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It is possible to launch undetectable load-redistribution (LR) attacks against power systems, even in systems with protection schemes. Therefore, detecting LR attacks in power systems and establishing a corrective action to provide secured operating points are imperative. In this paper, we develop a systematic real-time LR threat analysis (RTLRTA) tool, which can flag LR attacks and identify all affected transmission assets. Since attackers might use random deviations to create LR attacks, we introduce an optimization model to generate random LR attacks. Hence, we can determine accurate thresholds for our detection index and test the tool's functionality when there are random LR attacks. Additionally, based on an estimation for the actual loads in the post-attack stage, we design a set of physical line flow security constraints (PLFSCs) and add it to the security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) model. We call the new model cyber-physical SCED (CPSCED), which can appropriately respond to the identified LR attacks and provide secured dispatch points. We generate multiple scenarios of random LR attacks and noise errors for different target lines in the $2383$-bus Polish test system to validate our proposed methods' accuracy and functionality in detecting LR attacks and responding to them.

This paper presents a novel approach to handle the computational complexity in security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with corrective network reconfiguration (CNR) to harness the flexibility in transmission networks. This is achieved with consideration of scalability through decomposing the SCUC/SCUC-CNR formulation and then fast screening non-critical sub-problems. This is compared against the extensive formulations of SCUC and SCUC-CNR to show the advantages of the proposed typical-decomposition and accelerated-decomposition approaches to SCUC and SCUC-CNR respectively. Simulation results on the IEEE 24-bus system show that the proposed methods are substantially faster without the loss in solution quality. The proposed accelerated-decomposition approaches can be implemented for large power systems as they have great performance in the scalability tests on the IEEE 73-bus system and the Polish system when compared against the respective extensive formulations and typical-decomposition approaches. Overall, a dynamic post-contingency network can substantially alleviate network congestion and lead to a lower optimal cost., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1912.01764

Security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) model is used for power system day-ahead scheduling. However, current SCUC model uses a static network to deliver power and meet demand optimally. A dynamic network can provide a lower optimal cost and alleviate network congestion. However, due to the computational complexity and the lack of effective algorithms, network reconfiguration has not been included in the SCUC model yet. This paper presents a novel approach to handle the computational complexity in security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with corrective network reconfiguration (CNR) while considering the scalability through accelerated-decomposition approach with fast screening non-critical sub-problems of SCUC-CNR. The proposed approach provides substantial computational benefits and is also applicable to SCUC. Simulation results on the IEEE 24-bus system show that the proposed methods are substantially faster without the loss in solution quality while the scalability benefits are demonstrated using larger cases: the IEEE 73-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system and Polish system., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures

This paper presents a real-time non-probabilistic detection mechanism to detect load-redistribution (LR) attacks against energy management systems (EMSs). Prior studies have shown that certain LR attacks can bypass conventional bad data detectors (BDDs) and remain undetectable, which implies that presence of a reliable and intelligent detection mechanism to flag LR attacks, is imperative. Therefore, in this study a detection mechanism to enhance the existing BDDs is proposed based on the fundamental knowledge of the physics laws in the electric grid. A greedy algorithm, which can optimize the core LR attack problems, is presented to enable a fast mechanism to identify the most sensitive locations for critical assets. The main contribution of this detection mechanism is leveraging of power systems domain insight to identify an underlying exploitable structure for the core problem of LR attack problems, which enables the prediction of the attackers' behavior. Additional contribution includes the ability to combine this approach with other detection mechanisms to increase their likelihood of detection. The proposed approach is applied to 2383-bus Polish test system to demonstrate the scalability of the greedy algorithm, and it solved the attacker's problem more than 10x faster than a traditional linear optimization approach.

