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1. Late-glacial and Holocene European pollen data

Author

Simon Brewer, Thomas Giesecke, Basil A. S. Davis, Walter Finsinger, Steffen Wolters, Heather Binney, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Ralph Fyfe, Graciela Gil-Romera, Norbert Kühl, Petr Kuneš, Michelle Leydet, and Richard H. Bradshaw

Subjects
Pollen, Europe, vegetation, late-glacial, Holocene, Maps, G3180-9980
Abstract

The European Pollen Database (EPD) is a community effort to archive and make available pollen sequences from across the European continent. Pollen sequences provide records that may be used to infer past vegetation and vegetation change. We present here maps based on 828 sites from the EPD giving an overview of changes in postglacial pollen assemblages in Europe over the past 15,000 years. The maps show the distribution and abundance of 54 different pollen taxa at 500 year intervals, supported by new age-depth models and associated chronological uncertainty analysis. Results show the individualistic patterns of spread of different pollen taxa, and provide a standardized dataset for further analysis, defining a spatial context for the study of past plant and vegetation changes and other aspects of environmental history in Europe.

Published
2017
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2. Metabarcoding of modern soil DNA gives a highly local vegetation signal in Svalbard tundra

Author

Henrik von Stedingk, Tomasz Goslar, James Haile, Andreas Tribsch, Ludovic Gielly, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Inger Greve Alsos, Catherine Langdon, Heather Binney, Mary E. Edwards, Pierre Taberlet, and Eric Coissac

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Archeology, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Soil dna, Paleontology, Tundra, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Soil water, medicine, Environmental science, Environmental DNA, medicine.symptom, Vegetation (pathology), Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Environmental DNA retrieved from modern soils (eDNA) and late-Quaternary palaeosols and sediments (aDNA and sedaDNA) promises insight into the composition of present and past terrestrial biotic communities, but few studies address the spatial relationship between recovered eDNA and contributing organisms. Svalbard’s vascular plant flora is well known, and a cold climate enhances preservation of eDNA in soils. Thus, Svalbard plant communities are excellent systems for addressing the representation of plant eDNA in soil samples. In two valleys in the inner fjord region of Spitsbergen, we carried out detailed vegetation surveys of circular plots up to a 4-m radius. One or three near-surface soil samples from each plot were used for extraction and metabarcoding of soil-derived eDNA. Use of PCR replicates and appropriate filtering, plus a relevant reference metabarcode catalogue, provided taxon lists that reflected the local flora. There was high concordance between taxa recorded in plot vegetation and those in the eDNA, but floristic diversity was under-sampled, even at the scale of a 1-m radius plot. Most detected taxa grew within < 0.5–1.0 m of the sampling point. Taxa present in vegetation but not in eDNA tended to occur further from the sampling point, and most had above-ground cover of < 5%. Soil-derived eDNA provides a highly local floristic signal, and this spatial constraint should be considered in sampling designs. For palaeoecological or archaeological studies, multiple samples from a given soil horizon that are spatially distributed across the area of interest are likely to provide the most complete picture of species presence.

Published
2018
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3. Late-glacial and Holocene European pollen data

Author

Basil A. S. Davis, Steffen Wolters, Graciela Gil-Romera, Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Walter Finsinger, Ralph Fyfe, Heather Binney, Michelle Leydet, Petr Kuneš, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Thomas Giesecke, Norbert Kühl, Simon Brewer, University of Utah, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Université de Genève ( UNIGE ), Centre de Bio-Archéologie et d'Ecologie ( CBAE ), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Southampton [Southampton], Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale ( IMBE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ), School of Geography, University of Plymouth-University of Plymouth, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Bonn Universität [Bonn], Charles University [Prague], School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool-University of Liverpool, ÉcolePolytechniqueFédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier ( ISEM ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie ( IMEP ), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Southampton, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth University-Plymouth University, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Université de Genève (UNIGE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [ SDV.BV.BOT ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Geography, Planning and Development, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, [ SDV.SA.SF ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Abundance (ecology), vegetation, lcsh:G3180-9980, Pollen, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Glacial period, Environmental history, [ SDV.BIBS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Holocene, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:Maps, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Europe, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Taxon, Geography, Climatology, European Pollen Database, late-glacial, Physical geography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract

International audience; The European Pollen Database (EPD) is a community effort to archive and make available pollen sequences from across the European continent. Pollen sequences provide records that may be used to infer past vegetation and vegetation change. We present here maps based on 828 sites from the EPD giving an overview of changes in postglacial pollen assemblages in Europe over the past 15,000 years. The maps show the distribution and abundance of 54 different pollen taxa at 500 year intervals, supported by new age-depth models and associated chronological uncertainty analysis. Results show the individualistic patterns of spread of different pollen taxa, and provide a standardized dataset for further analysis, defining a spatial context for the study of past plant and vegetation changes and other aspects of environmental history in Europe.

