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Background: Early identification of risk for depression and anxiety disorders is important for prevention, but real-life affective well-being and its biological underpinnings in the population remain understudied. Here, we combined methods from epidemiology, psychology, ecological momentary assessment, and functional magnetic resonance imaging to study real-life and neural affective functions in individuals with subclinical anxiety and depression from a population-based cohort of young adults. Methods: We examined psychological measures, real-life affective valence, functional magnetic resonance imaging amygdala habituation to negative affective stimuli, and the relevance of neural readouts for daily-life affective function in 132 non–help-seeking community individuals. We compared psychological and ecological momentary assessment measures of 61 unmedicated individuals at clinical risk for depression and anxiety (operationalized as subthreshold depression and anxiety symptoms or a former mood or anxiety disorder) with those of 48 nonrisk individuals and 23 persons with a mood or anxiety disorder. We studied risk-associated functional magnetic resonance imaging signals in subsamples with balanced sociodemographic and image quality parameters (26 nonrisk, 26 at-risk persons). Results: Compared with nonrisk persons, at-risk individuals showed significantly decreased real-life affective valence (p = .038), reduced amygdala habituation (familywise error–corrected p = .024, region of interest corrected), and an intermediate psychological risk profile. Amygdala habituation predicted real-life affective valence in control subjects but not in participants at risk (familywise error–corrected p = .005, region of interest corrected). Conclusions: Our data suggest real-life and neural markers for affective alterations in unmedicated community individuals at risk for depression and anxiety and highlight the significance of amygdala habituation measures for the momentary affective experience in real-world environments.

Continuous real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback is gaining increasing scientific attention in clinical neuroscience and may benefit from the short repetition times of modern multiband echoplanar imaging sequences. However, minimizing feedback delay can result in technical challenges. Here, we report a technical problem we experienced during continuous fMRI neurofeedback with multiband echoplanar imaging and short repetition times. We identify the possible origins of this problem, describe our current interim solution and provide openly available workflows and code to other researchers in case they wish to use a similar approach.

Psychological stress and physical activity are interrelated, constituting a relevant association to human health, especially in children. However, the association’s nature remains elusive, i.e., why psychological stress predicts both decreased and increased physical activity. To test whether effects vary as a function of the level of analyses, we derived intensive longitudinal data via accelerometers and stress questionnaires from 74 children across 7 days as they went about their daily routines (n = 513 assessments). Multilevel modelling analyses revealed that between children, higher psychological stress predicted decreased physical activity (standardized beta coefficient = −0.14; p = 0.046). Concurrently, within those children, higher psychological stress predicted increased physical activity across days (standardized beta coefficient = 0.09; p = 0.015). Translated to practice, children who experienced more stress than others moved less, but children were more active on days when they experienced heightened stress. This suggests that the analyses level is crucial to the understanding of the association between psychological stress and physical activity and should be considered to receive unequivocal results. If replicated, e.g., including high-frequency sampling and experimental manipulation in everyday life for in-depth insights on underlying mechanisms and causality, our findings may be translated to individually tailored (digital) prevention and intervention strategies which target children’s distress-feelings despite impairing their heightened physical activity in stressful situations and identify tipping points of chronic stress phases. Therefore, we especially call for more intensive longitudinal data approaches to tackle thus far neglected within-subject issues in the field of physical activity, sport and exercise research.

