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1. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.image

Published
2024
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2. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol : UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2024
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3. Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and interactions with Climate Change: 2022 Assessment Report

Author

Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, and Young, Antony R

Abstract

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was established 35 years ago following the 1985 Vienna Convention for protection of the environment and human health against excessive amounts of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface due to a reduced UV-B-absorbing ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, ratified globally by all 198 Parties (countries), controls ca 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These substances have been used in many applications, such as in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol propellants, fumigants against pests, fire extinguishers, and foam materials. The Montreal Protocol has phased out nearly 99% of ODS, including ODS with high global warming potentials such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), thus serving a dual purpose. However, some of the replacements for ODS also have high global warming potentials, for example, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Several of these replacements have been added to the substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment. As of December 2022, 145 countries have signed the Kigali Amendment, exemplifying key additional outcomes of the Montreal Protocol, namely, that of also curbing climate warming and stimulating innovations to increase energy efficiency of cooling equipment used industrially as well as domestically. As the concentrations of ODS decline in the upper atmosphere, the stratospheric ozone layer is projected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century, assuming full compliance with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol. However, in the coming decades, the ozone layer will be increasingly influenced by emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuing global warming. These trends are highly likely to modify the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface with implications for the effects on ecosystems and human health. Against this background, four Panels of expert

Published
2023

4. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Questions and Answers about the Effects of Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate on Humans and the Environment. Supplement of the 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A

Abstract

This collection of Questions & Answers (Q&As) was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the umbrella of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The document complements EEAP’s Quadrennial Assessment 2022 (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap) and provides interesting and useful information for policymakers, the general public, teachers, and scientists, written in an easy-to-understand language.

Published
2023

5. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol. 2023 Assessment Update of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2023

6. Programa del Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (UNEP), Preguntas y Respuestas acerca de los Efectos de la Disminución del Ozono, la Radiación Ultravioleta y el Clima en los humanos y el Medio Ambiente. Suplemento del Reporte de Evaluación 2022 del Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas

Author

Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A

Abstract

Esta colección de preguntas y respuestas fue preparada por el Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente (EEAP por sus siglas en inglés) del Protocolo de Montreal bajo el amparo del Programa para el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (PNUM). Este documento es un complemento de la Evaluación Cuatrienal 2022 realizada por el EEAP (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap), y provee de información interesante y útil para redactores de políticas públicas, maestros y científicos. Este P&Rs está escrito en un lenguaje de fácil comprensión para el público en general.

Published
2023

7. Real-time UV index retrieval in Europe using Earth observation-based techniques: system description and quality assessment

Author

Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis G. Kazadzis, Stelios Schmalwieser, Alois W. Raptis, I, Panagiotis Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula and Fountoulakis, Ilias Masoom, Akriti Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Bilbao, Julia Blumthaler, Mario Kreuter, Axel Siani, Anna Maria Eleftheratos, Kostas Topaloglou, Chrysanthi Groebner, Julian Johnsen, Bjorn Svendby, Tove M. Vilaplana, Jose Manuel Doppler, Lionel Webb, Ann R. Khazova, Marina De Backer, Hugo Heikkila, Anu Lakkala, Kaisa Jaroslawski, Janusz Meleti, Charikleia Diemoz, Henri Huelsen, Gregor and Klotz, Barbara Rimmer, John Kontoes, Charalampos