This paper presents a novel procedure for energy management system (EMS) that can utilize the flexibility in transmission network in a practical way. With the proposed enhanced EMS procedure, the reliability benefits that are provided by corrective transmission switching (CTS) in real-time contingency analysis (RTCA) can be translated into significant cost savings in real-time security-constrained economic dispatch (RT SCED). Simulation results show the congestion cost with consideration of CTS is largely reduced as CTS can relieve potential post-contingency network violations. The effects of integrating CTS in existing EMS procedure on markets are also analyzed. In conclusion, this two-part paper shows that CTS can achieve substantial reliability benefits, as well as significant cost savings., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

The flexibility in transmission networks is not fully utilized and reflected in existing energy management systems (EMSs). Corrective transmission switching (CTS) is proposed in this two-part paper to enable EMS to take advantage of the flexibility in transmission systems in a practical way. This paper proposes two EMS procedures: 1) Procedure-A connects real-time security-constrained economic dispatch (RT SCED) with real-time contingency analysis (RTCA), which is consistent with industrial practice; 2) Procedure-B, an enhanced version of Procedure-A, includes CTS in EMS with the proposed concept of branch pseudo limit used in RT SCED. Part-I of this paper presents the methodology while Part-II includes detailed results analysis. It is demonstrated that Procedure-A can effectively eliminate the potential post-contingency overloads identified by RTCA and Procedure-B can achieve significant congestion cost reduction with consideration of CTS in RT SCED. Numerical simulations also illustrate that integrating CTS into RT SCED would improve social welfare., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures

State estimation estimates the system condition in real-time and provides a base case for other energy management system (EMS) applications including real-time contingency analysis and security-constrained economic dispatch. Recent work in the literature shows malicious cyber-attack can inject false measurements that bypass traditional bad data detection in state estimation and cause actual overloads. Thus, it is very important to detect such cyber-attack. In this paper, multiple metrics are proposed to monitor abnormal load deviations and suspicious branch flow changes. A systematic two-stage approach is proposed to detect false data injection (FDI) cyber-attack. The first stage determines whether the system is under attack while the second stage identifies the target branch. Numerical simulations verify that FDI can cause severe system violations and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage FDI detection (FDID) method. It is concluded that the proposed FDID approach can efficiently detect FDI cyber-attack and identify the target branch, which will substantially improve operators situation awareness in real-time., Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures

Transmission switching (TS) has gained significant attention recently. However, barriers still remain and must be overcome before the technology can be adopted by the industry. The state of the art challenges include AC feasibility and performance, computational complexity, the ability to handle large-scale real power systems, and dynamic stability. This two-part paper investigates these challenges by developing an AC TS-based real-time contingency analysis (RTCA) tool that can handle large-scale systems within a reasonable time. The tool proposes multiple corrective switching actions, after detection of a contingency with potential violations. To reduce the computational complexity, three heuristic algorithms are proposed to generate a small set of candidates for switching. Parallel computing is implemented to further speed up the solution time. Furthermore, stability analysis is performed to check for dynamic stability of proposed TS solutions. Part I of the paper presents a comprehensive literature review and the methodology. The promising results, tested on the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system and actual energy management system (EMS) snapshots from Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland (PJM) and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), are presented in Part II. It is concluded that RTCA with corrective TS significantly reduces potential post-contingency violations and is ripe for industry adoption., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

This paper presents the performance of an AC transmission switching (TS) based real-time contingency analysis (RTCA) tool that is introduced in Part I of this paper. The approach quickly proposes high quality corrective switching actions for relief of potential post-contingency network violations. The approach is confirmed by testing it on actual EMS snapshots of two large-scale systems, the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) and the Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland (PJM) Interconnection; the approach is also tested on data provided by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The results show that the tool effectively reduces post-contingency violations. Fast heuristics are used along with parallel computing to reduce the computational difficulty of the problem. The tool is able to handle the PJM system in about five minutes with a standard desktop computer. Time-domain simulations are performed to check system stability with corrective transmission switching (CTS). In conclusion, the paper shows that corrective switching is ripe for industry adoption. CTS can provide significant reliability benefits that can be translated into significant cost savings., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures