates or carbonates. Finally, it is deeply oxidized with carbon dioxide and water.

Melatonin (MLT) protects cells by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are key for inducing cellular autophagy. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying MLT regulation of autophagy in granulosa cells (GCs) with BMPR‐1B homozygous (FecB BB) and wild type (FecB ++) mutations. GCs collected from small‐tailed Han sheep with different FecB genotypes were typed using a TaqMan probe assay, and autophagy levels were found to be significantly higher in GCs with FecB BB than the levels in those with FecB ++. Autophagy‐related 2 homolog B (ATG2B) was associated with cell autophagy and was highly expressed in GCs with the FecB BB genotype in small‐tailed Han sheep. Overexpression of ATG2B in the GCs of sheep with both FecB genotypes promoted GC autophagy, and the contrary was observed after the inhibition of ATG2B expression. Subsequently, treatment of GCs with different genotypes of FecB and MLT revealed a significant decrease in cellular autophagy and an increase in ATG2B expression. Addition of MLT to GCs with inhibited ATG2B expression revealed that MLT could protect GCs by decreasing ROS levels, especially in GCs with FecB ++ genotype. In conclusion, this study determined that autophagy levels were significantly higher in sheep GCs with FecB BB genotype than the levels in those with FecB ++ genotype, which may have contributed to the difference in lambing numbers between the two FecB genotypes. Autophagy was regulated by ATG2B and was able to protect GCs by reducing the high levels of ROS produced following inhibition of ATG2B through the addition of MLT in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the rapid detection and identification of Salmonella, Salmonella was isolated and identified from the proficiency testing (CFAPA-- 805) samples from three aspects including the traditional standard detection methods, specific PCR and molecular phylogeny. The traditional standard detection method was based on the national food safety standard (GB 4789.4 -- 2016) "Salmonella Examination of Food Microbiological Examination", the specific PCR was based on the invA gene, and the molecular phylogeny was based on the 16S rDNA. The results showed that the results of the three detection methods were consistent. Salmonella was detected in 341 samples, and the results of physiological and biochemical identification, serological identification and molecular phylogenetic identification showed that: the Salmonella in the positive samples was Salmonella biochemical group (I), Salmonella enteritidis subspecies, of which the serotyping was O:9, 12:H:g, m. The ability verification result of this laboratory was "satisfactory", affirming the laboratory's ability to detect Salmonella. By the comparison, the specific PCR identification could determine whether Salmonella was detected. The physiological and biochemical identification, serological identification and molecular phylogenetic identification could confirm the biochemical group, serotyping and molecular typing of Salmonella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), protein kinase C (PKC)βI, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition have been associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanistic basis underlying this association remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the association among the aforementioned factors in a DN model consisting of human mesangial cells (HMCs) exposed to high glucose (HG) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) treatments. HMCs were divided into the following treatment groups: Control; PAF; PAF+PKCβI inhibitor LY333531; HG + LPC; PAF + HG + LPC; and PAF + HG + LPC + LY333531. Cells were cultured for 24 h, and PKCβI and TGF-β1 expression was determined using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The expression levels of the ECM-associated molecules collagen IV and fibronectin in the supernatant were detected using ELISA analysis. Subcellular localization of PKCβI was assessed using immunocytochemistry. PKCβI and TGF-β1 expression was increased in the PAF + HG + LPC group compared with the other groups (P<0.05); however, this effect was abolished in the presence of LY333531 (P<0.05). Supernatant fibronectin and collagen IV levels were increased in the PAF + HG + LPC group compared with the others (P<0.05); this was reversed by treatment with LY333531 (P<0.05). In cells treated with PAF, HG and LPC, PKCβI was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, an effect which was blocked when PKCβI expression was inhibited (P<0.05). The findings of the present study demonstrated that PAF stimulated ECM deposition in HMCs via activation of the PKC-TGF-β1 axis in a DN model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (MLT) protects cells by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are key for inducing cellular autophagy. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying MLT regulation of autophagy in granulosa cells (GCs) with BMPR-1B homozygous (Fec B BB) and wild type (Fec B ++) mutations. GCs collected from small-tailed Han sheep with different Fec B genotypes were typed using a TaqMan probe assay, and autophagy levels were found to be significantly higher in GCs with Fec B BB than the levels in those with Fec B ++. Autophagy-related 2 homolog B (ATG2B) was associated with cell autophagy and was highly expressed in GCs with the Fec B BB genotype in small-tailed Han sheep. Overexpression of ATG2B in the GCs of sheep with both Fec B genotypes promoted GC autophagy, and the contrary was observed after the inhibition of ATG2B expression. Subsequently, treatment of GCs with different genotypes of Fec B and MLT revealed a significant decrease in cellular autophagy and an increase in ATG2B expression. Addition of MLT to GCs with inhibited ATG2B expression revealed that MLT could protect GCs by decreasing ROS levels, especially in GCs with Fec B ++ genotype. In conclusion, this study determined that autophagy levels were significantly higher in sheep GCs with Fec B BB genotype than the levels in those with Fec B ++ genotype, which may have contributed to the difference in lambing numbers between the two Fec B genotypes. Autophagy was regulated by ATG2B and was able to protect GCs by reducing the high levels of ROS produced following inhibition of ATG2B through the addition of MLT in vitro., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