Abstract

This study introduces an Earth observation (EO)-based system which is capable of operationally estimating and continuously monitoring the ultraviolet index (UVI) in Europe. UVIOS (i.e., UV-Index Operating System) exploits a synergy of radiative transfer models with high-performance computing and EO data from satellites (Meteosat Second Generation and Meteorological Operational Satellite-B) and retrieval processes (Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and the Global Land Service). It provides a near-real-time nowcasting and short-term forecasting service for UV radiation over Europe. The main atmospheric inputs for the UVI simulations include ozone, clouds and aerosols, while the impacts of ground elevation and surface albedo are also taken into account. The UVIOS output is the UVI at high spatial and temporal resolution (5 km and 15 min, respectively) for Europe (i.e., 1.5 million pixels) in real time. The UVI is empirically related to biologically important UV dose rates, and the reliability of this EO-based solution was verified against ground-based measurements from 17 stations across Europe. Stations are equipped with spectral, broadband or multi-filter instruments and cover a range of topographic and atmospheric conditions. A period of over 1 year of forecasted 15 min retrievals under all-sky conditions was compared with the ground-based measurements. UVIOS forecasts were within +/- 0.5 of the measured UVI for at least 70 % of the data compared at all stations. For clear-sky conditions the agreement was better than 0.5 UVI for 80 % of the data. A sensitivity analysis of EO inputs and UVIOS outputs was performed in order to quantify the level of uncertainty in the derived products and to identify the covariance between the accuracy of the output and the spatial and temporal resolution and the quality of the inputs. Overall, UVIOS slightly overestimated the UVI due to observational uncertainties in inputs of cloud and aerosol. This service will hopefully contribute to EO capabilities and will assist the provision of operational early warning systems that will help raise awareness among European Union citizens of the health implications of high UVI doses.

Published
2021

8. The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment

Author

Barnes, Paul W., Bornman, Janet F., Pandey, Krishna K., Bernhard, Germar H., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Neale, Rachel E., Robson, Thomas Matthew, Neale, Patrick J., Williamson, Craig E., Zepp, Richard G., Madronich, Sasha, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., Heikkila, Anu M., Robinson, Sharon A., Canopy Spectral Ecology and Ecophysiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Biosciences, and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme

Subjects
stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, climate change, UV-B, Montreal Protocol, ecosystems, human health, sustainability, 1172 Environmental sciences
Abstract

The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments have been highly effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer, preventing global increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface, and reducing global warming. While ongoing and projected changes in UV-B radiation and climate still pose a threat to human health, food security, air and water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and construction materials and fabrics, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a critical role in protecting Earth's inhabitants and ecosystems by addressing many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Non

Published
2021

9. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

Author

Bernhard, Germar H, Neale, Rachel E, Barnes, Paul W, Neale, Patrick, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Young, Paul J, Liley, J B, Lucas, Robyn M, Yazar, S, Rhodes, Lesley E, Byrne, Scott N, Hollestein, L M, Olsen, C M, Young, Antony R, Robson, T Matthew, Bornman, Janet F, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Williamson, Craig E, Rose, Kevin C, Banaszak, A T, Hader, Donat -P, Hylander, Samuel, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Austin, Amy T, Hou, W.-C, Paul, Nigel D, Madronich, Sasha, Sulzberger, Barbara, Solomon, Keith R, Li, H, Schikowski, Tamara, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Heikkila, Anu, White, C C, Bernhard, Germar H, Neale, Rachel E, Barnes, Paul W, Neale, Patrick, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Young, Paul J, Liley, J B, Lucas, Robyn M, Yazar, S, Rhodes, Lesley E, Byrne, Scott N, Hollestein, L M, Olsen, C M, Young, Antony R, Robson, T Matthew, Bornman, Janet F, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Williamson, Craig E, Rose, Kevin C, Banaszak, A T, Hader, Donat -P, Hylander, Samuel, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Austin, Amy T, Hou, W.-C, Paul, Nigel D, Madronich, Sasha, Sulzberger, Barbara, Solomon, Keith R, Li, H, Schikowski, Tamara, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Heikkila, Anu, and White, C C

Abstract

This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595–828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.

Published
2020

10. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn M., Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., McKenzie, Richard L., Neale, Patrick J., Austin, Amy T., Bernhard, Germar H., Solomon, Keith R., Neale, Rachel E., Young, Paul J., Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E., Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C., Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J., Ballare, Carlos L., Cory, Rose M., Flint, Stephan D., de Gruijl, Frank R., Haeder, Donat-P, Heikkila, Anu M., Jansen, Marcel A. K., Pandey, Krishna K., Robson, T. Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A., Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert C., Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Canopy Spectral Ecology and Ecophysiology, and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme

Subjects
LITTER DECOMPOSITION, SOLAR-RADIATION, SKIN-CANCER, IMPACT, SOUTHERN ANNULAR MODE, UV-RADIATION, sense organs, EXPOSURE, MONTREAL PROTOCOL, skin and connective tissue diseases, B RADIATION, 1172 Environmental sciences, RESPONSES
Abstract

Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth's surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.

