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AimMethodsResultsConclusionThis study investigated the impact of the World Cerebral Palsy Day (WCPD) campaign on the public interest using Google Trends Analysis data in Brazil.Google Trends was used to collect Relative Search Volume (RSV) data for “cerebral palsy” from 2004 to 2011 (control years) and 2012 to 2022 (WCPD years). RSV during the 4 weeks around WCPD (period of interest) was compared with the rest of the year (control period) in each timeframe. Regional RSV, search queries, and main topics were also investigated.RSV increased by 62.22% from pre-campaign to campaign period. During the WCPD years, a 21.36% RSV increase occurred in campaign weeks, with an average difference of 12.16 (95% CI: 1.74, 22.58); notably in in the last five years in the southeast 9.47 (95% CI: 2.93, 16.01) and south 8.66 (95% CI: 1.66, 15.66) macro-regions.The campaign has fulfilled its role, but targeting more vulnerable areas could further amplify its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of this article is to broaden the notion of strategic intent in public relations. It also develops an understanding of the social value of what can be defined as the first modern health communication campaign in Europe based on strategic intents and the development of modernity. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on both historical research and empirical material from the Norwegian tuberculosis campaign from 1889 up to 1913, when Norwegian women achieved suffrage. The campaign is analysed in the framework of modernity and social theory. The literature on lobbying and social movements is also used to develop a theoretical framework for the notion of strategic intent. Findings: The study shows that strategic intent can be divided into two layers: (1) the implicit strategic intent is the real purpose behind the communication efforts, whereas (2) the explicit intent is found directly in the communication efforts. The explicit intent may be presented as a solution for the good of society at the right political moment, giving an organisation the possibility to mobilise for long-term social changes, in which could be the implicit intent. Originality/value: The distinction between explicit and implicit strategic intent broadens our understanding on how to make long-term social changes as well as how social and political changes occur in modern societies. The article also gives a historical account of what is here defined as the first modern health communication campaign in Europe and its social value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsIn the context of social media vaccine campaigns, understanding the impact of message framing on audience engagement is crucial. This study examines the efficacy of messages centered on efficacy versus autonomy, informed by theoretical frameworks: the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and Self Determination Theory (SDT).Utilizing the Facebook A/B Split Test (FBST) feature, an online experiment was conducted to compare the response to two different messages: one emphasizing vaccine efficacy (EPPM-informed) and the other focusing on individual autonomy in making vaccine decisions (SDT-informed). The primary measure of interest was the number of clicks on a link directing to a pro-vaccine website.The findings indicated that the autonomy-centered (SDT-informed) message resulted in a significantly higher click-through rate to the pro-vaccine website, particularly among users aged 65 and above. Furthermore, analysis of comments from Facebook users identified factors potentially contributing to vaccine hesitancy, with mistrust being the most dominant.The study underscores the importance of tailoring social media vaccine campaigns to address the autonomy needs of the target audience while considering trust-related issues to mitigate vaccine hesitancy. Emphasizing individual autonomy in vaccine decision-making processes can enhance engagement with pro-vaccine content, especially in older demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Aiming to disseminate information related to suicide prevention in Brazil, the "Setembro Amarelo" campaign has been conducted since 2015. The objective of this study is to assess the association between this campaign and elderly suicide rates over a 12-year period. Methods: Data were gathered from the Mortality Information System and the Notifiable Diseases Information System, established by public institutions in Brazil. An interrupted time-series framework was applied to assess the association between the "Setembro Amarelo" campaign and suicide mortality rates in the elderly population (60 et plus) in the southeastern region of Brazil. We consider three monthly outcomes: all suicides, suicides in males and suicide in females. We operationalize the campaign assuming three effects: short-term, declining and sustained. The period of analysis was from 2011-2022. Results: The suicide-mortality rate over time has remained stable; the average rate in the pre-campaign period was 0.028 and increased slightly to 0.035. Regardless of the campaign's operationalization and the outcome used, results show no significant associations between the campaign and elderly suicide rates. The campaign was associated with non-significant decreased effects of 15% (P=0.532) in the short term, and 16% (P=0.446) assuming the campaign was sustained. Conclusions: There is a lack of association between the campaign and suicide rates, among the elderly in Brazil's southeastern region. As suicide is complex and multifactorial, more research is needed. The campaign, while raising awareness and reducing stigma, may not reduce suicides. To reduce the suicide rate in the elderly requires addressing social, economic and cultural factors, multisectoral interventions, and upholding basic human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : This study conducted an empirical evaluation of an intervention derived from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) aimed at implementing a health campaign among medical students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods : In this interventional study, a valid and reliable TPB-based questionnaire was administered before launching a health campaign titled “Organ Donation=Life Donation” among 260 medical students. The campaign was structured around nine steps: situation analysis, goal identification, target audience identification, strategy development, tactics establishment, media selection, timetable creation, budget planning, and program evaluation. Two months after the campaign, participants completed a posttest and were offered an organ donation card. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 16, employing descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the paired-samples t-test. Results : All participants adopted more prodonation stances across all constructs measured, both immediately and 2 months after exposure to the health campaign, compared to their pretest scores. These results indicate that the health campaign had a significant impact on psychological variables such as attitudes (P

Mass media campaigns have been designed to counter a rise in e-cigarette use among young people. No studies to date have established pathways from campaign exposure to e-cigarette use behaviors. This study examines the mechanisms through which exposure to the truth® campaign may prevent the progression of e-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Method: Data included four waves of the truth longitudinal cohort, a probability-based, nationally representative survey: Wave 1: September 2020-March 2021; Wave 2: July-October 2021; Wave 3: January-May 2022; and Wave 4: October 2022-January 2023. The sample (N =4,744) was aged 15-24 years and nicotine naive at Wave 1. Latent growth structural equation modeling techniques examined the pathway from cumulative frequency of ad exposure (CFE) to the e-cigarette use progression via campaign-targeted attitudes. Results: The direct effect from CFE to e-cigarette use progression was not significant. The overall indirect pathway shows that CFE was significantly associated with lower progression of e-cigarette use (β=-.01, p, .0001). CFE had a significant positive association with each campaign-targeted attitude, and each attitude was significantly associated with stronger perceived norms against e-cigarette use. Stronger perceived norms were significantly associated with a slower progression to e-cigarette use (β=-.21, p, .0001). Conclusions: Awareness of the truth antivaping campaign follows a pathway of targeted attitudes and perceptions of acceptability, then to slowed progression toward initiation of e-cigarette use. Antivaping campaigns should focus on shifting perceptions of acceptability to reduce e-cigarette use among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Loneliness among young people is a contemporary public health crisis exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The present research examined the development of a modest yet meaningful health communication intervention resource that would become an asset in a larger health campaign: a communication guide aimed at helping young people reach out and reconnect with others. Methods: Study One established the need for a loneliness intervention in Texas with survey data (N = 795). A communication guide was developed based on research and theory. Study Two employed focus group interviews with potential audience members (N = 31) to critically assess and inform revisions to the communication guide. Results: Study One results indicated that a substantial proportion of young adult Texans felt as though their social connection had decreased and their loneliness had increased since the onset of the pandemic. Themes in focus group responses from Study Two suggested several strengths of the communication guide and some opportunities for revision. Conclusion: A communication guide with tips for reconnecting could be a valuable tool to empower young people and promote social connection. Innovation: This study involved the development and refinement of a new communication resource that was informed by a priority audience of a major health communication campaign.

