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Pore-resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the interactions between streamflow turbulence and groundwater flow through a randomly packed porous sediment bed for three permeability Reynolds numbers, $Re_K$, of 2.56, 5.17, and 8.94, representative of natural stream or river systems. Time-space averaging is used to quantify the Reynolds stress, form-induced stress, mean flow and shear penetration depths, and mixing length at the sediment-water interface (SWI). The mean flow and shear penetration depths increase with $Re_K$ and are found to be nonlinear functions of non-dimensional permeability. The peaks and significant values of the Reynolds stresses, form-induced stresses, and pressure variations are shown to occur in the top layer of the bed, which is also confirmed by conducting simulations of just the top layer as roughness elements over an impermeable wall. The probability distribution functions (PDFs) of normalized local bed stress are found to collapse for all Reynolds numbers and their root mean-squared fluctuations are assumed to follow logarithmic correlations. The fluctuations in local bed stress and resultant drag and lift forces on sediment grains are mainly a result of the top layer, their PDFs are symmetric with heavy tails, and can be well represented by a non-Gaussian model fit. The bed stress statistics and the pressure data at the SWI can potentially be used in providing better boundary conditions in modeling of incipient motion and reach-scale transport in the hyporheic zone., Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, 9 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2204.13875

Single flux quantum (SFQ) circuitry is a promising candidate for a scalable and integratable cryogenic quantum control system. However, the operation of SFQ circuits introduces non-equilibrium quasiparticles (QPs), which are a significant source of qubit decoherence. In this study, we investigate QP behavior in a superconducting quantum-classical hybrid chip that comprises an SFQ circuit and a qubit circuit. By monitoring qubit relaxation time, we explore the dynamics of SFQ-circuit-induced QPs. Our findings reveal that the QP density near the qubit reaches its peak after several microseconds of SFQ circuit operation, which corresponds to the phonon-mediated propagation time of QPs in the hybrid circuits. This suggests that phonon-mediated propagation dominates the spreading of QPs in the hybrid circuits. Our results lay the foundation to suppress QP poisoning in quantum-classical hybrid systems., Comment: 11 pages,13 figures

Pore-resolved direct numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flow are performed comparing the structure and dynamics of turbulence over impermeable rough and smooth walls to a porous sediment bed at permeability Reynolds number ($Re_K$) of 2.6, representative of aquatic beds. Four configurations are investigated; namely, (i) permeable bed with randomly packed sediment grains, (ii) an impermeable-wall with full layer of roughness elements matching the top layer of the sediment bed, (iii) an impermeable-wall with half layer of roughness elements , and (iv) a smooth wall. A double-averaging methodology is used to compute the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, form-induced stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy budget. It is observed that the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, and form-induced pressure-velocity correlations representing upwelling and downwelling fluxes are similar in magnitude for the permeable-bed and impermeable-full layer wall cases. However, for the impermeable-half layer case, the wall blocking effect results in higher streamwise and lower wall-normal stresses compared to the permeable-bed case. Bed roughness increases Reynolds shear stress whereas permeability has minimal influence. Bed permeability, in contrast to Reynolds stresses, significantly influences form-induced shear stress. Bed shear stress statistics show that probability of extreme events increases in permeable bed and rough wall cases as compared to the smooth wall. Findings suggest that bed permeability can have significant impact on modeling of hyporheic exchange and its effect on bed shear and pressure fluctuations are better captured by considering at least the top layer of sediment., Comment: 31 pages, 18 figures, journal paper

Direct numerical simulation is used to investigate effects of turbulent flow in the confined geometry of a face-centered cubic porous unit cell on the transport, clustering, and deposition of fine particles at different Stokes numbers ($St = 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2$) and at a pore Reynolds number of 500. Particles are advanced using one-way coupling and collision of particles with pore walls is modeled as perfectly elastic with specular reflection. Tools for studying inertial particle dynamics and clustering developed for homogeneous flows are adapted to take into account the embedded, curved geometry of the pore walls. The pattern and dynamics of clustering are investigated using the volume change of Voronoi tesselation in time to analyze the divergence and convergence of the particles. Similar to the case of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, the cluster formation is present at large volumes, while cluster destruction is prominent at small volumes and these effects are amplified with Stokes number. However, unlike homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, formation of large number of very small volumes was observed at all Stokes numbers and is attributed to the collision of particles with the pore wall. Multiscale wavelet analysis of the particle number density showed peak of clustering shifts towards larger scales with increase in Stokes number. Scale-dependent skewness and flatness quantify the intermittent void and cluster distribution, with cluster formation observed at small scales for all Stokes numbers, and void regions at large scales for large Stokes numbers.