Published
2019

11. Environmental Effects and Interactions of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate Change. 2018 Assessment Report

Author

Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, Robinson, Sharon A, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, L E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansene, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, C A, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, Robinson, Sharon A, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, L E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansene, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, C A, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G

Abstract

Executive Summary: Thirty-four years ago, an unprecedented thinning of stratospheric ozone was reported over Antarctica.The risk of a consequent increase in exposure to solar UV-B radiation (UV-B; wavelengths 280-315 nm) raised concerns about potentially disastrous effects on human health and the Earth's environment. In response, the international community mobilised and worked together to understand the causes and find a solution to this dramatic change in the Earth's atmosphere. In 1985, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed, which provided the framework for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, signed in 1987. In these international agreements, the United Nations recognised the fundamental importance of stopping and reversing ozone depletion and preventing its damaging effects. The Montreal Protocol, with its subsequent Amendments and Adjustments, was negotiated to control the consumption and production of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol base their decisions on scientific, environmental, technical, and economic information provided by three Assessment Panels ...

Published
2019

12. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Robinson, Sharon A, Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Robinson, Sharon A, Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G

Abstract

Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth's surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.

Published
2019

13. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Author

Bais, Alkiviadis F, Lucas, Robyn M, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy T, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Rachel E, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, de Gruijl, Frank R, Norval, Mary, Takizawa, Yukio, Barnes, Paul W, Robson, T, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Flint, S D, Neale, Patrick, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Hader, Donat -P, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Paul, Nigel D, Cory, Rose M, Solomon, Keith R, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Torikai, Ayako, Heikkila, Anu, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Lucas, Robyn M, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy T, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Rachel E, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, de Gruijl, Frank R, Norval, Mary, Takizawa, Yukio, Barnes, Paul W, Robson, T, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Flint, S D, Neale, Patrick, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Hader, Donat -P, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Paul, Nigel D, Cory, Rose M, Solomon, Keith R, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Torikai, Ayako, and Heikkila, Anu

Abstract

The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107-145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.

Published
2018

14. Detecting volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes in the Northern Hemisphere using the Brewer spectrophotometers, other networks, and satellite observations

Author

Zerefos, Christos S., Eleftheratos, Kostas, Kapsomenakis, John, Solomos, Stavros, Inness, Antje, Balis, Dimitris, Redondas, Alberto, Eskes, Henk, Allaart, Marc, Amiridis, Vassilis, Dahlback, Arne, De Bock, Veerle, Diemoz, Henri, Engelmann, Ronny, Eriksen, Paul, Fioletov, Vitali, Grobner, Julian, Heikkila, Anu, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Jaroslawski, Janusz, Josefsson, Weine, Karppinen, Tomi, Koehler, Ulf, Meleti, Charoula, Repapis, Christos, Rimmer, John, Savinykh, Vladimir, Shirotov, Vadim, Siani, Anna Maria, Smedley, Andrew R. D., Stanek, Martin, Stubi, Rene, Zerefos, Christos S., Eleftheratos, Kostas, Kapsomenakis, John, Solomos, Stavros, Inness, Antje, Balis, Dimitris, Redondas, Alberto, Eskes, Henk, Allaart, Marc, Amiridis, Vassilis, Dahlback, Arne, De Bock, Veerle, Diemoz, Henri, Engelmann, Ronny, Eriksen, Paul, Fioletov, Vitali, Grobner, Julian, Heikkila, Anu, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Jaroslawski, Janusz, Josefsson, Weine, Karppinen, Tomi, Koehler, Ulf, Meleti, Charoula, Repapis, Christos, Rimmer, John, Savinykh, Vladimir, Shirotov, Vadim, Siani, Anna Maria, Smedley, Andrew R. D., Stanek, Martin, and Stubi, Rene

Published
2017
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15. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2016

Author

Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Congdon, Nathan, Cory, Rose M, Flint, S D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Congdon, Nathan, Cory, Rose M, Flint, S D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G

Abstract

The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.