Introduction: Insufficient knowledge and beliefs hinder the early diagnosis and provision of adequate treatment and care for PD patients, causing socioeconomic burdens. Raising public awareness and understanding the knowledge gap is crucial for effective educational programs and early detection. This study aims to assess the perception of Parkinson's disease (PD) among visitors of a public campaign conducted to raise PD awareness and knowledge to facilitate early detection and management. Methods: A before-and-after study was conducted from May to June 2023, to assess the perception of PD among a public PD campaign visitors in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The campaign included educational booths discussing PD symptoms, causes, diagnosis, management, and support. Participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire before and after the campaign. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study included 48 eligible individuals. The mean knowledge score was significantly enhanced following the campaign, rising from 12 to 17.77 points (p < 0.05). The symptoms of PD that showed a significant difference were slow movement, tremors, depression, memory problems, and sleep problems. The campaign had a beneficial effect on participants' general understanding of PD. Discussion: The study showed that public awareness campaigns successfully raised community awareness of PD. Participants' knowledge improved after the campaign, highlighting its positive effect. Further research could explore measuring the continuity of awareness over a longer period and its impact on improving patients' lives and could expand the sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this extensive study examining the health of 7184 school children aged 3 to 12 in 27 Lebanese schools, screenings involved medical evaluation and interviews, complemented by phone interviews with 3880 parents. Notably, one in two students received a medical referral, revealing prevalent issues such as dental cavities (33%), under-vaccination (25%), undetected vision problems (13%), abnormal growth (6%), underweight (27%), and overweight (33%). Additional concerns encompassed abnormal vital signs (3%), abuse signs (0.6%), infectious skin lesions (1.6%), scoliosis (1.7%), abnormal auscultation (heart 1.1%, lungs 1.2%), ear problems (3.3%), precocious puberty (0.7%), and neurologic signs (0.6%). Mental health challenges affected 20–25% of students. Public schools and Beirut exhibited higher referral rates, with girls, older children, overweight students, those lacking regular pediatrician visits, and children of self-employed or less educated parents facing elevated referral rates. In contrast, children of healthcare workers experienced fewer referrals. Against this backdrop, the study emphasizes the imperative for targeted health initiatives, particularly in marginalized areas and for socioeconomically disadvantaged students. Priority areas include dental care, weight issues, mental health, vaccination compliance, and addressing vision problems to enhance learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesAiming to disseminate information related to suicide prevention in Brazil, the “Setembro Amarelo” campaign has been conducted since 2015. The objective of this study is to assess the association between this campaign and elderly suicide rates over a 12-year period.MethodsData were gathered from the Mortality Information System and the Notifiable Diseases Information System, established by public institutions in Brazil. An interrupted time-series framework was applied to assess the association between the “Setembro Amarelo” campaign and suicide mortality rates in the elderly population (60 et plus) in the southeastern region of Brazil. We consider three monthly outcomes: all suicides, suicides in males and suicide in females. We operationalize the campaign assuming three effects: short-term, declining and sustained. The period of analysis was from 2011-2022.ResultsThe suicide-mortality rate over time has remained stable; the average rate in the pre-campaign period was 0.028 and increased slightly to 0.035. Regardless of the campaign’s operationalization and the outcome used, results show no significant associations between the campaign and elderly suicide rates. The campaign was associated with non-significant decreased effects of 15% (P=0.532) in the short term, and 16% (P=0.446) assuming the campaign was sustained.ConclusionsThere is a lack of association between the campaign and suicide rates, among the elderly in Brazil’s southeastern region. As suicide is complex and multifactorial, more research is needed. The campaign, while raising awareness and reducing stigma, may not reduce suicides. To reduce the suicide rate in the elderly requires addressing social, economic and cultural factors, multisectoral interventions, and upholding basic human rights.

Introduction: The overall prevalence of hypertension is high, and many people are unaware of their condition. Screening campaigns can effectively identify this group of patients. The study aimed to determine the cost of manpower for a health campaign for detecting undiagnosed hypertension and the prevalence of hypertension. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two health centres. Sociodemographic characteristics, hypertension and treatment statuses were recorded. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by either doctors or nurses using automated BP machines. The cost of manpower was calculated as the average salaries of manpower during the 3-day health campaign divided by the total number of days. The final sum was the cost of detecting undiagnosed hypertension. Results: A total of 2009 participants median age = 50 (IQR = 18-91) were included in the study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 41.4% (n=832). Among the patients with hypertension, 49.2% (n=409) were unaware of their hypertension status. Conversely, 21.1% (n=423) were known to have hypertension, among whom 97.4% (n=412) were on medications. Among those who were on medications, 49% (n=202) had good BP control. The average total cost of manpower during the 3-day health campaign was RM 5019.80 (USD 1059). The cost of detecting an individual with elevated BP was RM 12.27 (USD 2.59). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension and unawareness is high. However, the average cost of manpower to detect an individual with elevated BP is low. Therefore, regular public health campaigns aiming to detect undiagnosed hypertension are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionInsufficient knowledge and beliefs hinder the early diagnosis and provision of adequate treatment and care for PD patients, causing socio-economic burdens. Raising public awareness and understanding the knowledge gap is crucial for effective educational programs and early detection. This study aims to assess the perception of Parkinson’s disease (PD) among visitors of a public campaign conducted to raise PD awareness and knowledge to facilitate early detection and management.MethodsA before-and-after study was conducted from May to June 2023, to assess the perception of PD among a public PD campaign visitors in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The campaign included educational booths discussing PD symptoms, causes, diagnosis, management, and support. Participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire before and after the campaign. The data were analyzed using SPSS.ResultsThe study included 48 eligible individuals. The mean knowledge score was significantly enhanced following the campaign, rising from 12 to 17.77 points (p