BMPR1B is the first major gene of litter size identified in sheep. However, the molecular mechanism of the FecB mutation that increases the ovulation rate in sheep is still unclear. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that BMPR1B activity is regulated by the small molecule repressor protein FKBP1A, which acts as a key activity switch of the BMPR1B in the BMP/SMAD pathway. The FecB mutation is located close to the binding site of FKBP1A and BMPR1B. In this review, we summarize the structure of BMPR1B and FKBP1A proteins, and clarify the spatial interactive domains of the two proteins with respect to the location of the FecB mutation. Then the relationship between the FecB mutation and the degree of affinity of the two proteins are predicted. Finally, the hypothesis that FecB mutation causes change of activity in BMP/SMAD pathway by affecting the intensity of the interactions between BMPR1B and FKBP1A is proposed. This hypothesis provides a new clue to investigate the molecular mechanism of FecB mutation affecting ovulation rate and litter size in sheep.

Seasonal breeding is an important factor limiting sheep production efficiency. Detailed analysis on the molecular mechanisms of seasonal breeding is the premise for improving estrus and mating rate of sheep during anestrus. Recent research showed that under long-photoperiod and short-photoperiod conditions, a series of changes in signaling molecules and cell morphology could be observed in ovine seasonal reproduction pathway. Based on the molecular mechanisms of seasonal reproduction, several technologies or methods for inducing estrus and mating of ewes in anestrus have been developed. In this review, photoperiod-induced changes in signaling molecules and cell morphology in pituitary and hypothalamic tissue are first summarized in terms of the molecular mechanisms and characteristics of seasonal reproduction. The application effect, advantages and disadvantages for applying these technologies for inducing estrus and mating of ewes in anestrus are then discussed, thereby providing the critical insights in identifying a new technology, which is environmentally friendly and efficient, to improve breeding rate in anestrus.

Domesticated animals play an important role in the life of humanity. All these domesticated animals undergo same process, first domesticated from wild animals, then after long time natural and artificial selection, formed various breeds that adapted to the local environment and human needs. In this process, domestication, natural and artificial selection will leave the selection signal in the genome. The research on these selection signals can find functional genes directly, is one of the most important strategies in screening functional genes. The current studies of selection signal have been performed in pigs, chickens, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and other domestic animals, and found a great deal of functional genes. This paper provided an overview of the types and the detected methods of selection signal, and outlined researches of selection signal in domestic animals, and discussed the key issues in selection signal analysis and its prospects.