Published
2017

16. Temperature dependence of the Brewer global UV measurements

Author

Fountoulakis, Ilias, primary, Redondas, Alberto, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Berjon, Alberto, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Doppler, Lionel, additional, Feister, Uwe, additional, Heikkila, Anu, additional, Karppinen, Tomi, additional, Karhu, Juha M., additional, Koskela, Tapani, additional, Garane, Katerina, additional, Fragkos, Konstantinos, additional, and Savastiouk, Volodya, additional

Published
2017
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17. Supplementary material to "Temperature dependence of the Brewer global UV measurements"

Author

Fountoulakis, Ilias, primary, Redondas, Alberto, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Berjon, Alberto, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Doppler, Lionel, additional, Feister, Uwe, additional, Heikkila, Anu, additional, Karppinen, Tomi, additional, Karhu, Juha M., additional, Koskela, Tapani, additional, Garane, Katerina, additional, Fragkos, Konstantinos, additional, and Savastiouk, Volodya, additional

Published
2017
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18. Soot-doped natural snow and its albedo - results from field experiments

Author

University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Svensson, Jonas, Virkkula, Aki, Meinander, Outi, Kivekäs, Niku, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Järvinen, Onni, Peltoniemi, Jouni I., Gritsevich, Maria, Heikkila, Anu, Kontu, Anna, Neitola, Kimmo, Brus, David, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Anttila, Kati, Vehkamäki, Marko, Hienola, Anca, De Leeuw, Gerrit, Lihavainen, Heikki, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Svensson, Jonas, Virkkula, Aki, Meinander, Outi, Kivekäs, Niku, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Järvinen, Onni, Peltoniemi, Jouni I., Gritsevich, Maria, Heikkila, Anu, Kontu, Anna, Neitola, Kimmo, Brus, David, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Anttila, Kati, Vehkamäki, Marko, Hienola, Anca, De Leeuw, Gerrit, and Lihavainen, Heikki

Abstract

Soot has a pronounced effect on the cryosphere and experiments are still needed to reduce the associated uncertainties. This work presents a series of experiments to address this issue, with soot being deposited onto a natural snow surface after which the albedo changes were monitored. The albedo reduction was the most pronounced for the snow with higher soot content, and it was observed immediately following soot deposition. Compared with a previous laboratory study the effects of soot on the snow were not as prominent in outdoor conditions. During snowmelt, about 50% of the originally deposited soot particles were observed to remain at the snow surface. More detailed experiments are however needed to better explain soot's effect on snow and to better quantify this effect. Our albedo versus soot parameterization agreed relatively well with previously published relationships.