Published
2017
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4. Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change

Author

J. R. Dodson, Janelle Stevenson, A. Peter Kershaw, Zhuo Zheng, Rachid Cheddadi, Qinghai Xu, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Patricio I. Moreno, William D. Gosling, Patricia M. Anderson, Michelle Leydet, Simon Brewer, Soo Hyun Kim, Hikaru Takahara, Mary E. Edwards, Mark B. Bush, Kam-biu Liu, Heather Binney, Morteza Djamali, Stefanie Müller, Julio L. Betancourt, Judy R M Allen, Chengyu Weng, Matt S. McGlone, Simon Haberle, Caiming Shen, Rob Marchant, Annie Vincens, Sarah J. Ivory, Connor Nolan, Sara C. Hotchkiss, Anne-Marie Lézine, Yao Liu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Claudio Latorre, Arata Momohara, Stephen T. Jackson, Anatoly V. Lozhkin, Brian Huntley, Brian M. Chase, John Tipton, Pavel E. Tarasov, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, University of Southampton, Utah Museum of Natural History, Department of Geography, University of Utah, University of Utah, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Department of Archaeology and Natural History (RSPS), Australian National University (ANU), Variabilité à long terme du climat de l'océan (VALCO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of York [York, UK], Freie Universität Berlin, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Hebei Normal University, School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering [Guangzhou], Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Arizona Geological Survey, Department of Geosciences [University of Arizona], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate Change, Global warming, Biodiversity, Climate change, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Terrestrial ecosystem, Glacial period, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Concern is growing that global climate change will have widespread impact on the world’s terrestrial ecosystems, but future impacts are imperfectly constrained by ecosystem models and direct observations. All available data, including records of past ecological change, need to be utilized to assess the range of potential future outcomes. Here we show that pervasive ecosystem transformations occurred in response to warming and associated climatic changes during the last glacial-to-interglacial transition, which was of comparable magnitude to climatic change projected to occur in the next 100 to 150 years under high-emission scenarios. We used data from 596 published paleoecological records to examine compositional and structural changes in global terrestrial vegetation since the last glacial period, and to project the magnitude of ecosystem transformations under different emission scenarios in the future. Our results indicate that terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature change, and suggest that without major reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions to the atmosphere (i.e., in line with those targeted in the 2015 Paris Agreement), most terrestrial ecosystems worldwide are at risk of major transformation, with accompanying disruption of ecosystem services and impacts on biodiversity.

Published
2017
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5. Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet

Author

Mette Vestergård, Eva Bellemain, Peter B. Pearman, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Joseph M. Craine, Anne K. Brysting, Duane G. Froese, Grant D. Zazula, Christian Brochmann, Laura S. Epp, Ross D. E. MacPhee, Jørn Henrik Sønstebø, Delphine Rioux, Regin Rønn, Richard G. Roberts, Julian B. Murton, François Pompanon, Sanne Boessenkool, Tobias Mourier, Mari Moora, Pierre Taberlet, Reidar Elven, Grigoriy Savvinov, Eric Coissac, Rachid Cheddadi, Alexei Tikhonov, David F. Murray, Kurt H. Kjær, Alan Cooper, Ludovic Orlando, Inger Greve Alsos, Ludovic Gielly, Eline D. Lorenzen, Corinne Cruaud, Morten Rasmussen, Kari Anne Bråthen, Andrei Sher, Mary E. Edwards, Heather Binney, Martin Zobel, Eske Willerslev, Galina Gussarova, Jeremy J. Austin, Patrick Wincker, Nigel G. Yoccoz, John Davison, Vincent Niderkorn, Tomasz Goslar, James Haile, Per Möller, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of Tartu, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, National Centre for Biosystematics (NCB), University of Oslo (UiO), Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU), Murdoch University, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Arctic University of Norway, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Museum, University of Sussex, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), University of Adelaide, Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University [Lund], Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Government of Yukon, Partenaires INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Zoological Institute, North-Eastern Federal University, University of Wollongong [Australia], American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT), Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory | Poznańskie Laboratorium Radiowęglowe, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, Nematoda, Poaceae, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Mammoths, Soil, 03 medical and health sciences, Yukon Territory, Megafauna, Freezing, Animals, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Herbivory, Horses, Arctic vegetation, 030304 developmental biology, Mammoth steppe, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Bison, Arctic Regions, Ecology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Last Glacial Maximum, Biodiversity, Plants, 15. Life on land, Cold Climate, Tundra, Diet, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Forb, Woody plant
Abstract

International audience; Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.