Abstract Typhoid fever is an endemic disease caused by infection with Salmonella Typhi. The transmission of typhoid fever is through food and drink contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria, which is excreted through the feces or urine of an infected person. The problem of typhoid fever is increasingly complex because of the increase in carrier cases, making it difficult for treatment and prevention efforts. This study develops a mathematical model for the control of typhoid fever, which consists of two equilibrium points, namely endemic and non-endemic equilibrium points. The endemic and non-endemic equilibrium point is asymptotically stable if it satisfies the condition given by the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Optimal control theory is applied to the mathematical model by providing control through health campaigns, screening, and treatment to minimize the number of asymptomatic individuals, symptomatic individuals, and chronic carriers. The Pontryagin Minimum principle is used to determine the optimal control form. Numerical simulations are performed using the Forward-Backward Sweep Runge-Kutta method of order 4. The simulation results indicate a decrease in each infected subpopulation after applying optimal control for ten months. It is found that control in health campaigns has a more significant impact than control in screening and treatment in decreasing the number of asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. The control of treatment effectively reduces infected individuals with symptoms of becoming chronic carriers. In conclusion, the most effective strategy in controlling the spread of typhoid fever is to simultaneously apply controls in the form of health campaigns, screening, and treatment. Keywords: health campaign; screening; treatment; optimal control; Pontryagin minimum principle; forward-backward sweep. Abstrak Demam tifoid merupakan penyakit endemik yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Salmonella Typhi. Proses penularan demam tifoid melalui makanan dan minuman yang telah terkontaminasi bakteri Salmonella Typhi yang dikeluarkan melalui tinja maupun urin dari orang yang telah terinfeksi. Permasalahan tentang demam tifoid semakin kompleks karena meningkatnya kasus - kasus carrier, sehingga menyulitkan upaya pengobatan dan pencegahan. Model matematika yang dikembangkan memiliki dua titik kesetimbangan yaitu titik setimbang nonendemik dan titik setimbang endemik. Titik setimbang nonendemik dan endemik akan stabil asimtotik jika memenuhi kondisi yang diberikan oleh aturan Routh-Hurwitz. Teori kontrol optimal diterapkan pada model matematika dengan pemberian kontrol berupa kampanye kesehatan, screening dan pengobatan untuk meminimumkan jumlah individu asymptomatic, individu symptomatic dan carrier chronic. Penentuan bentuk kontrol optimal menggunakan prinsip Minimum Pontryagin. Simulasi numerik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Forward-Backward Sweep Runge-Kutta orde 4. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, terjadi penurunan disetiap subpopulasi terinfeksi setelah penerapan kontrol optimal selama 10 bulan. Kontrol berupa kampanye kesehatan memiliki pengaruh yang besar dibandingkan kontrol berupa screening dan pengobatan dalam menekan meningkatnya individu asymptomatic dan individu symptomatic. Penerapan kontrol berupa pengobatan sangat efektif dalam menekan individu terinfeksi dengan gejala menjadi individu carrier chronic. Kata Kunci: kampanye kesehatan; screening; pengobatan; kontrol optimal; prinsip minimum Pontryagin; forward-backward sweep. 2020MSC: 00A71, 92B05

Objective A nationwide measles–rubella (MR) vaccination campaign was executed in Pakistan in November 2021. Despite that, there was a persistence of new measles cases. Thus, we designed this study to determine the measles vaccination status in patients with measles and to determine the reasons of missed vaccination during the campaign. Methods We reviewed medical records of measles patients >1 month to 12 years of age, presenting to the pediatric emergency of a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan, during January to June 2022. We recorded patients' demographics and vaccination status. Measles patients who were hospitalized were reviewed to see if the child has or has not received vaccination during the MR campaign and what were the reasons for missed vaccination. Results A total of 1,058 children presented with measles out of which 52.9% were male. The mean age of the patients was 2.2 years. Excluding 24.3% of the patients because of age <9 months, 800 (75.6%) patients were eligible for measles vaccine. Out of these, 80% received the vaccine (94.6% had one dose and only 5.3% had two doses). Among the 98 admitted patients, 68 (69.3%) were eligible for vaccination during the MR campaign, out of which 88.2% did not get the vaccine. Common reasons of missed vaccination were: lack of knowledge of the campaign (36.6%), impossibility to find vaccination facility (23.3%), and lack of trust in vaccines (15%). Conclusion Most of the hospitalized measles patients had missed the vaccine during the MR campaign, mostly because of lack of knowledge of the campaign. This calls for devising strategies to improve coverage of vaccination services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evidence-based health communication campaigns can support tobacco control and address tobacco-related inequities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ +) populations. Community organizations focused on LGBTQ + health (e.g., nonprofits, community centers, and community health centers) can be prime channels for delivering evidence-based health communication campaigns. However, it is unclear how to balance the goals of a) designing campaigns to support broad adoption/uptake and b) adaptation addressing the needs of diverse communities and contexts. As part of an effort to support "designing for dissemination," we explored the key challenges and opportunities staff and leaders of LGBTQ + -serving community organizations encounter when adopting or adapting evidence-based health communication campaigns. Methods: A team of researchers and advisory committee members conducted this study, many of whom have lived, research, and/or practice experience with LGBTQ + health. We interviewed 22 staff members and leaders of community organizations serving LGBTQ + populations in the US in early 2021. We used a team-based, reflexive thematic analysis approach. Results: The findings highlight the challenges of attempting to use health communication campaigns misaligned with the assets and needs of organizations and community members. The three major themes identified were as follows: (1) available evidence-based health communication campaigns typically do not sufficiently center LGBTQ + communities, (2) negotiation regarding campaign utilization places additional burden on practitioners who have to act as "gatekeepers," and (3) processes of using health communication campaigns often conflict with organizational efforts to engage community members in adoption and adaptation activities. Conclusions: We offer a set of considerations to support collaborative design and dissemination of health communication campaigns to organizations serving LGBTQ + communities: (1) develop campaigns with and for LGBTQ + populations, (2) attend to the broader structural forces impacting campaign recipients, (3) support in-house testing and adaptations, and (4) increase access to granular data for community organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hearing loss affects one in six Australians, and it is estimated that around one-third of all hearing loss is preventable. Over the past decade, there have been repeated calls for the development of a national campaign in Australia, aimed at raising the public's awareness of hearing health. We identified six target groups either at risk of developing hearing loss, vulnerable to poor outcomes as a result of untreated hearing loss, or lacking awareness of hearing health services, and applied the TARPARE model as a way of gathering insight into how a national hearing campaign might prioritize these different population segments. An online survey of prominent Australian academics, health practitioners and advocacy professionals with expertise in hearing health and/or public health promotion was created, through which their views on each of six potential target groups that had been identified as likely recipients of a potential hearing health campaign was sought. Young children and caregivers received the highest score based on survey responses and TARPARE criteria. A qualitative analysis of open-ended survey responses from the survey respondents revealed three key themes to consider as part of a potential campaign: A ccessibility and availability of hearing services, Deciding on a preventative or treatment-focused approach , and The difficulty of changing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective interventions to promote human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination are needed for all young adults across the globe. Yet, most public health efforts focus on HPV-related risks for females. Unfortunately, HPV-related cancers in men are also a concern, as is the potential for men to spread HPV to their partners. The HPV vaccine is highly effective in reducing risks related to these cancers. Yet, vaccination rates among young males are low and their vaccination concerns are not well understood. This project conducted 15 in-depth qualitative interviews with U.S. males aged 18–22 to hear their vaccine decision stories. Themes of HPV vaccination uncertainty and vaccination acceptance within these stories were then translated into prevention messages for the U.S.-based 'Men's Stories' (MS) HPV video intervention. This study illustrates the process of translating formative research findings into message content, tone, and structure through this intervention by communicating pro-vaccination messages to young men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this extensive study examining the health of 7184 school children aged 3 to 12 in 27 Lebanese schools, screenings involved medical evaluation and interviews, complemented by phone interviews with 3880 parents. Notably, one in two students received a medical referral, revealing prevalent issues such as dental cavities (33%), under-vaccination (25%), undetected vision problems (13%), abnormal growth (6%), underweight (27%), and overweight (33%). Additional concerns encompassed abnormal vital signs (3%), abuse signs (0.6%), infectious skin lesions (1.6%), scoliosis (1.7%), abnormal auscultation (heart 1.1%, lungs 1.2%), ear problems (3.3%), precocious puberty (0.7%), and neurologic signs (0.6%). Mental health challenges affected 20–25% of students. Public schools and Beirut exhibited higher referral rates, with girls, older children, overweight students, those lacking regular pediatrician visits, and children of self-employed or less educated parents facing elevated referral rates. In contrast, children of healthcare workers experienced fewer referrals. Against this backdrop, the study emphasizes the imperative for targeted health initiatives, particularly in marginalized areas and for socioeconomically disadvantaged students. Priority areas include dental care, weight issues, mental health, vaccination compliance, and addressing vision problems to enhance learning outcomes.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can also be transmitted vertically, i.e. from mother to child during pregnancy. According to data from the Brazilian Epidemiological Bulletin (2021), the detection rate of syphilis in pregnant women is 61,441 cases and 22,065 cases of congenital syphilis. In this sense, although the Ministry of Health promotes surveillance, prevention and infection control actions, recommending pregnant women to take the rapid syphilis test during prenatal care, the rate of infected pregnant women and babies is still considered quite high. Considering this scenario, we propose a study that aims to qualitatively analyse the Campaign to Fight Congenital Syphilis "Vamos Cuidar Agora" broadcast from October to December 2021 on Instagram. To this end, the analysis will be carried out in the dimension of the acceptability indicator in order to evaluate the campaign in terms of images, content, tone and relevance of the pieces published. From the analysis of the empirical corpus 21 messages published between videos, images and various content formats - it is possible to identify which formats are more relevant to work on important public health issues, as well as to expand the knowledge of the target audience about congenital syphilis and its forms of transmission, diagnosis and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Women are currently facing a tremendous threat of cervical cancer globally. Social media health campaigns have the potential to shape public health behaviors. This study explores the effects of cervical-cancer-related fear appeal messages with social cues on social media using the extended parallel processing model (EPPM). Method We use a 2 (threat: present vs. absent) × 2 (efficacy: present vs. absent) × 2 (social cues: high vs. low) factorial experimental design to examine the effects of fear appeal messages with social cues on behavioral intention to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Results There was a significant main effect of threat on the intention to receive HPV vaccination. Additionally, a significant three-way interactive effect among threat, efficacy, and social cues was detected. Conclusion Women exposed to threat messages had a higher intention of HPV vaccination compared to those who were exposed to non-threat messages. Furthermore, with the low number of likes, women who were exposed to messages containing both threat and efficacy tended to have the highest intention of HPV vaccination. Practice Implications When conducting fear appeal campaigns on social media, the side effects of number of likes should be recognized. For vaccination promotion campaigns, the efficacy information should be more specific and audience-centered.

Background: Mass media campaigns for preventive health messaging have been shown to be effective through years of research. However, few studies have assessed the effectiveness of campaigns on digital media, which is currently how youths and young adults are primarily consuming media. In particular, a platform that can accurately assess exposure to digital messaging in a real-life setting has yet to be developed. Objective: This study examines the feasibility of a unique survey platform, Virtual Lab, to conduct a study on exposure to a media campaign within Facebook using a chatbot-style survey administration technique. Methods: Virtual Lab is a survey platform that was used to recruit and survey participants within Facebook and Facebook Messenger, respectively. We created a Facebook business account with 2 Facebook pages: one for recruitment and disseminating the survey and the other one for serving the target advertisements. Pre- and postexposure surveys were administered via Facebook Messenger using a chatbot-style questionnaire 1 week apart. During this time, the target advertisements were shown to participants who completed the pre-exposure survey. The total time from recruitment to completion of the postexposure survey was 13 days, and incentive costs were US $10 per participant. Survey data were compared between those who completed both pre- and postexposure surveys and those who only completed the pre-exposure survey; that is, those who were lost to follow-up. The demographics of the complete cases were also compared to the US census data. Results: A total of 375 Facebook users aged between 18 and 24 years met eligibility requirements and consented to the study, which consisted of complete cases (n=234) and participants lost to follow-up (n=141). A few differences between complete cases and participants lost to follow-up were observed. Regarding gender, complete cases comprised 40.2% males and 59.4% females, and among participants lost to follow-up, 44.0% were male and 50.4% were female (P=.003). Differences were also observed for e-cigarette use status, where a greater number of current users and fewer past and never users were lost to follow-up than complete cases (P=.01). Conclusions: The use of Virtual Lab yielded a diverse sample quickly and cost-effectively. Demographic characteristics of participants who completed the study and those who were lost to follow-up were similar, indicating that no biases were caused by the platform during recruitment or testing. This study suggests the feasibility of the Virtual Lab survey platform for studies of media campaign exposure within Facebook. This platform can advance health campaign research by providing more accurate data to inform digital messaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of message frames (gain vs. loss) and sources (formal expert: a health-care professional vs. informal expert: an individual who successfully quit vaping) on the persuasiveness of TikTok videos among youth who currently use e-cigarettes. Additionally, the study examined how emotional responses and perceived message effectiveness (PME) mediate the framing effect on youth intention to quit vaping., Methods: A 2 (gain frame vs. loss frame) × 2 (formal expert vs. informal expert) factorial design experiment was conducted with 378 youth aged 13 to 18 who currently use e-cigarettes. The study measured participant's emotional responses, PME of the messages, and intention to quit vaping after the video exposure., Results: Messages from a formal expert resulted in stronger intention to quit vaping compared to messages from an informal expert. Gain-framed messages were associated with higher PME when delivered by an informal expert, whereas loss-framed messages showed stronger effects on PME from a formal expert. Positive emotional responses and increased PME mediated the relationship between gain-framed messages and youth intention to quit vaping., Discussion: TikTok could serve as an effective tool for formal experts to promote vaping cessation among youth who use e-cigarettes. Additionally, the findings suggest that gain frames may be more influential than loss frames in promoting vaping cessation among youth, by eliciting positive emotional responses from the audience. The differential impact of message frames depending on source type indicates a nuanced interaction between content and messenger., (Copyright © 2024 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Given the risk of infection through face-touching behaviors, investigators have called for more research into the development of interventions to reduce the frequency of face-touching. The current study aims to test the effectiveness of messages on reducing face-touching behaviors., Methods: Nine different messages that highlighted the risk of face-touching were developed. Study 1, an online survey-experiment with a national sample of US adults (N = 998), examined message-, risk perceptions, and face-touching-related behavioral intentions. The most promising messages identified in study 1 were then tested in study 2, a follow-up behavioral observation study with a class of undergraduate students. Students' face-touching behaviors were observed during a 4-week period when intervention versus control messages were displayed in the classroom., Results: Four messages performed better in study 1, 2 of which were selected to test the actual message effectiveness in study 2. Study 2 results showed that on average, students touched their faces less frequently when a "Don't touch your face" message was present, although such decrease was not statistically significant., Conclusions: Having reminder messages of "Don't touch your face" in public spaces hold the potential to be a low-cost, effective strategy to reduce face-touching behaviors., (Copyright © 2024 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/problem: Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of injury and death in the productive age group. Twowheeler riders accounted for nearly half of fatal and nonfatal injuries. Head injury is the most common cause of death among them, which can be reduced by the appropriate use of the helmet. Though there was a law about the compulsory wearing of a helmet in the state, it was never enforced in the district and helmet usage rate in a district before the campaign varied from 1% to 5%. Methods: ‘Helmethon’, a unique multi-faceted Campaign in the district of India was carried out for a period of three months in the year 2015 to promote helmet for prevention of head injuries. The campaign targeted the general public with a special focus on youth and stakeholders, who are responsible for enforcement of helmet legislation. Results: Campaign was successful in sensitizing the community and drawing the stakeholder’s attention towards the importance of preventing head injuries through enforcement of helmet law. The law was enforced in Tumkur district in less than a fortnight following the campaign and helmet usage rate among riders soon after enforcement had increased to 80% from a mere 1%. Conclusion: A well planned and committed helmet campaign shall sensitize the community regarding helmet safety and encourages them to use it. It also influences stakeholders to enforce the helmet law with the least resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building public trust and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 is as important as developing a safe and effective vaccine to contain the pandemic. Based on the theory of planned behaviour and trust heuristic, this study tests factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination intentions using a national sample survey of the New Zealand public (N = 1040). Results show that while trust in health experts, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, and mass media are significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine intention, affective attitude, and cognitive attitude partly mediate this relationship. Findings can help inform theory and practice of health campaigns to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Trusted sources communicating information that addresses prevailing vaccine concerns are likely to increase public enthusiasm for COVID-19 vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Launched in 2000, the truth campaign was one of the first health-related campaigns to embrace the building of a brand to further amplify its message, such as by building brand equity. Brand equity is an asset that represents the audience’s perception of the brand. Previous research supports that strong brand equity is associated with lower tobacco intentions and behaviors; however, brand equity and its change over time have not been studied as it relates to e-cigarettes. This study examines the effects of change in brand equity on e-cigarette attitudes, intentions, and behaviors among youth and young adults. Methods The sample (N = 6427) is from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults, ages 15–24. Variables include brand equity tobacco scale, demographic characteristics, and e-cigarette use status. The outcomes included anti-e-cigarette attitudes, intentions to use e-cigarettes, and use of e-cigarettes. Multiple and logistic regression models determined the relationship between change in brand equity from respondents at Spring 2018 to Spring 2019 and respondent e-cigarette outcomes at Fall 2019. All models controlled for demographic characteristics and cigarette use. Results Mean brand equity scores in Spring 2018 were significantly associated with greater anti-e-cigarette attitudes (β = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.19), lower odds of intention to use (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.85), and lower odds of current use (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.92). Change in brand equity from Spring 2018 to Spring 2019 was significantly associated with greater anti-e-cigarette attitudes (β = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.11) and lower odds of intention to use (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.93), but not associated with current use behaviors. Conclusions Strengthening brand equity is an effective strategy for influencing anti-e-cigarette related attitudes and intentions, much like it is for anti-smoking campaigns. More research needs to be done on the relationship between change in brand equity and e-cigarette behavior to better understand how brand equity can be wielded to influence change in e-cigarette use behavior.