Introduction: Over the last decades, our understanding of the cognitive, motivational, and neural processes involved in addictive behavior has increased enormously. A plethora of laboratory-based and cross-sectional studies has linked cognitive-behavioral measures to between-subject differences in drinking behavior. However, such laboratory-based studies inevitably suffer from small sample sizes and the inability to link temporal fluctuations in task measures to fluctuations in real-life substance use. To overcome these problems, several existing behavioral tasks have been transferred to smartphones to allow studying cognition in the field. Method: In this narrative review, we first summarize studies that used existing behavioral tasks in the laboratory and self-reports of substance use with ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in the field. Next, we review studies on psychometric properties of smartphone-based behavioral tasks. Finally, we review studies that used both smartphone-based tasks and self-reports with EMA in the field. Results: Overall, studies were scarce and heterogenous both in tasks and in study outcomes. Nevertheless, existing findings are promising and point toward several methodological recommendations: concerning psychometrics, studies show that – although more systematic studies are necessary – task validity and reliability can be improved, for example, by analyzing several measurement sessions at once rather than analyzing sessions separately. Studies that use tasks in the field, moreover, show that power can be improved by choosing sampling schemes that combine time-based with event-based sampling, rather than relying on time-based sampling alone. Increasing sampling frequency can further increase power. However, as this also increases the burden to participants, more research is necessary to determine the ideal sampling frequency for each task. Conclusion: Although more research is necessary to systematically study both the psychometrics of smartphone-based tasks and the frequency at which task measures fluctuate, existing studies are promising and reveal important methodological recommendations useful for researchers interested in implementing behavioral tasks in EMA studies.

Background The majority of knowledge about fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) derives from studies of female patients. Little is known about the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of male FMS patients. Objective We investigated whether male FMS patients differ from female patients in terms of 1.) symptom burden, 2.) psychological characteristics, and 3.) clinical treatment response. Methods For this retrospective cohort study with a prospective posttreatment-follow-up, we identified 263 male (4%) out of 5,541 FMS patients completing a three-week multimodal pain-treatment program. Male FMS patients (51.3±9.1 years) were age- and time-matched (1:4) with female FMS patients (N = 1052, 51.3±9.0 years). Data on clinical characteristics, psychological comorbidities and treatment response were obtained from medical records and validated questionnaires. Results Levels of perceived pain, psychological comorbidity, and functional capacity were similar between genders, although male FMS patients showed a higher prevalence for alcohol abuse. Compared to female patients, male FMS patients experienced themselves less often as overly accommodating (Cohen’s d=-0.42), but more often as self-sacrificing (d = 0.26) or intrusive (d = 0.23). Regarding pain coping, male patients were less likely to utilize mental distraction, rest- and relaxation techniques, or counteractive activities (d = 0.18–0.27). Male FMS patients showed a slightly worse overall response rate than women (69% vs. 77%), although differences between individual outcome measures were small (d

The COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted people's daily lives. However, it remains unknown how the pandemic situation affects daily-life experiences of individuals with preexisting severe mental illnesses (SMI). In this real-life longitudinal study, the acute onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany did not cause the already low everyday well-being of patients with schizophrenia (SZ) or major depression (MDD) to decrease further. On the contrary, healthy participants’ well-being, anxiety, social isolation, and mobility worsened, especially in healthy individuals at risk for mental disorder, but remained above the levels seen in patients. Despite being stressful for healthy individuals at risk for mental disorder, the COVID-19 pandemic had little additional influence on daily-life well-being in psychiatric patients with SMI. This highlights the need for preventive action and targeted support of this vulnerable population.

The concept ‘nociplastic pain’ has been developed for patients in whom clinical and psychophysical findings suggest a predominant central sensitization type of pain that is not fully explained as nociceptive or neuropathic. Here we tested, how well the recently published grading system differentiates between chronic primary pain or chronic secondary pain conditions. We recruited patients with Fibromyalgia (FMS, 41), Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS, 11), Osteoarthritis (OA, 21) or Peripheral Nerve Injury (PNI, 8). We used clinical history, pain drawings, Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) and questionnaires to classify patients’ pains as possibly or probably ‘nociplastic’ in nature.All FMS and CRPS patients exhibited widespread or regional pain that was not explainable by nociceptive nor neuropathic mechanisms. Widespread pain in 12 OA patients was fully explained as nociceptive and regional pain in 4 PNI patients as neuropathic in all but one in each group. QST provided evidence for hypersensitivity in 9/11 CRPS patients but only 27/41 FMS patients (possible ‘nociplastic pain’). 82% of the CRPS patients but only 54% of FMS patients reported a history of hypersensitivity and mental comorbidities (probable ‘nociplastic pain’). We suggest that clinical examination of hypersensitivity should be done in more than one region and that adding a high tender point count as evidence for hypersensitivity phenomena may be useful. Further we suggest to switch the sequence of steps so that self-reported hypersensitivity and comorbidities come before clinical examination of hypersensitivity; Since the ‘nociplastic pain’ concept calls for brainstem and cortical plasticity we discuss in detail potential measurement strategies.

