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Innate-like T (iT) cells comprise a population of immunoregulatory T cells whose effector function is imposed during their development in the thymus to provide protective immunity prior to antigen encounter. The molecular mechanism that drives the generation of iT cells remains unclear. Here, we report that the cytokine receptor γc plays a previously unappreciated role for thymic iT cells by controlling their cellular abundance, lineage commitment, and subset differentiation. As such, γc overexpression on thymocytes dramatically altered iT cell generation in the thymus, as it skewed the subset composition of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and promoted the generation of IFNγ-producing innate CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, we found that the γc-STAT6 axis drives the differentiation of IL-4-producing iNKT cells, which in turn induced the generation of innate CD8 T cells. Collectively, these results reveal a cytokine-driven circuity of thymic iT cell differentiation that is controlled by the abundance of γc proteins.

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are thymus-generated innate-like T cells, comprised of three distinct subsets with divergent effector functions. The molecular mechanism that drives the lineage trifurcation of immature iNKT cells into the NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 subsets remains a controversial issue that remains to be resolved. Because cytokine receptor signaling is necessary for iNKT cell generation, cytokines are proposed to contribute to iNKT subset differentiation also. However, the precise roles and requirements of cytokines in these processes are not fully understood. Here, we show that IL-2Rβ, a nonredundant component of the IL-15 receptor complex, plays a critical role in both the development and differentiation of thymic iNKT cells. While the induction of IL-2Rβ expression on postselection thymocytes is necessary to drive the generation of iNKT cells, surprisingly, premature IL-2Rβ expression on immature iNKT cells was detrimental to their development. Moreover, while IL-2Rβ is necessary for NKT1 generation, paradoxically, we found that the increased abundance of IL-2Rβ suppressed NKT1 generation without affecting NKT2 and NKT17 cell differentiation. Thus, the timing and abundance of IL-2Rβ expression control iNKT lineage fate and development, thereby establishing cytokine receptor expression as a critical regulator of thymic iNKT cell differentiation.

Understanding the homeostatic mechanism of invariant natural killer T (ιNKT) cells is a critical issue in ιNKT cell biology. Because IL-15 is required for the thymic generation of ιNKT cells, IL-15 has also been considered necessary for the homeostasis of peripheral ιNKT cells. Here, we delineated the in vivo cytokine requirement for ιNKT cells, and we came to the surprising conclusion that IL-7, not IL-15, is the homeostatic cytokine for ιNKT cells. Employing a series of experimental mouse models in which the availability of IL-7 or IL-15 were manipulated in peripheral tissues, either by genetic tools or by adult thymectomy and cytokine pump installation, we demonstrate that the abundance of IL-7, and not IL-15, limits the size of the peripheral ιNKT cell pool. These results establish a new cytokine requirement for ιNKT cells and reveal a previously unappreciated competition for IL-7 between ιNKT cells and conventional αβ T cells.

Understanding the homeostatic mechanism of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is a critical issue in iNKT cell biology. Because interleukin (IL)-15 is required for the thymic generation of iNKT cells, IL-15 has also been considered necessary for the homeostasis of peripheral iNKT cells. Here, we delineated the in vivo cytokine requirement for iNKT cells, and we came to the surprising conclusion that IL-7, not IL-15, is the homeostatic cytokine for iNKT cells. Employing a series of experimental mouse models where the availability of IL-7 or IL-15 was manipulated in peripheral tissues, either by genetic tools or by adult thymectomy and cytokine pump installation, we demonstrate that the abundance of IL-7, and not IL-15, limits the size of the peripheral iNKT cell pool. These results redefine the cytokine requirement for iNKT cells and indicate competition for IL-7 between iNKT and conventional αβ T cells.

On the basis of the reported agriculturally valuable phenotypes resulted from ectopic overexpression of Arabidopsis vacuolar W-PPase (AVP 1), we generated the Chinese cabbage lines expressing AVP I which then subjected to salt stress to determine the A V P1 expression if it consistently confers the capability for increasing biomass and enhancing tolerance to salinity in other species. Collectively, here we demonstrate that the transgenic young plants show more vigorous growth and higher tolerance to salt stress than wild-type ones. Increased biomass phenotype by A VP1 expression was supported by comparing fresh and dry weights of transgenic and wild type plants grown under normal condition, while higher salt tolerance trait was confirmed by tracing the kinetics of photosystem II quantum yield and DAB-staining under gradually intensified salt stress induced by MS salt or NaCl, followed by normal condition.

Increasing importance is being given to the stimulation of Th1 response in cancer immunotherapy because its presence can shift the direction of adaptive immune responses toward protective immunity. Based on chemokine receptor expression, CXCR3(+) CCR4(-) CD4(+) T cells as Th1-type cells were investigated its capacity in monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) maturation and polarization, and induction of antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. The levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 were decreased to the basal level compared with high production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 in CXCR3+CCR4-CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Co-incubation of activated CD4(+) or CXCR3(+) CCR4-CD4(+) T cells with DC (CD4(+/) DC or CXCR3(+) CD4(+/) DC, respectively) particularly up-regulated IL-12 and CD80 expression compared with DC matured with TNF-a and LPS (mDC). Although there was no significant difference between the effects of the CXCR3(+) CCR4(-) CD4(+) and CD4(+) T cells on DC phenotype expression, CXCR3(+) CD4(+/) DC in CTL culture were able to expand number of CD8(+) T cells and increased frequencies of IFN-gamma secreting cells and overall cytolytic activity against tumor antigen WT-1. These results demonstrated that the selective addition of CXCR3(+) CCR4(-) CD4(+) T cells to CTL cultures could enhance the induction of CTLs by DC in vitro, and implicated on a novel strategy for adoptive T cell therapy.