Published
2014
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6. The distribution of late-Quaternary woody taxa in northern Eurasia: evidence from a new macrofossil database

Author

Frank Kienast, Konstantin V. Kremenetski, Pirita Oksanen, Andrei Andreev, Elena Novenko, Ludmila Vazhenina, Shonil A. Bhagwat, Katherine J. Willis, Sergey K. Krivonogov, Patricia M. Anderson, Mary E. Edwards, Anatoly V. Lozhkin, Heather Binney, Maarten Blaauw, Paul Haesaerts, Minna Väliranta, T. V. Sapelko, Glen M. MacDonald, and Freddy Damblon

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Environment, computer.software_genre, Environmental change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Paleontology, law, Radiocarbon dating, Glacial period, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Database, Macrofossil, Geology, Last Glacial Maximum, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, Ice sheet, Quaternary, computer
Abstract

We present a database of late-Quaternary plant macrofossil records for northern Eurasia (from 23 degrees to 180 degrees E and 46 degrees to 76 degrees N) comprising 281 localities, over 2300 samples and over 13,000 individual records. Samples are individually radiocarbon dated or are assigned ages via age models fitted to sequences of calibrated radiocarbon dates within a section. Tree species characteristic of modern northern forests (e.g. Picea, Larix, tree-Betula) are recorded at least intermittently from prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM), through the LGM and Lateglacial, to the Holocene, and some records locate trees close to the limits of the Scandinavian ice sheet, supporting the hypothesis that some taxa persisted in northern refugia during the last glacial cycle. Northern trees show differing spatio-temporal patterns across Siberia: deciduous trees were widespread in the Lateglacial, with individuals occurring across much of their contemporary ranges, while evergreen conifers expanded northwards to their range limits in the Holocene. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2016
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7. Building the niche through time: using 13,000 years of data to predict the effects of climate change on three tree species in Europe

Author

Luigi Maiorano, Anne Dubuis, Peter B. Pearman, Bogdan-Iuliu Hurdu, Julien Pottier, Loïc Pellissier, Henri Laborde, Achilleas Psomas, Blaise Petitpierre, Pascal Vittoz, Rachid Cheddadi, Mary E. Edwards, Heather Binney, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Antoine Guisan, Joy S. Singarayer, and Olivier Broennimann

Subjects
Ecological niche, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Ensemble forecasting, Effects of global warming, Niche, Species distribution, Environmental science, Climate change, Realized niche width, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Environmental niche modelling
Abstract

Aim Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current species ranges underestimate the potential distribution when projected in time and/or space. A multi-temporal model calibration approach has been suggested as an alternative, and we evaluate this using 13,000 years of data. Location Europe. Methods We used fossil-based records of presence for Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica and six climatic variables for the period 13,000 to 1000 yr bp. To measure the contribution of each 1000-year time step to the total niche of each species (the niche measured by pooling all the data), we employed a principal components analysis (PCA) calibrated with data over the entire range of possible climates. Then we projected both the total niche and the partial niches from single time frames into the PCA space, and tested if the partial niches were more similar to the total niche than random. Using an ensemble forecasting approach, we calibrated SDMs for each time frame and for the pooled database. We projected each model to current climate and evaluated the results against current pollen data. We also projected all models into the future. Results Niche similarity between the partial and the total-SDMs was almost always statistically significant and increased through time. SDMs calibrated from single time frames gave different results when projected to current climate, providing evidence of a change in the species realized niches through time. Moreover, they predicted limited climate suitability when compared with the total-SDMs. The same results were obtained when projected to future climates. Main conclusions The realized climatic niche of species differed for current and future climates when SDMs were calibrated considering different past climates. Building the niche as an ensemble through time represents a way forward to a better understanding of a species' range and its ecology in a changing climate.

Published
2012
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8. Tree line identification from pollen data: beyond the limit?