The specific role of white matter (WM) microstructure in parkinsonism among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is largely unknown. To determine whether topographical alterations of WM microstructure contribute to parkinsonism in SSD patients, we examined healthy controls (HC, n=16) and SSD patients with and without parkinsonism, as defined by Simpson-Angus Scale total score of ≥4 (SSD-P, n=33) or

Aberrant limbic circuit reactivity to negative stimuli might be related to alterations in emotion processing and regulation in alcohol use disorder (AUD). The current study tested for the first time in AUD the hypothesis of aberrant amygdala habituation to repeated aversive stimuli-a robust and reliable neuroimaging marker for emotion processing. We explored the link between deficits in habituation to adverse childhood experience (ACE), a common risk factor for impaired emotion regulation and AUD. AUD individuals (N = 36) and healthy controls (HC; N = 26) participated in an observational case-control functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. An established habituation index was used to investigate processing of aversive emotional faces of the amygdala. AUD individuals showed an overall deficit in amygdala habituation (right: t = 4.26, pFWE = 0.004; left: t = 4.79, pFWE ≤ 0.001). Amygdala habituation was significantly related to increased exposure to ACE in HC (t = 3.88, pFWE = 0.012), whereas this association was not observed in AUD individuals (T = 1.80, pFWE = 0.662). Further, a significant association between higher alcohol consumption and reduced amygdala habituation (right: R

Background: Although many studies have explored atypicalities in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) morphology of autism, most of them relied on unimodal analyses that did not benefit from the likelihood that different imaging modalities may reflect common neurobiology. We aimed to establish brain patterns of modalities that differentiate between individuals with and without autism and explore associations between these brain patterns and clinical measures in the autism group. Methods: We studied 183 individuals with autism and 157 nonautistic individuals (age range, 6–30 years) in a large, deeply phenotyped autism dataset (EU-AIMS LEAP [European Autism Interventions—A Multicentre Study for Developing New Medications Longitudinal European Autism Project]). Linked independent component analysis was used to link all participants’ GM volume and WM diffusion tensor images, and group comparisons of modality shared variances were examined. Subsequently, we performed univariate and multivariate brain-behavior correlation analyses to separately explore the relationships between brain patterns and clinical profiles. Results: One multimodal pattern was significantly related to autism. This pattern was primarily associated with GM volume in bilateral insula and frontal, precentral and postcentral, cingulate, and caudate areas and co-occurred with altered WM features in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. The brain-behavior correlation analyses showed a significant multivariate association primarily between brain patterns that involved variation of WM and symptoms of restricted and repetitive behavior in the autism group. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the assets of integrated analyses of GM and WM alterations to study the brain mechanisms that underpin autism and show that the complex clinical autism phenotype can be interpreted by brain covariation patterns that are spread across the brain involving both cortical and subcortical areas.