We investigate how religion concordance influences the effectiveness of preventive health campaigns. Conducted during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in two major Indian cities marked by Hindu–Muslim tensions, we randomly assigned a representative sample of slum residents to receive either a physician-delivered information campaign promoting health-related preventive practices, or uninformative control messages on their mobile phones. Messages, introduced by a local citizen (the sender), were cross-randomized to start with a greeting signaling either a Hindu or a Muslim identity, manipulating religion concordance between sender and receiver. We found that doctor messages increased compliance with recommended practices and beliefs in their efficacy. Our findings suggest that the campaign's impact is primarily driven by shared religion between sender and receiver, leading to increased message engagement and compliance with recommended practices. Additionally, we observe that religion concordance helps protect against misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health campaigns include physical campaigns in schools, community halls, or community malls. They can also be broadcast via television, newspaper, and radio. We launched a health campaign on social media platforms that have a powerful impact in this digital era.Methods: A three-dimensional short animation was developed for the Burn and Blast Injury Awareness campaign. It was launched during the fasting month and Eid 2020 when firecracker-related injuries are highly incident in Malaysia. The video was launched primarily on Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Wau Animation Sdn Bhd social media platforms. Each party shared the video on the top 3 social media platforms, which are Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. The numbers of viewers, reaches, and shares, and demographic data were captured at 1 month after the release.Results: We recorded 29,585 views, 60,920 reach, and 874 shares from the USM and Wau Animation platforms alone. The USM Facebook platform showed predominant female viewership (60%), whereas the Wau Facebook platform showed predominant male viewership (66%). In both platforms, the viewers were aged 18-34 years.Conclusion: Health awareness campaigns on digital platforms are powerful because the message spreads faster, and it is also safe during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Aiming to disseminate information related to suicide prevention in Brazil, the " Setembro Amarelo " campaign has been conducted since 2015. The objective of this study is to assess the association between this campaign and elderly suicide rates over a 12-year period., Methods: Data were gathered from the Mortality Information System and the Notifiable Diseases Information System, established by public institutions in Brazil. An interrupted time-series framework was applied to assess the association between the " Setembro Amarelo " campaign and suicide mortality rates in the elderly population (60 et plus) in the southeastern region of Brazil. We consider three monthly outcomes: all suicides, suicides in males and suicide in females. We operationalize the campaign assuming three effects: short-term, declining and sustained. The period of analysis was from 2011-2022., Results: The suicide-mortality rate over time has remained stable; the average rate in the pre-campaign period was 0.028 and increased slightly to 0.035. Regardless of the campaign's operationalization and the outcome used, results show no significant associations between the campaign and elderly suicide rates. The campaign was associated with non-significant decreased effects of 15% (P=0.532) in the short term, and 16% (P=0.446) assuming the campaign was sustained., Conclusions: There is a lack of association between the campaign and suicide rates, among the elderly in Brazil's southeastern region. As suicide is complex and multifactorial, more research is needed. The campaign, while raising awareness and reducing stigma, may not reduce suicides. To reduce the suicide rate in the elderly requires addressing social, economic and cultural factors, multisectoral interventions, and upholding basic human rights., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Corrêa Matias Pereira, Najafi Moghaddam Gilani and Nazif-Munoz.)