Author

Heather Binney, Mary E. Edwards, Joanna M. Nield, Shinya Sugita, and Peter W. Gething

Subjects
Ecology, Taiga, Vegetation, medicine.disease_cause, Tundra, Boreal, Pollen, medicine, Spatial ecology, Physical geography, Transect, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Tree line, Geology
Abstract

Aim The boreal tree line is a prominent biogeographic feature, the position of which reflects climatic conditions. Pollen is the key sensor used to reconstruct past tree line patterns. Our aims in this study were to investigate pollen– vegetation relationships at the boreal tree line and to assess the success of a modified version of the biomization method that incorporates pollen productivity and dispersal in distinguishing the tree line. Location Northern Canada (307 sites) and Alaska (316 sites). Methods The REVEALS method for estimating regional vegetation composition from pollen data was simplified to provide correction factors to account for differential production and dispersal of pollen among taxa. The REVEALS-based correction factors were used to adapt the biomization method and applied as a set of experiments to pollen data from lake sediments and moss polsters from the boreal tree line. Proportions of forest and tundra predicted from modern pollen samples along two longitudinal transects were compared with those derived from a vegetation map by: (1) a tally of ‘correct’ versus ‘incorrect’ assignments using vegetation in the relevant map pixels, and (2) a comparison of the shape and position of north–south forest-cover curves generated from all transect pixels and from pollen data. Possible causes of bias in the misclassifications were assessed. Results Correcting for pollen productivity alone gave fewest misclassifications and the closest estimate of the modern mapped tree line position (Canada, + 300 km; Alaska, + 10 km). In Canada success rates were c. 40–70% and all experiments over-predicted forest cover. Most corrections improved results over uncorrected biomization; using only lakes improved success rates to c. 80%. In Alaska success rates were 70–80% and classification errors were more evenly distributed; there was little improvement over uncorrected biomization. Main conclusions Corrected biomization should improve broad-scale reconstructions of spatial patterns in forest/non-forest vegetation mosaics and across climate-sensitive ecotones. The Canadian example shows this is particularly the case in regions affected by taxa with extremely high pollen productivity (such as Pinus). Improved representation of actual vegetation distribution is most likely if pollen data from lake sediments are used because the REVEALS algorithm is based on the pollen dynamics of lake-based systems.

Published
2011
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9. Pollen productivity estimates of key European plant taxa for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation: a review

Author

Satu Räsänen, Shinya Sugita, Ralph Fyfe, Henna Suutari, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Anna Broström, Henrik von Stedingk, Marie-José Gaillard, Kari Loe Hjelle, Welmoed Soepboer, Viveca Meltsov, Heather Binney, Jane Bunting, Anneli Poska, and Florence Mazier

Subjects
Archeology, Ecology, Range (biology), business.industry, Paleontology, Climate change, Distribution (economics), Plant Science, Vegetation, medicine.disease_cause, Spatial distribution, Taxon, Pollen, medicine, Paleoecology, Physical geography, business
Abstract

Information on the spatial distribution of past vegetation on local, regional and global scales is increasingly used within climate modelling, nature conservancy and archaeology. It is possible to obtain such information from fossil pollen records in lakes and bogs using the landscape reconstruction algorithm (LRA) and its two models, REVEALS and LOVE. These models assume that reliable pollen productivity estimates (PPEs) are available for the plant taxa involved in the quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, and that PPEs are constant through time. This paper presents and discusses the PPEs for 15 tree and 18 herb taxa obtained in nine study areas of Europe. Observed differences in PPEs between regions may be explained by methodological issues and environmental variables, of which climate and related factors such as reproduction strategies and growth forms appear to be the most important. An evaluation of the PPEs at hand so far suggests that they can be used in modelling applications and quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, provided that consideration of past environmental variability within the region is used to inform selection of PPEs, and bearing in mind that PPEs might have changed through time as a response to climate change. Application of a range of possible PPEs will allow a better evaluation of the results.

Published
2008
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10. The European Pollen Database: past efforts and current activities

Author

Pavel E. Tarasov, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Petr Kuneš, Heather Binney, André F. Lotter, Thomas Giesecke, Walter Finsinger, Marie-José Gaillard, Eric C. Grimm, Ralph Fyfe, Norbert Kühl, Spassimir Tonkov, Anne Le Flao, Graciela Gil-Romera, Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Simon Brewer, Brian Huntley, Michelle Leydet, School of Geography, Plymouth University-Plymouth University, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Palaeoecology Laboratory, University of Southampton-University of Southampton, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Utrecht University Palaeoecology, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology (UTRECHT UNIVERSITY), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Freie Universität Berlin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Group method of data handling, Computer science, Earth Sciences, Archaeology, Anthropology, Climate Change, Biogeosciences, Paleontology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Plant Science, medicine.disease_cause, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Task (project management), [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Pollen, medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Pollen count, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, database, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Palynology, Palaeontology, EPD, European Pollen Database, Data accuracy, Data archive, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Data science, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Europe, pollen analysis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Pollen stratigraphies are the most spatially extensive data available for the reconstruction of past land-cover change. Detailed knowledge of past land-cover is becoming increasingly important to evaluate the present trends in, and drivers of, vegetation composition. The European Pollen Database (EPD) was established in the late 1980s and developed in the early 1990s to provide a structure for archiving, exchanging, and analysing Quaternary pollen data from Europe. It provides a forum for scientists to meet and engage in collaborative investigations or data analysis. In May 2007 several EPD support groups were developed to assist in the task of maintaining and updating the database. The mapping and data accuracy work group (MADCAP) aims to produce an atlas of past plant distributions as detected by pollen analyses in Europe, in order to meet the growing need for this data from palaeoecologists and the wider scientific community. Due to data handling problems in the past, a significant number of EPD datasets have errors. The initial task of the work group, therefore, was a systematic review of pollen sequences, in order to identify and correct errors. The EPD currently (January 2009) archives 1,032 pollen sequences, of which 668 have age-depth models that allow chronological comparison. Many errors have been identified and corrected, or flagged for users, most notably errors in the pollen count data. The application of spatial analyses to pollen data is related to the number of data points that are available for analysis. We therefore take this opportunity to encourage the submission of pollen analytical results to the EPD or other relevant pollen databases. Only in this way will the scientific community be able to gain a better understanding of past vegetation dynamics. peerReviewed