Self-regulation, the ability to guide behavior according to one’s goals, plays an integral role in understanding loss of control behaviors a pertinent example being substance use disorders (SUD). Yet, experimental tasks that measure processes underlying self-regulation are not easy to deploy in contexts where such behaviors often occur, namely in real life situations outside the laboratory. Moreover, lab-based experimental tasks are criticized for poor test–retest reliability and a lack of construct validity. These concerns might in part explain why ecological validity of experimental measures—their ability to predict real-life behavior—is low. To address these shortcomings, we assessed the reliability and construct validity of four smartphone-based experimental tasks designed to measure cognitive control and decision-making. To facilitate future clinical applicability we recruited a large (N=488) sample of individuals with SUD. Joint modeling of measurement sessions increased the reliability of task measures from moderate to good and often excellent levels. In line with theories of cognitive control and motivation, three latent factors reflecting cognitive control and decision-making in the context of gains and losses best described the data. As proof of concept, we show that a latent cognitive control score based on joint modeling, yielded stronger correlations with drinking behavior than single task scores based on separate modeling. These findings indicate that in individuals with SUD, smartphone-based ambulatory experimental assessments can reliably index functions of cognitive control and decision-making, with plausible construct validity. Our findings provide evidence for rich possibilities arising from longitudinal experimental studies in SUD as well as in psychiatry, neuroscience, and psychology more generally.

Early adverse environmental exposures during brain development are widespread risk factors for the onset of severe mental disorders and strong and consistent predictors of stress-related mental and physical illness and reduced life expectancy. Current evidence suggests that early negative experiences alter plasticity processes during developmentally sensitive time windows and affect the regular functional interaction of cortical and subcortical neural networks. This, in turn, may promote a maladapted development with negative consequences on the mental and physical health of exposed individuals. In this review, we discuss the role of functional magnetic resonance imaging-based functional connectivity phenotypes as potential biomarker candidates for the consequences of early environmental exposures-including but not limited to-childhood maltreatment. We take an expanded concept of developmentally relevant adverse experiences from infancy over childhood to adolescence as our starting point and focus our review of functional connectivity studies on a selected subset of functional magnetic resonance imaging-based phenotypes, including connectivity in the limbic and within the frontoparietal as well as default mode networks, for which we believe there is sufficient converging evidence for a more detailed discussion in a developmental context. Furthermore, we address specific methodological challenges and current knowledge gaps that complicate the interpretation of early stress effects on functional connectivity and deserve particular attention in future studies. Finally, we highlight the forthcoming prospects and challenges of this research area with regard to establishing functional connectivity measures as validated biomarkers for brain developmental processes and individual risk stratification and as target phenotypes for mechanism-based interventions.

While sensorimotor abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ) are of increasing scientific interest, little is known about structural changes and their developmental origins that may underlie parkinsonism. This multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study examined healthy controls (HC, n = 20) and SZ patients with (SZ-P, n = 38) and without (SZ-nonP, n = 35) parkinsonism, as defined by Simpson-Angus Scale total scores of ≥4 or ≤1, respectively. Using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT12), voxel- and surface-based morphometry were applied to investigate cortical and subcortical gray matter volume (GMV) and three cortical surface markers of distinct neurodevelopmental origin: cortical thickness (CTh), complexity of cortical folding (CCF) and sulcus depth. In a subgroup of patients (29 SZ-nonP, 25 SZ-P), resting-state fMRI data were also analyzed using a regions-of-interest approach based on fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF). SZ-P patients showed increased CCF in the left supplementary motor cortex (SMC) and decreased left postcentral sulcus (PCS) depth compared to SZ-nonP patients (p 0.05, FWE-corrected at cluster level). In SMC, CCF was associated negatively with activity, which also differed significantly between the patient groups and between patients and HC. In regression models, severity of parkinsonism was associated negatively with left middle frontal CCF and left anterior cingulate CTh. These data provide novel insights into altered trajectories of cortical development in SZ patients with parkinsonism. These cortical surface changes involve the sensorimotor system, suggesting abnormal neurodevelopmental processes tightly coupled with cortical activity and subcortical morphology that convey increased risk for sensorimotor abnormalities in SZ.