Background: This study conducted an empirical evaluation of an intervention derived from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) aimed at implementing a health campaign among medical students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences., Methods: In this interventional study, a valid and reliable TPB-based questionnaire was administered before launching a health campaign titled "Organ Donation=Life Donation" among 260 medical students. The campaign was structured around nine steps: situation analysis, goal identification, target audience identification, strategy development, tactics establishment, media selection, timetable creation, budget planning, and program evaluation. Two months after the campaign, participants completed a posttest and were offered an organ donation card. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 16, employing descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the paired-samples t-test., Results: All participants adopted more prodonation stances across all constructs measured, both immediately and 2 months after exposure to the health campaign, compared to their pretest scores. These results indicate that the health campaign had a significant impact on psychological variables such as attitudes (P<0.001), subjective norms (P<0.001), and perceived behavioral control (P<0.038), as well as on the actual acceptance of an organ donor card., Conclusions: Effective health education and promotion interventions, including health campaigns, are essential to encourage the use of organ donation cards. Additionally, current experiences indicate that the TPB serves as a suitable theoretical framework for designing organ donation interventions.

Existing campaign-based healthcare delivery programs used for immunization often fall short of established health coverage targets due to a lack of accurate estimates for population size and location. A microplan, an integrated set of detailed planning components, can be used to identify this information to support programs such as equitable vaccination efforts. Here, we presents a series of steps necessary to create an artificial intelligence-based framework for automated microplanning, and our pilot implementation of this analysis tool across 29 countries of the Americas. Further, we describe our processes for generating a conceptual framework, creating customized catchment areas, and estimating up-to-date populations to support microplanning for health campaigns. Through our application of the present framework, we found that 68 million individuals across the 29 countries are within 5 km of a health facility. The number of health facilities analyzed ranged from 2 in Peru to 789 in Argentina, while the total population within 5 km ranged from 1,233 in Peru to 15,304,439 in Mexico. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using this methodological framework to support the development of customized microplans for health campaigns using open-source data in multiple countries. The pandemic is demanding an improved capacity to generate successful, efficient immunization campaigns; we believe that the steps described here can increase the automation of microplans in low resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore how the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and Canadian Twitter users linked women's experiences and health identities with the #MoreMoments cardiovascular disease awareness campaign. Critical discourse analysis of Twitter data between September 2017 and November 2017 identified two primary discourses (tragedy and loss, and life and health) and two identity/subject positions (visionary leaders and successful survivors). Responsibility for women's health was attributed to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, also limiting neo-liberal healthism and risk identification. Novel findings included resistance through use of 'small stories' within discourses regarding the targeted demographic for health promotion and knowledge translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health campaign interventions, particularly those tailored to the target audience’s needs and preferences, can cost-effectively change people’s attitudes and behaviors towards better health decision-making. However, there is limited research on how to best tailor seasonal influenza vaccination campaigns for young adults. Vaccination is vital in protecting young adults and their social circles (vulnerable populations like older adults) from the influenza virus and critical in shaping these emerging adults’ vaccination habits in the long run. However, amid the prevalence of easily-accessible, attention-grabbing, and often malicious false and misinformation (e.g., COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy theories), it may be more challenging to develop vaccination messages that resonate with young adults well enough to attract their attention. Therefore, to bridge the research gap, this study examines young adults’ preferences for seasonal influenza vaccination campaigns to inform effective intervention design and development. Methods: Qualitative survey questions were developed to gauge young adults’ preferences for seasonal influenza vaccination campaigns. A total of 545 young adults (73.9% female, Mage ​= ​19.89, SD ​= ​1.44) from a large University offered complete answers to a cross-sectional online survey. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis procedures were adopted to guide the data analysis process. Results: Thematic analysis revealed that young adults prefer seasonal influenza vaccination campaigns that rely on (1) quality and balanced information from (2) credible information sources, positioned in the (3) relevant health contexts, (4) emphasize actionable messages, and incorporate (5) persuasive campaign design. Interestingly, while many participants underscored the importance of fear-appeal messages in persuading them to take health actions, some young adults also suggested avoiding fear campaigns due to discomfort. Conclusions: Insights of the study can inform seasonal influenza vaccination design and development, and have the potential to shed light on vaccination messaging in other vaccine contexts, such as COVID-19 vaccines. Results also underscore the need for health experts and government officials to adopt a more nuanced approach when selecting persuasive campaign appeals. While some young adults may resonate well with fear appeals, others may not. Future research could examine the underlying mechanisms that drive young adults’ preference for vaccination campaign intervention to enrich the literature further.

Background: Launched in 2000, the truth campaign was one of the first health-related campaigns to embrace the building of a brand to further amplify its message, such as by building brand equity. Brand equity is an asset that represents the audience's perception of the brand. Previous research supports that strong brand equity is associated with lower tobacco intentions and behaviors; however, brand equity and its change over time have not been studied as it relates to e-cigarettes. This study examines the effects of change in brand equity on e-cigarette attitudes, intentions, and behaviors among youth and young adults.Methods: The sample (N = 6427) is from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults, ages 15-24. Variables include brand equity tobacco scale, demographic characteristics, and e-cigarette use status. The outcomes included anti-e-cigarette attitudes, intentions to use e-cigarettes, and use of e-cigarettes. Multiple and logistic regression models determined the relationship between change in brand equity from respondents at Spring 2018 to Spring 2019 and respondent e-cigarette outcomes at Fall 2019. All models controlled for demographic characteristics and cigarette use.Results: Mean brand equity scores in Spring 2018 were significantly associated with greater anti-e-cigarette attitudes (β = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.19), lower odds of intention to use (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.85), and lower odds of current use (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.92). Change in brand equity from Spring 2018 to Spring 2019 was significantly associated with greater anti-e-cigarette attitudes (β = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.11) and lower odds of intention to use (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.93), but not associated with current use behaviors.Conclusions: Strengthening brand equity is an effective strategy for influencing anti-e-cigarette related attitudes and intentions, much like it is for anti-smoking campaigns. More research needs to be done on the relationship between change in brand equity and e-cigarette behavior to better understand how brand equity can be wielded to influence change in e-cigarette use behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 crisis is not only a pandemic, but also an infodemic. In the editorial for this Special Issue about health campaigns and COVID-19, we offer an overview of the context as well as of the three articles in the issue. This opening editorial focuses on the wider context within which the various campaigns took place. While the essays focus on the use of graphics and visual advertisements, we explore meme culture with special emphasis on character assassination, where memes are used to target accountability claims and engender distrust towards powerholders. Hence this presents a backdrop to the cultural and visual environment into which these responses to the global spread of COVID-19 entered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The study determined the effects of corporate wellness programs (CWP) on Filipino workers' physical, occupational, socio-emotional, intellectual, and spiritual wellness., Methods: The study looked into the components of a CWP, its forms of communication, the respondents' level of participation, motivation, and their physical, occupational, socio-emotional, intellectual, and spiritual well-being to determine their wellness status during the pandemic. The study utilized an online survey to examine questions related to the efficacy of such programs, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis to assess the respondents' socio-demographic profiles, and point biserial correlation to test the association of CWP to their wellness status., Results: The research showed that 90% of the respondents participated in their organization's CWP, contradicting most studies that state CWP suffers from a low participation rate. CWP initiatives are mostly publicized through electronic mail, printed in memos, then posted on the bulletin board, and shared through the company website and social media. In addition, the study showed that overall wellness mean scores were higher in employees who were aware of their wellness programs than those who were not and in participating vis-à-vis non-participating employees., Conclusion: The study's six assumptions showed positive results, indicating that CWPs are beneficial in improving employees' overall wellness. However, the per paradigm and overall wellness scores were weakly associated with participation and awareness status based on the point biserial correlation. No adverse effects were recorded in the study. In addition, the study discovered that employees were active in personal wellness initiatives, leading to high scores in their wellness dimensions. The study showed different individual wellness initiatives implying that employees were also proactive about their total well-being., Competing Interests: Both authors declared no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 Acta Medica Philippina.)