Published
2009
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12. The European Pollen Database: past efforts and current activities.

Author

Ralph Fyfe, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Heather Binney, Richard Bradshaw, Simon Brewer, Anne Le Flao, Walter Finsinger, Marie-José Gaillard, Eric Grimm, Brian Huntley, Petr Kunes, Norbert Kühl, Michelle Leydet, André Lotter, Pavel Tarasov, and Spassimir Tonkov

Subjects
PALYNOLOGY, GROUND vegetation cover, DATABASES, VEGETATION dynamics, CARTOGRAPHY, SPATIAL analysis (Statistics), ERRORS
Abstract

Abstract  Pollen stratigraphies are the most spatially extensive data available for the reconstruction of past land-cover change. Detailed knowledge of past land-cover is becoming increasingly important to evaluate the present trends in, and drivers of, vegetation composition. The European Pollen Database (EPD) was established in the late 1980s and developed in the early 1990s to provide a structure for archiving, exchanging, and analysing Quaternary pollen data from Europe. It provides a forum for scientists to meet and engage in collaborative investigations or data analysis. In May 2007 several EPD support groups were developed to assist in the task of maintaining and updating the database. The mapping and data accuracy work group (MADCAP) aims to produce an atlas of past plant distributions as detected by pollen analyses in Europe, in order to meet the growing need for this data from palaeoecologists and the wider scientific community. Due to data handling problems in the past, a significant number of EPD datasets have errors. The initial task of the work group, therefore, was a systematic review of pollen sequences, in order to identify and correct errors. The EPD currently (January 2009) archives 1,032 pollen sequences, of which 668 have age-depth models that allow chronological comparison. Many errors have been identified and corrected, or flagged for users, most notably errors in the pollen count data. The application of spatial analyses to pollen data is related to the number of data points that are available for analysis. We therefore take this opportunity to encourage the submission of pollen analytical results to the EPD or other relevant pollen databases. Only in this way will the scientific community be able to gain a better understanding of past vegetation dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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13. Pollen productivity estimates of key European plant taxa for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation: a review.

Author

Anna Broström, Anne Nielsen, Marie-José Gaillard, Kari Hjelle, Heather Binney, Jane Bunting, Ralph Fyfe, Viveca Meltsov, Anneli Poska, Satu Räsänen, Welmoed Soepboer, Henrik von Stedingk, Henna Suutari, and Shinya Sugita

Subjects
FOSSIL pollen, PLANT remains (Archaeology), VEGETATION & climate, CLIMATE change, ENVIRONMENTAL archaeology
Abstract

Abstract  Information on the spatial distribution of past vegetation on local, regional and global scales is increasingly used within climate modelling, nature conservancy and archaeology. It is possible to obtain such information from fossil pollen records in lakes and bogs using the landscape reconstruction algorithm (LRA) and its two models, REVEALS and LOVE. These models assume that reliable pollen productivity estimates (PPEs) are available for the plant taxa involved in the quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, and that PPEs are constant through time. This paper presents and discusses the PPEs for 15 tree and 18 herb taxa obtained in nine study areas of Europe. Observed differences in PPEs between regions may be explained by methodological issues and environmental variables, of which climate and related factors such as reproduction strategies and growth forms appear to be the most important. An evaluation of the PPEs at hand so far suggests that they can be used in modelling applications and quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, provided that consideration of past environmental variability within the region is used to inform selection of PPEs, and bearing in mind that PPEs might have changed through time as a response to climate change. Application of a range of possible PPEs will allow a better evaluation of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
Full Text
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