ZusammenfassungPsychische Erkrankungen sind weit verbreitet und ein bedeutendes Problem des allgemeinen Gesundheitswesens. Das Risiko, irgendwann im Laufe des Lebens eine psychische Erkrankung zu entwickeln, liegt bei rund 40 %. Psychische Erkrankungen zählen damit zu den epidemiologisch bedeutsamsten Erkrankungen. Trotz der Einführung neuerer Psychopharmaka, störungsspezifischer Psychotherapie und Stimulationstechniken zeigen viele der Betroffenen immer noch eine unzureichende Symptomremission und einen chronischen Verlauf. Durch den konzeptuellen und technischen Fortschritt der letzten Jahre wird eine neue, flexiblere und personalisierte Form der fachpsychiatrischen Patientenversorgung ermöglicht. Sowohl die traditionellen Therapie- und Organisationskonzepte als auch neuere dezentral arbeitende, modular aufgebaute, stationär-teilstationär-ambulante Einheiten werden zusammen mit innovativen digitalen Technologien vielen betroffenen Menschen mit psychischen Erkrankungen individualisierte Therapieoptionen bieten, welche ihre Symptome bestmöglich lindern und ihre Lebensqualität erheblich verbessern könnten. Das primäre Ziel der engen Verknüpfung von modernen Versorgungskonzepten und innovativen Technologien ist es, ein umfassendes Therapie- und Nachsorgekonzept (innerhalb und außerhalb der Klinik) für die individuellen Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung bereitzustellen. Nicht zuletzt wird dadurch auch eine ortsunabhängige Verfügbarkeit der fachärztlichen Behandlung erreicht. In der Psychiatrie des 21. Jahrhunderts müssen moderne Versorgungsstrukturen mit der aktuellen Dynamik der digitalen Transformation effektiv verknüpft werden. Die vorliegende selektive Übersichtsarbeit widmet sich den theoretischen und praktischen Gesichtspunkten eines sektorenübergreifenden Behandlungssystems kombiniert mit innovativen digitalen Technologien im psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Fachbereich am Beispiel des Zentralinstituts für Seelische Gesundheit in Mannheim.

BackgroundAberrant brain connectivity during emotional processing, especially within the fronto-limbic pathway, is one of the hallmarks of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the methodological heterogeneity of previous studies made it difficult to determine the functional and etiological implications of specific alterations in brain connectivity. We previously reported alterations in psychophysiological interaction measures during emotional face processing, distinguishing depressive pathology from at-risk/resilient and healthy states. Here, we extended these findings by effective connectivity analyses in the same sample to establish a refined neural model of emotion processing in depression.MethodsThirty-seven patients with MDD, 45 first-degree relatives of patients with MDD and 97 healthy controls performed a face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used dynamic causal modeling to estimate task-dependent effective connectivity at the subject level. Parametric empirical Bayes was performed to quantify group differences in effective connectivity.ResultsMDD patients showed decreased effective connectivity from the left amygdala and left lateral prefrontal cortex to the fusiform gyrus compared to relatives and controls, whereas patients and relatives showed decreased connectivity from the right orbitofrontal cortex to the left insula and from the left orbitofrontal cortex to the right fusiform gyrus compared to controls. Relatives showed increased connectivity from the anterior cingulate cortex to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to patients and controls.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the depressive state alters top-down control of higher visual regions during face processing. Alterations in connectivity within the cognitive control network present potential risk or resilience mechanisms.

At present, current diagnostic criteria and systems neglect affective symptom expression in catatonia. This potentially serious omission could explain why putative contributions of limbic system structures, such as amygdala, hippocampus or hypothalamus, to catatonia in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have been scarcely investigated so far. To determine whether topographical alterations of the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus contribute to catatonia in SSD patients, we conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of SSD patients with (SSD-Cat, n = 30) and without (SSD-nonCat, n = 28) catatonia as defined by a Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS) total score of ≥3 and =0, respectively, in comparison with healthy controls (n = 20). FreeSurfer v7.2 was used for automated segmentation of the amygdala and its 9 nuclei, hippocampus and its 21 subfields and hypothalamus and its associated 5 subunits. SSD-Cat had significantly smaller anterior inferior hypothalamus, cortical nucleus of amygdala, and hippocampal fimbria volumes when compared to SSD-nonCat. SSD-Cat had significantly smaller amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus whole and subunit volumes when compared to healthy controls. In SSD-Cat according to DSM-IV-TR (n = 44), we identified positive correlations between Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) item #2 (reflecting anxiety) and respective amygdala nuclei as well as negative correlation between NCRS behavioral score and hippocampus subiculum head. The lower volumes of respective limbic structures involved in affect regulation may point towards central affective pathomechanisms in catatonia.

