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This study presents a taxonomic review of the native species of Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, providing identification keys, synonymy, morphological descriptions, and specimen photograph plates, besides maps of geographic distributions and lists of studied specimens to assist in identification and conservation. We made literature reviews, collecting expeditions, and reviewed 14 Brazilian herbaria, plus an additional 17 online herbaria. We confirmed the occurrence of three genera, 10 species, and 11 taxa, including the new occurrence of Gaultheria ulei to the state. All species occur in the Brazilian subtropical highland grasslands of the Atlantic Rainforest. Five species were confirmed occurring in the temperate grasslands of the Pampas, where Agarista eucalyptoides and A. chlorantha were previously known and A. minensis, A. nummularia and Gaylussacia brasiliensis represent new records. Agarista eucalyptoides and Gaylussacia brasiliensis are the most widely distributed species in the state. Agarista nummularia and Gaylussacia brasiliensis are the only species registered in the coastal plains. Five species are threatened in the state flora: Agarista chlorantha (EN), A. minensis (VU), A. niederleinii (VU), Gaultheria itatiaiae (EN), and Gaylussacia pseudogaultheria (EN). Additionally, we highlight seed shape as a distinctive trait to separate species within Agarista.

Resumo Butia (Arecaceae) é um gênero de palmeiras que reúne 21 espécies nativas na América do Sul. Os fatores que determinam a distribuição e conservação das espécies do gênero ainda são pouco compreendidos. O trabalho tem como objetivos mapear os espécimes com ocorrência natural na América do Sul e avaliar o estado de conservação e critérios de ameaça das espécies. Áreas com espécies prioritárias para conservação in situ e espécies prioritárias para a conservação ex situ são propostas. Onze espécies foram avaliadas como vulneráveis (VU), cinco espécies como criticamente em perigo (CR), três espécies como em perigo (EN), uma espécie como quase ameaçada de extinção (NT) e uma espécie não foi possível avaliar o estado de conservação (dados insuficientes - DD). Foram reconhecidas oito prioridades de áreas para a conservação in situ e oito espécies foram consideradas prioritárias para conservação ex situ e coleta de germoplasma. Os resultados irão subsidiar a proposição de áreas para conservação in situ e manejo sustentável, e estratégias para a conservação ex situ e coleta de germoplasma. Abstract Butia (Arecaceae) is a palm genus of 21 South American species. The factors that determine the geographical distribution and conservation status of Butia species are still poorly understood. We mapped the specimens with a natural occurrence in South America and evaluated the state of conservation of the species and their respective threat criteria. These results allowed the proposition of priorities for in situ and ex situ conservation. Eleven species were evaluated as Vulnerable (VU), five species as Critically Endangered (CR), three species as Endangered (EN), one species was assessed as Near Threatened (NT) and one species could not be assessed due to Deficient Data (DD). Eight priorities for in situ conservation are recognized and seven species are considered as priorities for ex situ conservation and germplasm collection. The results support the choice of priority areas for in situ conservation and sustainable management, and strategies for ex situ conservation of the species and germplasm collection.

Calea × parviantha V.R.Bueno & G.Heiden, nothosp. nov. (Fig. 4, 5) Calea × parviantha differs from C. parvifolia by the striate stems (vs. corrugate stems), hispid or hispidulous or glabrous stems (vs. puberulous or puberulent), and coriaceous leaves (vs. chartaceous leaves); and from C. triantha by the rounded base leaf, sometimes subcordate (vs. cordate), concave paleae (vs. conduplicate), and pappus scales 1.1–2.7 mm long (vs. 0.8–1.3 mm). Type:— BRAZIL. Paraná, Jaguariaíva, campo próximo à ponte do Rio das Mortes, PR-151, 16 December 1991, A. C . Cervi et al. 3546 (holotype: MBM!, isotypes: CGMS!, CPAP!, UPCB!). Shrubs, 0.2–1.2 m tall, stems castaneous, cylindrical, striate, hispid, often sparsely hispid, rarely densely hispid or hispidulous or glabrous, rarely glandular-punctate, internodes 5.4–32.7 mm long. Leaves decussate, petiole 0.5–2.2 mm long; blades olivaceous or dark green adaxially, concolorous, sometimes slightly discolorous or discolorous, coriaceous, 0.78–2.57 × 0.42–1.59 cm, ovate or narrow ovate, rarely wide ovate, base rounded, sometimes subcordate, apex acute, rarely attenuate or obtuse, venation basal acrodromous and reticulate or basal acrodromous, margins revolute, often slightly revolute, entire or pauciserrate, sometimes serrate, 0–12 (–13–14) teeth, 0.3–1.8 mm long, from the base to middle, sometimes absent or just in the middle, rarely along the margins, abaxial surface hispidulous, often glabrous, sometimes hispid, veins hispid to hispidulous or hispidulous, sometimes glabrous, densely glandular-punctate, often glandular-punctate, adaxial surface scabridulous, often sparsely scabridulous with margin scabridulous, sometimes glabrous to scabridulous, glands absent. Capitulescence cymose dichasial, sometimes capitulum solitary, profusely branched or branched, axis 0–14.56 (–30.3) cm long, branching to 2–3 rd ramifications, rarely 4–5 th ramifications, 2–18 secondary stems, peduncle 0.08–3.55 (–3.9–4.16) cm long, hispid, rarely glandular-punctate. Capitulum heterogamous, radiate, involucrum campanulate, 5.8–9.7 × 6.8–13.6 mm, 5-seriate; phyllaries conspicuously or inconspicuously striated; two outermost series of phyllaries olivaceous, sometimes olivaceous with base yellowish green, foliaceous, sometimes foliaceous with base scarious, margins entire, sometimes serrate, abaxial surface hispid to hispidulous, sometimes glabrous or hispidulous, densely glandular-punctate or glandular-punctate; first series 4–6 striate, blades 6.6–10.2 × (3–3.3–) 3.9–4.7 (–5.5–5.7) mm, wide elliptic or narrow obovate, sometimes elliptic, rarely oblanceolate, apex acute or obtuse, half revolute, often revolute; second series 4–8 striate; blades 7–10.4 × 3.1–5.7 (–7.5) mm, obovate or wide elliptic or panduriform, apex obtuse, often acute, revolute, rarely half revolute; third series yellowish green