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The purpose of this study was reconstruction of dominant paleo-environments on northern and southern slopes of Alborz Mountain based on the modern and old environmental evidences preserved in the soils. Totally 691 soil profiles in 14 separate segments (9 segments in northern slope and 5 segments in southern slope) with an area of 783,850 ha (251 pedons in northern slope with about 123,600 ha; 440 pedons in southern slope with about 660,350 ha) in Alborz Mountains were studied. Morphological, physical, chemical, mineralogical, micromorphological, and geochemical analyses of the studied sites carried out using standard methods and demonstrated significant differences between the soils of northern and southern slopes. Micromorphological data showed that the calcite coatings in northern slope pedons have formed before the clay coatings however, while the opposite conditionings for calcite and clay coatings in southern slope were observed. The geochemical analyses results were in agreement with the results obtained from micromorphological analyses and further confirmed the addition of aeolian materials into the studied pedons in southern slope. Biological features and the organic and inorganic residues were extremely different in the northern and southern slopes. The maximum and minimum mean residence times (MRTs) in the subsurface layers were 4467 ± 50 years in deciduous forest and 4410 ± 48 years in coniferous forest in northern slope. However, the MRTs for burnt woods from the depths of 1.6 and 2.68 m of soil in southern slope were 3665 ± 61 and 6083 ± 84 years, respectively. Soils as archives of ecosystems contain very informative data for paleo-environmental and paleogeographic reconstructions. The results of this study demonstrated that the southern slope has been heavily influenced by glacial and aeolian deposits that in some cases have led to the top-down reverse distribution of the element oxides in the soil.

This article presents a method to produce accurate soil maps according to the numerical correlation of experimental data obtained from field description and soil laboratory analyses. At first, the diagnostic horizons and characteristics of all the 56 studied profiles were identified based on the standard definitions of the US soil classification system. In the next step, six thematic maps were prepared by interpolating the thickness of diagnostic horizons and/or the depth of the upper/lower boundaries of the soil layers with diagnostic characteristics. Afterward, the thematic maps were intersected to obtain the final soil map in this approach. The produced map with the present approach was compared with the conventional geopedologic soil map. The results showed that the geopedological approach could delineate 12 soil map units as consociation and 8 units as association while using the diagnostic layers as thematic maps were able to delineate all of the 20 soil map units as consociation. This approach introduced how the soil properties could be applied as a covariate in the SCORPAN model. Using interpolated soil, diagnostic layers could increase the precision and quality of soil maps.

The explanation made by Freud for the institution of morality and its relation with human psyche proceeded in two separate projects. At the first, it is described the establishment of moral sense in individual’s psyche, and at the second an explanation for its generation and continuity in human species is presented. This essay deals with the relation between these two. First, two description related to these projects are presented in which the possibility of comparison and criticizing them have been provided. The main claim of this essay which is itself an admitted Freud’s idea involved in an equivalence between two projects. It means that it is possible to establish a one-to-one equivalence between the foundational concepts and general mechanisms of moral institution. The place of this principle have not been determined in Freud’s thought; if it is a result of his discussion in that he presented separate arguments, or concerns with that as n axiom. Next, it is explained that this equivalence could be reduced into an equivalence between their two central concepts; The notion of moral judgment in its Aristotelian-Kantian sense, and the notion of Taboo in which anthropologists are concerned with. At the end, the similar and distinct aspects of these two concepts are discussed by which some critical considerations on Freud’s attitude toward moral institution have beed presented.