Longitudinal cohort studies with early start and life span perspectives are increasingly recognized as being crucial to uncover developmental trajectories as well as risk and resilience factors of psychiatric disorders.The importance of longitudinal studies is presented and the main findings of the Mannheim study of children at risk (MARS), the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD), the pediatric and adolescent health survey (Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey, KiGGS) and the AIMS longitudinal European autism project (LEAP) cohort studies are described.A literature search was carried out in MEDLINE.The MARS followed participants with psychosocial and organic risks over more than 30 years starting from birth and showed the importance of early risk factors (prenatal period up to early childhood) for neuropsychosocial development. The ABCD cohort study (start 9-10 years old) underlined the developmental significance of early socioemotional and prenatal risks as well as toxin exposure. The KiGGS cohort followed children and adolescents from age 0-17 years up to the ages of 10-28 years. Main findings underline the importance of the socioeconomic status and gender-specific effects with respect to sensitive periods for the onset and trajectories of psychiatric disorders. The AIMS cohort followed patients with and without autism spectrum disorders aged between 6 and 30 years and first results revealed small effects regarding group differences. Further, cohort studies starting prenatally along with deep phenotyping are warranted to uncover the complex etiology of mental disorders.Existing cohort studies on early mental development have shown specific focal points. To identify general and specific risk and resilience factors for psychiatric disorders and to model trajectories, there is a need for multimodal integration of data sets.HINTERGRUND: Kohortenstudien mit frühem Beginn und Lebensspannenperspektive sind essenziell, um die Verläufe psychiatrischer Erkrankungen sowie deren Risiko- und Resilienzfaktoren zu beleuchten.Die Bedeutung von Längsschnittstudien wird dargestellt und exemplarisch die Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie (MARS), die ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development), KiGGS (Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey) und AIMS LEAP (Longitudinal European Autism Project) -Kohortenstudien beschrieben.Es erfolgte eine Literatursuche in MEDLINE.Die MARS begleitet Teilnehmer mit psychosozialen und organischen Risiken seit über 30 Jahren von der Geburt an und hat gezeigt, dass Risiken vor und kurz nach Geburt bis in die frühe Kindheit besonders wichtig für die neurobiologische und psychische Entwicklung sind. Die ABCD-Kohortenstudie (Beginn 9–10 Jahre) unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit früher sozioemotionaler, pränataler Risiken sowie Toxinexposition für die Entwicklung. Die KiGGS-Kohortenstudie, die Kinder und Jugendliche von 0 bis 17 Jahren bis zum Alter von 10 bis 28 Jahre verfolgte, hebt die Bedeutung des sozioökonomischen Status sowie auch geschlechtsspezifischer Effekte hinsichtlich sensitiver Perioden für das Auftreten psychischer Auffälligkeiten sowie deren Verlauf hervor. Die AIMS-Kohortenstudie begleitet Menschen mit und ohne Autismusspektrumstörungen im Alter von 6 bis 30 Jahren, wobei erste Befunde auf Gruppenebene kleine Effekte zeigen.Existierende Kohortenstudien zur frühen psychischen Entwicklung weisen spezifische Schwerpunkte auf. Um allgemeine und spezifische Risiko- und Resilienzfaktoren zu identifizieren und trajektorielle Verläufe zu modellieren, können bestehende multimodale Datensätze integriert werden. Weitere epidemiologische und klinische Kohortenstudien mit Beginn in der Pränatalzeit sowie multidimensionale Untersuchungsstrategien (deep phenotyping) sind erforderlich, um die komplexe Ätiopathogenese psychischer Störungen weiter zu entschlüsseln.