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the Danish national Job & Body campaign on beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work. METHODS: Initiated in 2011, a national campaign in Denmark targeted public sector employees with a mixture of networking activities, workplace visits, and a mass media outreach with topics related to job and body (eg, musculoskeletal pain, movement and work) and creating balance between demands at work and physical capacity. At baseline (2011) and at four time points until the end of 2014, random cross-sectional samples of ≥≥1000 representative public sector employees (total N=5012) replied to eight questions concerning beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work. Changes over time were modelled using general linear models (averaged for all questions, 0–100 points, where 0 is completely negative and 100 completely positive) and logistic regression analyses (for the single questions) controlling for age, gender and a number of work-related factors. RESULTS: At the last follow-up in 2014, 17.3% of public sector employees were familiar with the campaign. Beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work were 3.4 points (95% CI 2.4–4.3) higher than at baseline. For the single questions, 4 out of 8 showed improved odds for more positive beliefs [odds ratios (OR) of 1.28–1.89]. CONCLUSION: During follow-up of the national campaign, beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work were more positive among public sector employees in Denmark. Due to the time-wise mixture of several campaign activities, the isolated effect of each component could not be disentangled. Whether changes in health occurred remain unknown.

Chronic pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide due to both a high prevalence and the associated health burden. Mass media campaigns can educate the public, promote evidence-based healthcare messages, and positively influence health behaviours. To evaluate the literature on mass media campaigns focusing on adults with chronic pain management to inform the design of future campaigns. A scoping review including literature from seven databases was undertaken. A narrative synthesis approach was used to identify the key features of all campaigns and gaps in knowledge. Twenty-five articles evaluating 11 mass media campaigns for pain management, targeting the public and/or healthcare providers were included. Most of the campaigns were on back pain from high-income, Western countries and were shown to produce small to moderate improvements in public beliefs and minimal positive change on public or provider behaviour. The key elements from campaigns include careful consideration for developing and testing key messages with a target audience. Both high and low-cost campaigns had produced similar improvements in campaign awareness. The use of social media as a mode of dissemination was relatively unexplored. Mass media campaigns on pain management may lead to positive changes in public and healthcare providers' beliefs and minimal effect on changing behaviours. Social media may have considerable potential as a low cost, high reach modality. Future pain campaigns conducted in other contexts (e.g. low and middle-income countries) and targeted populations (e.g. culturally and linguistically diverse communities) are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that more than 200 million girls and women around the world have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), and 3 million girls are at risk every year. It is possible for societal and cultural beliefs to innovate as a result of strategic interventions. To unpack this process, the theory of Diffusion of Innovation is utilized as the framework for inquiry to analyze how public health campaigns can successfully introduce new cultural practices, gain the acceptance of society, and integrate these elements to the existing culture. As such, this paper is a content analysis of a case study of a campaign against female genital mutilation in a remote village in Kenya. The paper offers practical recommendations for future FGM campaigners and demonstrates how community-based interventions produce effective public health outcomes. This paper advocates for the fight against FGM because FGM poses a threat to the well-being of the society in which it is practiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study reflects the unique characteristics of health communication, which is basically based on interactive interactions, and communicates the effects of unintended communication stress and self-efficacy. Method/Statistical Analysis: The subjects were 295 male and female students attending four-year colleges. Of the 295 respondents, 161 males accounted for 54.6% of the total, and did not focus on specific genders. The mean age was 24.3 year for men and 22.6 years for women. And also for the self- efficacy mediation effect, in Baron and Kenny (1986), the mediation effect was verified through three regression analysis. Findings: This study is the unintended negative effect that occurs in the health communication campaign. In this relationship between the health communication stress and the effect of the health communication campaign, the stress of the health communication campaign depends on the importance of the stress situation and the control ability. The effects of the health communication campaign appear differently depending on how large the self-efficacy is felt. As the self-efficacy of health communication campaign stress increased, the negative effect of health communication campaign stress on the health communication campaign effect was expected to be smaller. However, the expectation that self-efficacy would play a moderating role in the relationship between health communication campaign stress and health communication campaign effect was not supported but rather mediated. The greater the stress of the health communication campaign, the smaller the effectiveness of the health communication campaign was expected to be. The regression analysis showed that the health communication stress had a negative effect on the goodwill of the health communication campaign. Improvements/Applications: The purpose of study is to identify the role of self-efficacy in health campaign stress and to reduce the health campaign stress when it becomes a health campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media play an important role in health campaigns. Extending social exchange theory to online contexts, this study examines the structure of communicative exchanges among health organizations and a broader set of Twitter users, with a particular focus on how users' status and expertise explain the likelihood of reciprocal communication in dyads. Results based on network analysis of users engaged in replies, retweets, and mentions during National Diabetes Awareness Month reveal (1) a tendency for homophily in which communication among users of differing status and expertise levels is unlikely to exist, and (2) a concentration of reciprocal exchanges in communication among high-status users and non-topic expert users. Implications of the patterns of hierarchy are discussed in relation to social exchange theory and health campaign practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media influencers are increasingly being positioned by health campaigns as trusted messengers who can share public health information with their communities. There is also an opportunity for campaigns to work with unpaid, digital volunteers (DVs) who want to use their platforms for good, despite not being compensated. DVs are a cost-effective way of supplementing an influencer-driven messaging campaign.Our influencer and DV network, El Beacon, aims to spread pro-COVID-19 vaccination messages on social media to the Hispanic community. Since 2021, 3,001 DVs have been recruited. Process metrics related to DVs are tracked using a variety of software including Facebook ads manager, Sprout Social, and Hubspot. Metrics received include the number of volunteer sign-ups, cost per lead generated, ad performance, organic and paid impressions and engagement of ads and El Beacon social content, newsletter open rates, newsletter clickthrough rates, and newsletter engagement.Understanding best practices for recruiting and retaining DVs for a public health campaign can help other practitioners optimize their experience working with DVs. Some of these best practices include: identify a specific DV target audience that will be most receptive to your message and best reached by your recruitment efforts, be responsive to what resonates with your DVs, be flexible in how you define “network engagement,” and use paid influencers to help build momentum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Since 2009, the green Keyhole symbol has been a joint Nordic initiative for signalling healthfulness of specific food products. In 2014, the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries carried out a campaign aimed mainly at men over 35 with a low level of education, encouraging them to use the Keyhole in their shopping process. The objective of the study is to evaluate the campaign by measuring its effect on consumer behaviour in the store. Methods The impact of the Keyhole campaign was measured in selected retail stores. Sales data were analysed to ascertain whether sales of Keyhole labelled products changed during and after the campaign. Observations and interviews were conducted in the same stores. Results The campaign had a positive effect on sales of Keyhole-labelled products in two out of three retail chains investigated. In these two retail chains, sales of Keyhole labelled products rose by about 20%. In the third chain, there was a slight decrease of sales of Keyhole labelled products. The effect differed considerably between product categories. Analysis of the interview data indicated that by the end of the campaign, shoppers with a short education had a higher likelihood of mentioning health as a purchase motive, and there was a higher general tendency to look for nutrition information. Conclusions Results suggest that the campaign did have effects on shopper behaviour and that it is possible to address shoppers with a short education by a tailored campaign. However, long-term effect of the campaign was not ascertained.

Smoking has became the serious problem which always to be the classical dynamic of health communication’s field. Through health campaign by using pictorical warning in cigarette packs, Indonesian Government has priority to reduce the number of smokers in Indonesia. Pictorical warning in cigarette packs was regard as one of communication strategic for implementing. Health campaign has outcome that could change the health behavior for the persuadee. Visualization by using image becomes persuasive communication tools cigarette packs as the communication media. EPPM model was used to analysis this case. This paper was using literature study to understand this problem.

Objective: Loneliness among young people is a contemporary public health crisis exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The present research examined the development of a modest yet meaningful health communication intervention resource that would become an asset in a larger health campaign: a communication guide aimed at helping young people reach out and reconnect with others., Methods: Study One established the need for a loneliness intervention in Texas with survey data ( N  = 795). A communication guide was developed based on research and theory. Study Two employed focus group interviews with potential audience members ( N  = 31) to critically assess and inform revisions to the communication guide., Results: Study One results indicated that a substantial proportion of young adult Texans felt as though their social connection had decreased and their loneliness had increased since the onset of the pandemic. Themes in focus group responses from Study Two suggested several strengths of the communication guide and some opportunities for revision., Conclusion: A communication guide with tips for reconnecting could be a valuable tool to empower young people and promote social connection., Innovation: This study involved the development and refinement of a new communication resource that was informed by a priority audience of a major health communication campaign., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Introduction: The overall prevalence of hypertension is high, and many people are unaware of their condition. Screening campaigns can effectively identify this group of patients. The study aimed to determine the cost of manpower for a health campaign for detecting undiagnosed hypertension and the prevalence of hypertension., Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two health centres. Sociodemographic characteristics, hypertension and treatment statuses were recorded. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by either doctors or nurses using automated BP machines. The cost of manpower was calculated as the average salaries of manpower during the 3-day health campaign divided by the total number of days. The final sum was the cost of detecting undiagnosed hypertension., Results: A total of 2009 participants median age = 50 (IQR = 18-91) were included in the study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 41.4% (n=832). Among the patients with hypertension, 49.2% (n=409) were unaware of their hypertension status. Conversely, 21.1% (n=423) were known to have hypertension, among whom 97.4% (n=412) were on medications. Among those who were on medications, 49% (n=202) had good BP control. The average total cost of manpower during the 3-day health campaign was RM 5019.80 (USD 1059). The cost of detecting an individual with elevated BP was RM 12.27 (USD 2.59)., Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension and unawareness is high. However, the average cost of manpower to detect an individual with elevated BP is low. Therefore, regular public health campaigns aiming to detect undiagnosed hypertension are recommended., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (© Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia.)

Abstract Background and purpose To describe the development and assessment of a health education campaign and determine its potential for integration into a bachelor of pharmacy curriculum. Educational activity and setting Pharmacy students developed a "hands-on" health campaign for delivery to university students. A health promotion topic was chosen and delivered each year for 2015–2017; sexual health, diabetes, and antimicrobial resistance, respectively. All health campaign participants were screened for cardiovascular risk factors. University students who participated in the health campaign in 2017 also completed a questionnaire assessing their understanding and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance. Findings In the three health campaigns conducted from 2015 to 2017, 1010 university students and adults were screened. Pharmacy students expressed a high level of professional achievement and satisfaction and felt that the activities provided a meaningful learning experience. Similarly, supervising pharmacists reported satisfaction with students' competency. Summary The use of a health education campaign is an alternative model to educate pharmacy students on communication and critical thinking skills, as well as provide an opportunity for service learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Continuous improvement in teaching and learning methods is vital for addressing the changing needs of pharmacy education. Many have agreed that one of the most effective approaches is crossover learning, whereby learners are actively involved in shaping their learning experiences and acquiring knowledge in both formal and informal settings. In this work, we report an ongoing initiative of facilitating a student-led health campaign, Brain Awareness Day, to promote crossover learning. Method: The campaign is included in our curriculum (Bachelor of Pharmacy with Honours) as a formal mode of learning and continuous assessment. A total of 84 pharmacy students were divided into groups of eight or nine to work on a drug addiction-themed assignment and present the result in the form of a poster exhibition. A short, online questionnaire was used to gather the students' feedback on their learning experience and perceived gain of relevant insights from the campaign. Findings: Thirty nine out of 84 students took part in the survey. Most students agreed that their involvement in the campaign had contributed favourably to their learning experience and achievement of the pre-defined learning outcomes. The students also gave several suggestions for improving the organisation of the campaign. They suggested that more budget should be allocated for running the campaign, and that finding an off-campus venue might help to increase footfall. Significance: We concluded that the campaign had been effective in encouraging crossover learning, and it would remain an integrated sub-programme in our pharmacy curriculum. Diversifying methods of teaching and learning may help to realise Malaysia's aim of developing well-rounded and employable graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]