to olivaceous, apex foliaceous, sometimes scarious, 6–10 striate, blades 5.5–9.7 × 2.7–4.8 mm, oblong or narrow ovate, sometimes narrow obovate, margins entire, apex obtuse, sometimes rounded, rarely acuminate, revolute or flat; abaxial surface sparsely hispid at apex or pilose at apex, sometimes glabrous, densely to moderately glandular-punctate at apex, sparsely to densely glandular-punctate; two innermost series yellowish green to light yellow or yellowish green, scarious, glabrous, sometimes glandular-punctate at apex, fourth series 8–15 striate, blades 7.2–9.9 × 3.3–4.3 mm, oblong, sometimes narrow obovate, margins entire, sometimes erose at apex, apex rounded; fifth series 10–15 striate, blades 7.4–10.9 × 2.3–3.9 mm, narrow oblong or oblanceolate, sometimes narrow elliptic, margins entire, apex rounded, sometimes obtuse; receptacle slightly convex, holopaleaceous; paleae light yellow, concave, 7–9 mm long, narrow elliptic or narrow oblong, sometimes oblanceolate, apex long acuminate. Ray florets 8–15, (10.2–) 12–15.7 (–19.8) mm long, pistillate, corolla liguliform, (8.3–) 9.3–14.2 (–16.4) mm long, yellow, tube 1.5–3.8 mm long, limb 5.9–12.6 × (1.8–2.3–) 3.2–4.6 mm, narrow obovate, often narrow elliptic or narrow oblong or oblanceolate or elliptic, apex rounded, sometimes 2–4 lobulate, rarely obtuse, 5–7 veins, abaxial surface densely glandular-punctate, sometimes glandular-punctate, adaxial surface glabrous; style arms yellow, 0.7–1.5 mm long. Disc florets 30–55, 7–10 mm long, bisexual, corolla tubular, 4.4–7 mm long, yellow, tube 1.3–2.6 mm long, lobes 1–1.7 (–2.1) mm long, sparsely glandular-punctate or glands absent, rarely glandular-punctate; anthers light yellow, (2.3–) 2.5–2.9 mm long, apical appendages ovate; style arms yellow, 0.8–1.2 mm long, linear. Cypselae blackish, 2.2–3.2 (–3.6) mm long, prismatic, ray cypselae 3-angled, disc cypselae 4-angled, glabrous to pilose or densely pilose or sparsely pilose to pilose, ribs densely pilose, often pilose; pappus monotypic, often bitypic, scales monolength, sometimes bilength, 8–15 (1–2 distinctly longer, when present), free, 1.1–2.2 mm long, longer scales 1.6–3 mm long, when present, oblong or oblanceolate, sometimes narrow elliptic, apex obtuse or rounded, margins entire, erose at apex. Distribution, Habitat and Predicted Area of Occurrence:— Calea × parviantha occurs in two Brazilian states: S„o Paulo and Paraná (Fig. 2). A total of eight municipalities have occurrences of this new nothospecies, two in S„o Paulo and six in Paraná. In addition, Ponta Grossa (municipality in Paraná) has an occurrence only recorded by photos (Pricila Just, pers. comm.). The new nothospecies occurs in areas of grasslands with rocks outcrops and riverine vegetation along the contact zones of high elevation tropical grasslands of the Atlantic Forest domain and the southernmost limits of open grasslands and savannas from the Cerrado domain. In the Jaguariaíva sites, C. × parviantha is more commonly found than its parental taxa (Fig. 2), suggesting that hybrid populations are probably replacing them in this area. According to the niche modelling, the new nothospecies potentially occurs in open areas where the two parental species are allopatric from the center-south of S„o Paulo to the south of Paraná (Fig. 3). However, due to its hybrid nature, it is more likely that the distribution of the nothospecies is restricted from Itararé, S„o Paulo, to Lapa, Paraná, where the parental species co-occurrence is likely and the contacts between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado are more common (Fig. 2). Informal Conservation Status:— Calea × parviantha could be considered Endangered (EN). Traditionally, hybrids are not evaluated for their conservation status, but as this hybrid has different collections over almost a century, it is probably a stable hybrid and therefore this status was evaluated. The GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) analyses generated an EOO of 5,000 km ² and AOO of 48 km ², both values suggesting EN status. C. × parviantha also can be considered EN due the criteria (IUCN 2019): B1B2; C2(i); D. The new nothospecies mostly occurs out of protected areas, except for three occurrences in Ecologic Station of Itapeva (Itapeva, S„o Paulo), Ecological Park of Barreira (Itararé, S„o Paulo) and probable occurrence in Cerrado State Park (Jaguariaíva, Paraná). The few records in protected areas, the AOO and EOO values and the above-mentioned IUCN criteria are strong subsidies for classifying Calea × parviantha as Endangered. Etymology:—The nothospecific epithet “parviantha” is proposed based on the merging of the specific epithets of the putative parental species: Calea parvifolia and C. triantha. Phenology:—Most of the collected specimens were found flowering and fruiting from December to April, with one outlier record flowering in August. Taxonomic comments and support analysis: —Most of the specimens of Calea × parviantha were misidentified as C. myrtifolia, mainly due to the ovate leaves bigger than the leaves of C. parvifolia. Studies of specimens labeled as C. myrtifolia from S„o Paulo and Paraná evidenced that some specimens were the hereby described C. grandiflora and the remaining a putative hybrid between C. parvifolia and C. triantha. The main morphological characteristics that indicated these specimens as a new hybrid species were the combination of reticulate venation and hispid indumentum—features absent in C. myrtifolia, but present in C. parvifolia and C. triantha, respectively. Therefore, based on the evaluation of all the available specimens previously labeled as C. myrtifolia we can currently confirm that this species is endemic to the state of Minas Gerais in Southeastern Brazil. Calea × parviantha shares with C. parvifolia the rounded leaf base, occasionally subcordate, elliptic blade of first series of phyllaries, concave paleae of receptacle, tube of disc floret 1.3–2.6 mm long, most of cypselae with glabrous to pilose face and densely pilose ribs, and pappus monotypic, often bitypic in the same plant. They can be distinguished by the striate stems (vs. furrowed stems), hispid or hispidulous or glabrous stems (vs. puberulous or puberulent), glands absent in stems, rarely glandular-punctate (vs. densely glandular-punctate, sometimes glandular-punctate), coriaceous leaves (vs. chartaceous), revolute margin, sometimes slightly revolute (vs. flat), commonly hispidulous abaxial surface (vs. commonly glabrous), revolute apex in second series of phyllaries (vs. flat), and always entire margin in third series of phyllaries (vs. mostly serrate, rarely entire). Calea × parviantha has striate stems and coriaceous leaves in common with C. triantha. In addition, these species commonly have hispid and eglandular stems, hispid peduncle, hispid to hispidulous outer phyllaries, and rounded apex of ray florets. The nothospecies differs from this parental species by the commonly ovate or narrow ovate leaves (vs. very wide ovate, sometimes wide ovate, rarely ovate), rounded base leaf, sometimes subcordate (vs. cordate), usually acute apex (vs. usually obtuse apex), concave paleae (vs. conduplicate), pappus monotypic, often bitypic (vs. always monotypic), monolength pappus scales, often monolength and bilength (vs. only monolength), and pappus scales 1.1–2.7 mm long (vs. 0.8–1.3 mm). The characteristics that the nothospecies presents that are intermediate or that overlap with those of the parental species are listed in Table 1. The PCA results corroborate the hypothesis on the hybrid origin of C. × parviantha, all characters listed in Table 2 contributed to the separation of taxa in the PCA analysis. The multivariate analyses plot (Fig. 6) evidences that the morphological data groups the specimens in distinct groups of parental species and the nothospecies with intermediate values. Examining all the specimens, a gradation of characters was seen in the different populations, but within these, some morphological standardization is seen among the specimens, mainly in those found in the municipality of Jaguariaíva and region, Paraná state. All hybrid populations are in contact with populations of the parental species, the nothospecies populations further south of the distribution are more than the Jaguariaíva populations (north of the nothospecies distribution). We believe that due to all the evidence presented here it is a nothospecies; however, more molecular studies would be needed to corroborate this hybrid status. Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Paraná: Balsa nova, Ponte dos Arcos, 07 December 2005, C . Kozera 2688 (MBM); Jaguariaíva, campo próximo à ponte do Rio das Mortes - PR 151, 16 December 1991, C . Kozera & O . P. Kozera 2688 (MBM); Castro, entre Castro e Ponta Grossa, 1950, J . Vidal 3-151 (R); Jaguariaíva, campos, 05 February 1910, P . Dusén 9187 (S); campos, 26 December 1914, P . Dusén 16195 (MO, US); rio das Mortes, 02 February 1995, J . R. Stehmann & J . Semir 2169 (BHCB, UEC); montanha, 07 April 2007, F . Bueno s.n. (RB); Palmeira, fazenda Santa Rita, 24 January 1990, L . T. Dombrowski et al. 14258 (MBM); Sengés, mata ciliar na margem esquerda do Rio Funil, 08 April 1995, Ribeiro Jr. et al. 04 (FUEL, SP, UEC); Tibagi, Parque Estadual Canyon Guartelá, 10 February 1997, V . F. Kinupp et al. 273 (FUEL, UEPG). S „o Paulo: Itapeva, Estaç„o Ecológica de Itapeva, 18 August 1995, V . C. Souza et al. 8732 (ESA, SP, SPF); 27 January 2009, J . B. Baitello & C . R. Lima 2236 (MBM, SPSF); Estaç „o Ecológica de Itapeva, trilha da Vila, 26 March 2008, J. B. Baitello et al. 2051 (SPSF, UEC); Itararé, Gruta da Barreira, 04 December 1984, C. Muller et al. 5994 (FUEL, UEC); próximo à entrada da Fazenda S „o Nicolau, 21 April 1993, V . C. Souza et al. 3981 (ESA). Additional specimens examined:— Calea parvifolia — BRAZIL. Paraná: Arapoti, Estrada para Ventania na Barra do Rio Perdizes com o Rio das Cinzas, beira da estrada, 03 March 2003, M. A. G . Magenta 558 (MO, SPF); Balsa Nova, Ponte dos Arcos, afloramento rochoso próximo a Mata de Pinus, 02 April 2019, A. L . Christ et al. 646 (ICN); Bocaiúva do Sul, Serra da Bocaina, 20 April 1998, J. M . Silva et al. 2331 (MBM); Ponta Grossa, Furnas de Itaiacoca, 20 August 2014, J . Cordeiro et al. 4705 (MBM); Tibagi, Parque Estadual do Guartelá, Rio Iapó, 01 September, S. R . Ziller 1578 (MBM). S „o Paulo: Itapeva, Estaç„o Experimental, 03 November 2009, R . Cielo-Filho et al. 896 (SPSF). Calea triantha — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Poços de Caldas, Campo do Saco, 12 Feb 1965, M . Emmerich 2381 (RB). Paraná, Campo Largo, fazenda Thalia, 08 March 1998, W . Amaral 22 (MBM); Ventania, fazenda Santa Inês, 11 February 2005, D. A . Estevan et al. 531 (HUFU). Santa Catarina, Lages, salto Caveira, 29 January 2015, R . Mello-Silva 3765 (SPF); Rio Negrinho, salto do rio Antinha, 23 December 2018, C . Ribeiro et al. 313 (ICN). S „o Paulo, Campos do Jord„o, vale do rio Coxim, areal, 17 March 1964, J . Correa Gomes Jr. 1620 (SP)., Published as part of Bueno, Vinicius R., Cassol, A. P. V., Leroy, C. J., Bueno, M. L. & Heiden, Gustavo, 2023, Two noteworthy Calea (Asteraceae: Neurolaeneae) from contact areas of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil, pp. 143-161 in Phytotaxa 579 (3) on pages 149-155, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7550332, {"references":["Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A. W., Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 150.2109","IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria, version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee, Cambridge U. K. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (acessed 13 January 2022)"]}

Calea grandiflora V.R.Bueno & G.Heiden, sp. nov. (Fig.1) Type:— BRAZIL. S „o Paulo, Santo André, Paranapiacaba Biological Station, about 30 km north of Santos, 02 December 1977, L . R. Landrum 2761 (holotype: SP!). Calea grandiflora resembles C. arachnoidea but differs by the basal acrodromous venation (vs. semicraspedodromous), outer phyllaries 12.2–20 × 4.2–10.6 mm long (9–12 × 3–5 mm), ray floret corolla 16.9–31 mm long (vs. 10–12 mm), and monolength pappus scales (vs. polylength). Shrubs, 0.5–2 m tall, stems castaneous, cylindrical, striate, glabrous to puberulous or sparsely sericeous, internodes 9.1–34.5 mm long. Leaves decussate, petiole 2.2–4.3 mm long; blades discolorous, abaxial surface olivaceous, adaxial surface dark green, coriaceous, 1.58–6.86 × 0.84–2.63 cm, elliptic or narrow elliptic, sometimes narrow ovate, base attenuate, apex acute, sometimes attenuate, venation basal acrodromous, margins slightly revolute or revolute, entire or pauciserrate, 0–9 teeth, 0.1–0.8 (–1.1) mm long, from the middle to apex, abaxial surface sparsely glandular-punctate, veins glabrous, adaxial surface glabrous, glands absent. Capitulescence cymose dichasial, slightly branched, axis 0–25.57 cm long, branching to 2 nd order ramifications, 2–8 secondary stems; peduncle 1.35–4.28 cm long, puberulous to pilose or pilose, glandular-punctate to densely glandular-punctate. Capitulum heterogamous, radiate, involucrum campanulate, 8.9–14.65 × 12.44–15.46 mm, 5-seriate; phyllaries conspicuously striated; two outermost series of phyllaries olivaceous, foliaceous, margins entire, flat; first series 5–8 striate, blades 12.2–20 × 4.2–10.6 mm, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or wide ovate, apex acute or obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely puberulous to glabrous, wholly glandular-punctate or only at apex; second series 8–12 striate, blades 13–18.1 × 6.1–7.8 mm, elliptic, apex acute or cuneate, abaxial surface glabrous to sparsely puberulous, sparsely glandular-punctate; third series yellowish green to olivaceous, foliaceous or scarious at apex, blades 10–13.8 × 4.5–8.1 mm, wide elliptic or narrow ovate or ovate to oblong, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute, revolute or flat, abaxial surface glabrous, glandular-punctate at apex; innermost series yellowish green to light yellow, scarious, 9–12 striate, margins entire, abaxial surface glabrous, fourth series blades 7–12.7 × 4.3–5.9 mm, oblong to elliptic, sometimes ovate, apex obtuse; fifth series blades 8.4–14.5 × 4.3–5.9 mm, obovate or elliptic, apex rounded, sometimes obtuse; receptacle slightly convex, holopaleaceous; paleae light yellow, conduplicate, 7.7–9.8 mm long, narrow elliptic, apex acute or long acuminate. Ray florets 10–18, 19–33.2 mm long, pistillate, corolla liguliform, 16.9–31 mm long, yellow, tube 4–5 mm long, limb 12.9–26 × 3.2–3.5 mm, narrow oblong, sometimes narrow obovate, apex 3-lobulate or rounded or obtuse or bifid, 5–8 veins, surface abaxial glandular-punctate, surface adaxial glabrous; style arms yellow, 0.5–1.1 mm long. Disc florets 45–50, 7.8–8.5 mm long, bisexual, corolla tubular, 5.9–6.5 mm long, yellow, tube 1.6–2.2 mm long, lobes 1.4–1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers light yellow, 2.1–2.9 mm long, apical anther appendages ovate; style arms yellow, 1–1.1 mm long, linear. Cypselae blackish, 2.5–3.2 mm long, prismatic, ray cypselae 3-angled, disc cypselae 4-angled, glabrous, ribs sparsely pilose; pappus monotypic, scales monolength, 10–12, free, 0.9–1.5 mm long, oblanceolate, sometimes oblong, apex obtuse, sometimes rounded, margins entire. Distribution, Habitat and Predicted Area of Occurrence:— Calea grandiflora occurs in two municipalities from S„o Paulo state and the occurrence points are 50 km away. Probably, it occurs in other hilltops of the Serra do Mar mountain range (Fig. 2), displaying similar environmental conditions. The new species occurs on rocks outcrops amidst the dominant Atlantic Rainforest (Aguiar et al. 2003), characterized by the high elevation tropical grasslands which harbor distinct floras within the main surrounding vegetation matrix and bears strong past floristic connections with the cerrado (tropical savanna) and campos rupestres floras (high altitude tropical grasslands) typical of Brazilian hinterland mountains (Stafford 2001, Simon 2009). According to the predicted area of occurrence (Fig. 3), the new species has higher suitability in Serra do Mar mountains from S„o Paulo, where it occurs, and other scattered spots: Itatiaia National Park in the triple border of the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and S„o Paulo; Lagamar de Cananeia State Park and Guaraqueçaba Ambiental Protection Area at the border of the states of S„o Paulo and Paraná; the area nearby Campos do Quiriri, S„o Joaquim National Park highlands and the coastal promontory of Serra do Tabuleiro State Park in the state of Santa Catarina; the Aparados da Serra highlands escarpment area of Serra Geral close to the ocean in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul. Although all the modeled area is not likely occupied by C. grandiflora due the land discontinuity of the sky island distribution of rock outcrops on mountaintops, for example, in the flora of Itatiaia (Moreira et al. 2021) this species was not found. Our modeling shows that these areas bear suitable habitats for the new species and could harbor other Calea species with habitat requirements similar to those of C. grandiflora. Besides C. grandiflora, only C. subintegerrima (Malme 1933: 94) V.R.Bueno & G.Heiden (Bueno & Heiden 2022a) and C. ilienii Malme (1933: 94–95), from the C. myrtifolia complex, have occurrence records along the Serra do Mar range. Informal Conservation Status:— Calea grandiflora could be considered Critically Endangered (CR). The analyses through GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) generated only an AOO (8.0 km²), due the limited distribution records known so far (only two points). According to the IUCN (2019) criteria, this new species complies with several requirements of the CR status: B1B2; C2(i); D, mainly because the new species was found in only two locations. The scarce records, in agreement with the condition ba (IUCN 2019), suggest that this species is Endangered. Despite the apparent contradiction, when two distinct statuses are confronted, the most restrictive one is preferred according to the IUCN (2019) guidelines. Calea grandiflora occurs in two protected areas: Paranapiacaba Biological Station and Sabesp Forest Reserve. These areas are in one of the four centers of endemism of the Atlantic Forest (Aguiar et al. 2003). Due to the apparent rarity, the AOO value, the adopted IUCN criteria and conditions, and because the last collection is from 1991, the status CR is warranted for C. grandiflora. Etymology:—The epithet “grandiflora” refers to the ray florets, which are larger than those found in other species of the Calea myrtifolia complex. Phenology: —The collected specimens were flowering and fruiting in December and March. Taxonomic comments: —One of the two specimens of Calea grandiflora was initially identified as C. myrtifolia, probably due to the glabrous leaves, acrodromous venation, and involucrum with foliaceous outer phyllaries. These features together with shrubby habit, cymose dichasial capitulescence, and the pappus shorter than the cypsela place it in the Calea myrtifolia complex. These two species can be distinguished by elliptic blade leaf (vs. ovate or lanceolate), attenuate base leaf (vs. rounded), outer series of phyllaries 12.2–20 mm long (vs. 4.9–11.3 mm), ray floret tube 4–5 mm long (vs. 2.1–3.1 mm), disc corolla lobes 1.4–1.5 mm long (vs. 0.8–1.2 mm). The elliptic and longer leaves, the capitulum with longer outer phyllaries and ray floret corolla, and the uncommon occurrence in the Serra do Mar corroborate that this is a new species, resembling the previously described Calea arachnoidea Reis-Silva & Nakajima (2021: 130–131). Both Calea grandiflora and C. arachnoidea have shrubby habit, elliptic leaves up to 6.8 cm long, slightly branched cymose dichasial capitulescence, glandular-punctate peduncle, involucrum 10.8–20 mm long, and similar habitat associated with rock outcrops in the Atlantic Rainforest. These species can be differentiated by the striate stems (vs. conspicuously furrowed), discolorous leaf blades (vs. concolorous), venation basal (vs. semicraspedodromous); peduncle 1.35–4.28 cm long (vs. 0.3–0.8 cm), puberulous to pilose or pilose indumentum (vs. arachnoid, rarely glabrous), outer series of phyllaries 12.2–20 × 4.2–10.6 mm long (9–14.1 × 2.9–6.1 mm); paleae 7.7–9.8 mm long (9.8–13.2 mm); ray florets 10–18 (vs. 3–8), corolla 16.9–31 mm long (vs. 8.1–12 mm); and monolength pappus scales (vs. polylength). Paratype: — BRAZIL. SÃO PAULO: Salesópólis, Reserva Florestal da Sabesp, adjacente à Estaç„o Biológica da Boraceia, 22 March 1991, M . Kirizawa 2432 (SP)., Published as part of Bueno, Vinicius R., Cassol, A. P. V., Leroy, C. J., Bueno, M. L. & Heiden, Gustavo, 2023, Two noteworthy Calea (Asteraceae: Neurolaeneae) from contact areas of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil, pp. 143-161 in Phytotaxa 579 (3) on pages 145-149, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7550332, {"references":["Aguiar, A. P., Chiarello, A. G., Mendes, S. L. & Matos, E. N. (2003) The Central and Serra do Mar Corridors in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In: Galindo-Leal, C. & Camara, I. G. (Eds.) The Atlantic Forest of South America: biodiversity status, threats, and outlook. Island Press, Washington, pp. 118 - 132.","Simon, M. F., Grether, R., Queiroz, L. P., Skema, C., Pennington, R. T. & Hugues, C. E. (2009) Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (48): 20359 - 20364. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0903410106","Malme, G. O. A. (1933) Compositae paranenses. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 12 (2): 1 - 122.","Bueno, V. R. & Heiden, G. (2022 a) Novelties in Calea sect. Meyeria (Asteraceae, Neurolaeneae) from Brazil. Systematic Botany 47 (2): 575 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364422 X 16512564801632","Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A. W., Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 150.2109","IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria, version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee, Cambridge U. K. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (acessed 13 January 2022)","Reis-Silva, G. A. & Nakajima, J. N. (2021) A new species of Calea (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) from the Atlantic Forest, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Phytotaxa 490 (1): 129 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 494.1.9"]}

Key to the species of Calea from the states of Paraná and São Paulo, Brazil 1. Discoid capitulum..............................................................................................................................................................................2. - Radiate capitulum..............................................................................................................................................................................5. 2. Outer phyllaries scarious...................................................................................................................................................................3. - Outer phyllaries foliaceous................................................................................................................................................................4. 3. Capitulescences umbelliform; pappus scales 1.8–4.2 mm long................................................................................... C. lantanoides - Capitulescences cymose; pappus scales 0.2–1.1 mm long.......................................................................................... C. polycephala 4. Venation acrodromous basal; pappus scales 4–5 mm long......................................................................................... C. gentianoides - Venation hyphodromous; pappus scales 0.2–0.3 mm long............................................................................................ C. senecioides 5. Leaf margins thickened and white.....................................................................................................................................................6. - Leaf margins slender and green.........................................................................................................................................................7. 6. Leaves discolorous, abaxial surface glandular-punctate; cypselae 2–2.5 mm....................................................................... C. ilienii - Leaves concolorous, abaxial surface eglandular; cypselae 3.2–3.6 mm................................................................... C. monocephala 7. Capitulescence umbelliform..............................................................................................................................................................8. - Capitulescence cymose dichasial or capitula solitary.....................................................................................................................10. 8. Leaves whorled..................................................................................................................................................................................9. - Leaves decussate.............................................................................................................................................................................11. 9. Leaf limb elliptic; receptacle conic........................................................................................................................... C. mediterranea - Leaf limb obovate or oblanceolate or rhombic; receptacle convex.................................................................................................10. 10. Leaves crowded in a basal rosette; ray floret corolla 9.8–11 mm long............................................................................... C. acaulis - Leaves evenly distributed along the stems; ray floret corolla 11.3–14.7 mm long............................................................. C. cymosa 11. Leaves serrate; capitulescence congest............................................................................................................................... C. serrata - Leaves crenate; capitulescence lax................................................................................................................................ C. pinnatifida 12. Habit herbaceous.............................................................................................................................................................................13. - Habit shrubby..................................................................................................................................................................................18. 13. Leaves 0.04–0.1 cm wide, linear; involucre 8.4–13.4 mm long, receptacle oligopaleaceous.................................... C. graminifolia - Leaves 0.6–4.5 cm wide, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic or obovate to orbiculate; involucre 14.1–25 mm long, receptacle holopaleaceous................................................................................................................................................................................14. 14. Leaf blade ovate; peduncle strigose to scabrous or tomentose........................................................................................................15. - Leaf blade elliptic or obovate to orbiculate; peduncle velutinous or hirsute..................................................................................16. 15. Receptacle convex, paleae 9–13 mm long; tube of ray florets 3–5 mm long.................................................................... C. uniflora - Receptacle conic, paleae 14–20 mm long; tube of ray florets 6–7.5 mm long............................................................. C. verticillata 16. Leaf limb elliptic, apex acute; peduncle hirsute; receptacle convex.......................................................................... C. clausseniana - Leaf limb obovate to orbiculate, apex rounded; peduncle velutinous; receptacle conic.................................................................17. 17. Outermost series of phyllaries longer than the second and third series............................................................................ C. pohliana - Outermost series of phyllaries shorter than the second and third series.......................................................................... C. cuneifolia 18. Leaves sessile, limb linear, venation hyphodromous; disc florets 5–10; pappus scales 0.2–0.5 mm long................. C. hymenolepis - Leaves petiolate, limb ovate or lanceolate or elliptic or deltate, venation acrodromous basal or reticulate or eucamptodromous; disc florets 15–75; pappus scales 0.7–3.0 mm long................................................................................................................................19. 19. Leaf base attenuate; two outermost series of phyllaries 12.2–20 mm long; corolla of ray florets 16.9–31 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................................................ C. grandiflora - Leaf base rounded or cordate or truncate; two outermost series of phyllaries 3.3–11.2 mm long; corolla of ray florets 7.4–16.5 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................. C. marginata 20. Stems corrugated, puberulous or puberulent; leaves chartaceous, margins flat.............................................................. C. parvifolia - Stems striated, hispid to hispidulous, strigose, rarely glabrous; leaves coriaceous, margins revolute............................................21. 21. Second series of phyllaries pubescent to puberulous; ray floret corolla 15.3–17 mm long, limb 12.5–13.5 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................................................ C. pruskiana - Second series of phyllaries strigose or glabrous or hispid; ray floret corolla 7.4–14.2 mm long, limb 5.9–10.5 mm long...........22. 22. Leaf abaxial surface glabrous; cypsela angles hirsute............................................................................................. C. subintegerrima - Leaf abaxial surface sparsely scabridous or scabridulous; cypsela angles pilose...........................................................................23. 23. Leaf base cordate; third series of phyllaries eglandular; receptacle paleae conduplicate.................................................. C. triantha - Leaf base rounded or subcordate; third series of phyllaries glandular-punctate; receptacle paleae concave............ C. × parviantha, Published as part of Bueno, Vinicius R., Cassol, A. P. V., Leroy, C. J., Bueno, M. L. & Heiden, Gustavo, 2023, Two noteworthy Calea (Asteraceae: Neurolaeneae) from contact areas of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil, pp. 143-161 in Phytotaxa 579 (3) on pages 155-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7550332

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; Brasil Fil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; Brasil Fil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; Brasil Fil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brazil Fil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Brasil Fil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; Brasil Fil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

3.3 Gaylussacia pseudogaultheria Chamisso & Schlechtendal (1826: 535). ≡ Gaultheria hispida Sprengel (1825: 28), nom. ileg. ≡ Lussacia hispida Sprengel (1827: 160) ≡ Adnaria hispida Kuntze (1891: 382). Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Barbacena, “In Brasilia Tropica”, 1825, F . Sellow s.n. (syntypes BM [BM000993615], image; BR [BR0000006996574], image!; E [E00292760], image!; F [V0055403F], image; G-DC [G00204390], image; HAL [HAL0098449, HAL0098450], image!; HBG [HBG515433] image!; K [K534702] image!; K [K534703], image!; K [K534704], image!; L [L0007283], image!; L [L0007214], image!; NY [NY0074], image!; NY [NY10075], image!; MPU [MPU012321], image!; P [P00647809], image!; W [W0050990], image!). [Figs. 21–22, 23 C] = Vaccinium scabrum Pohl (1828: 37). Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Barbacena, Registro Velho, September 1818, J.B.E. Pohl 194 (syntypes BR [BR0000005068425], image!; F [F0055560 V], image!; NY [NY00162379], image!; W [W0050989], image!). Subshrubs, 0.2–0.8 m tall, base erect, crown profusely branched; stem smooth; branches tomentose, trichomes glandularheaded and scattered. Leaves slightly discolorous; surface pubescent; petioles rigid, 1.36–2.61 mm; blade oblong, to elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, 1.73–2.99 cm × 0.6–1.08 cm; base rounded to obtuse, frequently subcordate; apex rounded to obtuse, mucronulate, with apical callous gland; margin entire to slightly revolute; sometimes seeming serrulate due to glandular-headed trichomes; adaxial surface lucid, puberulous to glabrescent mainly at midvein and at blade margins, with scattered glandular-headed trichomes; abaxial surface tomentose, glandular-headed trichomes mainly at midvein and blade margins, scattered punctate glands tawny to fawn-colored. Racemes axillary, apical, 5-16-flowered, pubescent to tomentose, with densely glandular-headed trichomes, 1.04–6.07 cm; pedicel 1.06–6.25 mm; floral bracts leafy, ovate to rhombic or elliptic, citrine and or redish in color, pubescent with glandular-headed trichomes and capitate glandular along the edge, 5.92–8.4 mm; bracteoles narrowly triangular to linear, 2.43–3.52 mm. Flowers with connate portion of calyx densely hispidulous glandular and with glandular-headed trichomes, lobes 1.87– 2.7 mm; corolla campanulate, white, 4.67–9.1 mm; staminal filaments tomentose, 0.87–2.48 mm; anthers 2.27–4.77 mm. Fruit a nuculanium, oblate, greenish/brownish when mature, 4.09–4.25 mm diam. × 2.27–2.57 mm high; seeds 1.7–1.84 mm. [Figs. 21–22] Etymology:—False Gaultheria L., due to the superficial resemblance with this genus. Flowering and fruiting:—Flowering from September to February, and Fruiting from December to March. Geographical distribution & habitat:— Brazil (BA, MG, SP, RJ, PR, SC, RS) (Romão et al. 2022). In Rio Grande do Sul the species occurs in subtropical highland grasslands (Fig. 23 C) in rocky hillsides and cliffs, basaltic outcrops, wet sandy soils, peat bogs, grasslands along cloud forests, and riverine forests, rarely in dry grasslands (Fig. 21 A). Conservation status:—EN in Rio Grande do Sul [B1, B2ab(iii)].– Gaylussacia pseudogaultheria was analyzed under criterium B of IUCN (2019) and the geographic range in the form of B1 (EOO) and B2 (AOO). The extent of occurrence of this species is 1,888.156 km ² and its area of occupancy is 20.000 km ², both placing it under category “Endangered” (EN). The occurrence in the state is limited to a few records and seems severely fragmented (subcriterium a). Moreover, the area, extent, and quality of habitat (subcriterium biii) are in continuous decline due its habitat specificity and the increasing anthropization of the native grasslands, mostly converted into monocultures and pasture for livestock. This species is not included in the Official List of Endangered Species of Brazilian Flora (Martinelli & Moraes 2013), neither in the CNC Flora Red List (CNCFlora 2020) to Brazil. We recommend the inclusion of G. pseudogaultheria in the state´s red list, in the threat category “Endangered” (EN). Examined specimens:— BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: s.l. 19 January 1975, K . Hagelund 8731 (HAS). Cambará do Sul, 17 December 2018, C. H . Dalastra 6 (ICN); 11 December 1992, D. B . Falkenberg 5994 (ICN, MBM); 27 December 1980, J . Goergem (ICN 049991); January 1978, S . Boechat (ICN 41928); -29.142495, -50.087782, 5 December 2015, F . Gonzatti 2249 (HUCS); 18 December 2018, C. H . Dalastra 16 (ICN); -29.165212, -50.09699, 18 December 2018, C. H . Dalastra 14 (ICN); Parque Nacional dos Aparados da Serra, 13 December 1980, D. B . Falkenberg 47 (FLOR); -29.075083, -49.974861, 4 November 2006, G. O . Romão 1898 (MBM, ICN). São Francisco de Paula, -29.458333, -50.613333, 4 March 2012, P. J. S . Silva Filho 1552 (ICN); 16 March 2007, M. L . Lorscheitter & L. R. M. Baptista (ICN 172829). São José dos Ausentes, -28.8, -49.9525, 3 November 2006, G. O . Romão et al. 1861 (ICN, HAS); BR 285, -28.799722, -49.953056, 17 November 2016, G . Heiden et al. 2334 (ECT). Sapucaia do Sul [São Leopoldo], 5 September 1945, B . Rambo (PACA 29498)., Published as part of Dalastra, Claudenice Hilda & Heiden, Gustavo, 2022, Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, pp. 149-190 in Phytotaxa 564 (2) on pages 180-181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7087201, {"references":["Chamisso, A. & Schlechtendal, D. F. L. (1826) De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzzofiana observatis, Ericaceae. Linnaea; Ein Journal fur die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, Berlin 1 (4): 516 - 538.","Sprengel, C. K. (1825) Caroli Linnaei, equite Polaris et aquilae rubrae. In: Systema Vegetabilium, 16 ed., v. 2. Curae posteriors. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae, 939 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 822","Sprengel, C. K. (1827) Caroli Linnaei, equite Polaris et aquilae rubrae. In: Systema Vegetabilium, 16 ed., v. 4 (2): Curae posteriors. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae, 410 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 822","Kuntze, O. (1891) Vacciniaceae. Revisio generum plantarum […] 2: 263 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 327","Pohl, J. B. E. (1828 - 1833) Plantarum Brasiliae icones et descriptiones hactenus ineditae: iussu et auspiciis Francisci Primi, imperatoris et regis augustissimi 2: 1 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 451","Romao, G. O., Cabral, A., Dalastra, C. H., Santos, F. B. D. & Kinoshita, L. S. (2022) Ericaceae in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / FB 109 (accessed 16 March 2022)","Martinelli, G. & Moraes, M. A. (2013) Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil. 1. ed. - Rio de Janeiro: Andrea Jakobsson: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, 1100 pp. [ISBN: 978 85 88742 58 1]"]}

Key to the Genera of Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil 1. Leaf blade with apical callous gland; ovary inferior; fruit drupoid (nuculanium)........................................................... Gaylussacia - Leaf blade without apical callous gland; ovary superior; fruit a capsule...........................................................................................2 2. Leaf apex mucronulate, venation reticulodromous; anthers truncate, the filaments geniculate; fruiting calyces dry, obscure, the capsule naked.......................................................................................................................................................................... Agarista - Leaf apex acute without mucro or callous gland, venation brochidodromous; anthers bifid, the filaments erect; fruiting calyces fleshy, surrounding the capsule.......................................................................................................................................... Gaultheria, Published as part of Dalastra, Claudenice Hilda & Heiden, Gustavo, 2022, Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, pp. 149-190 in Phytotaxa 564 (2) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7087201

Key to the species and varieties of Agarista in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil 1. Petioles 6.26–15.81 (–21.43) mm long, thinner, flexuous and slender........................................................... Agarista eucalyptoides - Petioles 0.97–6.7 mm long, thicker, straight, and rigid......................................................................................................................2 2. Leaf blade orbicular, surface glabrous or with few glandular-headed trichomes.............................................. Agarista nummularia - Leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, ellipitic, or oblong, surface with or without glandular-headed trichomes...........................................3 3. Leaf base cordate, margin strongly revolute, surface with densely glandular-headed trichomes....................... Agarista chlorantha - Leaf base rounded to truncate or cuneate, margin slightly revolute, surface without glandular-headed trichomes..........................4 4. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong; capsule placenta central to subapical; seeds trapezoid....................................... Agarista minensis - Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, rarely oblong; capsule placenta apical; seeds concave-convex.............................................................5 5. Leaf apex obtuse to retuse, blade 1–2.66 × 0.43–0.89 cm....................................................... Agarista niederleinii var. niederleinii - Lead apex acuminate to acute, blade 1.7–4.26 × 0.55–1.67 cm............................................................. A. niederleinii var. acutifolia

2. Gaultheria Linnaeus (1753: 395). Type:— Gaultheria procumbens Linnaeus (1753: 395) Subshrubs erectly branched. Leaves alternate, spiraled, usually not overlapping, papery to coriaceous, flat; petiole robust; blade margin serrate; venation brochidodromous; apex without gland. Pseudoracemes leafy apically, sometimes solitary axillary flowers. Flowers 5-merous; calyx lobes connate at base, becoming fleshy and accrescent, lobes long or short; corolla gamopetalous, campanulate to urceolate; stamens 8–10; filaments erect, papillose; anthers 2-aristate, dorsifix, dehiscence poricidal; ovary superior, 4-5-locular, multiovulate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, frequently globose, commonly involved by the calyx; seeds ovoid or angulate, laterally long. The genus Gaultheria in Rio Grande do Sul comprises two species distributed in the highland grasslands of the Campos de Cima da Serra (Figs. 16 C, D), mainly in peat bogs, riverside grasslands, among rock outcrops, close to cloud forest edges, in herbaceous and/or shrubby vegetation and associated with hillsides near the border with Santa Catarina state (Figs. 12 A–B; 14 A)., Published as part of Dalastra, Claudenice Hilda & Heiden, Gustavo, 2022, Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, pp. 149-190 in Phytotaxa 564 (2) on pages 167-168, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7087201, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, v. 1. 571 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 669"]}

3. Gaylussacia Kunth (1818: 215). Type:— Gaylussacia buxifolia Kunth (1818: 276). Subshrubs to shrubs, erect to procumbent, orthocladous to deliquescent. Leaves alternate, papery to coriaceous; blade glabrous to tomentose; margin entire to serrate; apical callous glandular; venation camptodromous. Racemes axillary and subapical with bracts at the base of the inflorescence axis; floral bract 1, conspicuous at pedicel base; bracteoles 2 along the pedicel. Flowers 5-merous; calyx lobes basally connate and pubescent to glabrous; corolla gamopetalous, campanulate to urceolate; stamen 10, epipetalous; staminal filaments straight, flat, pubescent to tomentose; anthers dorsifixed; thecae parallel, long-tubular, dehiscence poricidal or by a small apical cleft; ovary inferior; pseudo-10- locular, one ovule per locule; stigma depressed-capitate. Fruit drupoid (nuculanium), globose; seeds lenticular. The genus Gaylussacia in Rio Grande do Sul comprises three species distributed mainly in a highland grassland of Campos de Cima da Serra (Figs. 23 A, B, C), also reaching the regions of Depressão Central (Fig. 23 A) and South Coast (Fig. 23 B). Gaylussacia are associated with forest edges and in grasslands along cloud forests and riverine forests (Fig. 17 B; 19 B, E; 21 A), in clay and acidic soils (Fig. 17 A), temporary wetlands and peat bogs (Fig. 19 A) in rocky hillsides and cliffs, basaltic outcrops, wet sandy soils, peat bogs and sandy soils at restinga., Published as part of Dalastra, Claudenice Hilda & Heiden, Gustavo, 2022, Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, pp. 149-190 in Phytotaxa 564 (2) on page 174, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7087201, {"references":["Kunth, C. S. (1818) Ericaceae. In: von Humboldt, F. H. A., Bonpland, A. J. & Kunth (eds.) Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland. Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 3: 215 - 250."]}