Physical activity is beneficial for human physical health and well-being. Accordingly, the association between physical activity and mood in everyday life has been a subject of several Ambulatory Assessment studies. This mechanism has been studied in children, adults, and the elderly, but neglected in adolescents. It is critical to examine this mechanism in adolescents because adolescence plays a key role in human development and adolescents’ physical activity behavior translates into their behavior in adulthood. We investigated adolescents’ mood in relation to distinct physical activities: incidental activity such as climbing stairs; exercise activity, such as skating; and sports, such as playing soccer. We equipped 134 adolescents aged 12-17 years with accelerometers and GPS-triggered electronic diaries to use in their everyday life. Adolescents reported on mood repeatedly in real time across 7 days, and these data were analyzed using multilevel-modeling. After incidental activity, adolescents felt better and more energized. After exercise, adolescents felt better but less calm. After sports, adolescents felt less energized. Analyses of the time course of the effects confirmed our findings. Physical activity influences mood in adolescents’ everyday life, but has distinct effects depending on the kind of physical activity. Our results suggest incidental and exercise activities entail higher post-bout valence compared to sports in competitive settings. These findings may serve as an important empirical basis for the targeted application of distinct physical activities to foster well-being in adolescence.

Catatonia is characterized by motor, affective and behavioral abnormalities. To date, the specific role of white matter (WM) abnormalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) patients with catatonia is largely unknown. In this study, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data were collected from 111 right-handed SSD patients and 28 healthy controls. Catatonic symptoms were examined on the Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS). We used whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), tractometry (along tract statistics using TractSeg) and graph analytics (clustering coefficient—CCO, local betweenness centrality—BC) to provide a framework of specific WM microstructural abnormalities underlying catatonia in SSD. Following a categorical approach, post hoc analyses showed differences in fractional anisotrophy (FA) measured via tractometry in the corpus callosum, corticospinal tract and thalamo-premotor tract as well as increased CCO as derived by graph analytics of the right superior parietal cortex (SPC) and left caudate nucleus in catatonic patients (NCRS total score ≥ 3; n = 30) when compared to non-catatonic patients (NCRS total score = 0; n = 29). In catatonic patients according to DSM-IV-TR (n = 43), catatonic symptoms were associated with FA variations (tractometry) of the left corticospinal tract and CCO of the left orbitofrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area and putamen. This study supports the notion that structural reorganization of WM bundles connecting orbitofrontal/parietal, thalamic and striatal regions contribute to catatonia in SSD patients.

Rapid worldwide urbanization benefits humans in many aspects, but the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders is increased in urban populations. While the impact of city living and urban upbringing on mental health is well established, it remains elusive which of the multiple factors of urban living convey risk and resilience for mental disorders. For example, air pollutants, traffic noises and fragmented social networks are some of the highly interdependent and complex influences of city living suggested to be detrimental for mental health. In contrast, urban green spaces, social contacts and physical activity have been associated with increased well-being. Knowledge on underlying mechanisms of these associations is crucial for both city planning and healthcare as it informs on how to build environments and to intervene in a way that fosters mental health yet reduces psychiatric disorders. Thus, real-life studies in urban contexts have been launched making use of recent methodological advancements: Mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) to gather intensive longitudinal mental health data, stationary sensor output providing specific context information (e.g. on weather conditions and air pollution), combinations with traditional and modern neuroimaging techniques (e.g. functional near-infrared spectroscopy and portable magnetic-encephalogram caps) and modern virtual reality setups allowing for increasingly realistic and ecological valid simulation of complex urban environments. Here we review selected methodological developments, state-of-the-art approaches as well as technological frontiers and provide examples for their application, highlighting promising potential of these novel methods for tackling the urgent urbanicity societal issue of the 21st century with a view to improve urban contexts conducive to mental health.