Published
2016

19. State of the Climate in 2012

Author

Blunden, Jessica, Arndt, Derek S., Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Stephen A., Albanil, Adelina, Alexander, P., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Aravequia, Jose A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, Juan, Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David E., Beard, Grant, Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathan, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Booneeady, Raj, Bosilovich, Michael, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka, Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Chang A, L., Chappell, Petra, Chehade, Wissam, Cheliah, Muthuvel, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Ciais, Phillipe, Coelho, Caio A. S., Cogley, J. G., Colwell, Steve, Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Dacic, Milan, Jeu, Richard A. M., Dekaa, Francis S., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Dong Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude R., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ehmann, Christian, Elkins, James W., Euscategui, Christian, Famiglietti, James S., Fang Fan, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris K., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Geai, M. -L, Gerland, S., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Charles Chip, Gupta, Shashi K., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Harada, Yayoi, Hauri, C., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Richard R., Heimbach, Patrick, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hovsepyan, Anahit, Hu Zeng-Zhen, Hughes, P., Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Inness, Antje, Jaimes, Ena, Jakobsson, Martin, James, Adamu I., Jeffries, Martin O., Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Luke T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kamga, Andre, Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Key, J., Khatiwala, Samar, Pour, H. Kheyrollah, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kijazi, Agnes, Kikuchi, T., Kim, B. -M, Kim, S. -J, Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, T., Kousky, Vernon E., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Laurila, T., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, Craig, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, L Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan, Lin, I-I, Liu, Y. Y., Liu, Y., Liu Hongxing, Liu Yanju, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Luhunga, P., Lumpkin, Rick, Luo Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Malekela, C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccarthy, Gerard, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchard, Edward, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muehle, Jens, Muehr, Bernhard, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, Rolf, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ng Ongolo, H., Nieto, Juan Jose, Nishino, S., Nitsche, Helga, Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban A., Oludhe, Christopher S., Omar, Mohamed I., Overland, James, Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, Geun-Ha, Park, E-Hyung, David Berry, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga, Peng, L., Perovich, Don K., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pickart, R., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quegan, Shaun, Quintana, Juan, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Raholijao, Nirivololona, Raiva, I., Rajeevan, Madhavan, Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina, Ramos, Alexandre, Ranivoarissoa, Sahondra, Rayner, Nick A., Rayner, Darren, Razuveav, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James, Revedekar, Jayashree, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rivera, Ingrid L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Sabine, Christopher L., Salvador, Mozar A., Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, I., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schlosser, P., Schmid, Claudia, Schreck, Carl, Semiletov, Igor, Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Severinghaus, Jeffrey, Shakhova, Natalia, Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Siegel, David A., Silva, Viviane B. S., Silva, Frabricio D. S., Sima, Fatou, Simeonov, Petio, Simmonds, I., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smeed, David A., Smethie, W. M., Smith, Adam B., Smith, Cathy, Smith, Sharon L., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, V., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, M., Steffen, Konrad, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia, Su, J., Svendby, T., Sweet, William, Takahashi, Taro, Tanabe, Raymond M., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, Marco, Teng, William L., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thoman, R., Thompson, Philip, Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. -L, Tobin, Skie, Toole, J., Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Trotman, Adrian, Tschudi, M., Wal, Roderik S. W., Werf, Guido R., Vautard, Robert, Vazquez, J. L., Vieira, Goncalo, Vincent, Lucie, Vose, Russ S., Wagner, Wolfgang W., Wahr, John, Walsh, J., Wang Junhong, Wang Chunzai, Wang, M., Wang Sheng-Hung, Wang Lei, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Weber, Mark, Werdell, P. Jeremy, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, J. D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, R., Worthy, D., Wouters, B., Wovrosh, Alex J., Xue Yan, Yamada, Ryuji, Yin Zungang, Yu Lisan, Zhang Liangying, Zhang Peiqun, Zhao Lin, Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Ziemke, Jerry, Zimmermann, S., ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 13. Climate action, Photosynthetically active radiation, Climate, Dynamics (mechanics), Data_FILES, Environmental science, Fraction (chemistry), 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Remote sensing
Abstract

For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near-or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7 N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 +/- 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.

Published
2013
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20. State of the Climate in 2012 INTRODUCTION

Author

Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Stephen A., Albanil, Adelina, Alexander, P., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Aravequia, Jose A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, Juan, Arndt, Derek S., Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David E., Beard, Grant, Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathan, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Booneeady, Raj, Bosilovich, Michael, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka, Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Chang A, L., Chappell, Petra, Chehade, Wissam, Cheliah, Muthuvel, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Ciais, Phillipe, Coelho, Caio A. S., Cogley, J. G., Colwell, Steve, Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Dacic, Milan, Jeu, Richard A. M., Dekaa, Francis S., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Dong Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude R., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ehmann, Christian, Elkins, James W., Euscategui, Christian, Famiglietti, James S., Fang Fan, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris K., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Geai, M. -L, Gerland, S., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Charles Chip, Gupta, Shashi K., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Harada, Yayoi, Hauri, C., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Richard R., Heimbach, Patrick, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hovsepyan, Anahit, Hu Zeng-Zhen, Hughes, P., Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Inness, Antje, Jaimes, Ena, Jakobsson, Martin, James, Adamu I., Jeffries, Martin O., Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Luke T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kamga, Andre, Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Key, J., Khatiwala, Samar, Pour, H. Kheyrollah, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kijazi, Agnes, Kikuchi, T., Kim, B. -M, Kim, S. -J, Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, T., Kousky, Vernon E., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Laurila, T., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, Craig, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, L Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan, Lin, I-I, Liu, Y. Y., Liu, Y., Liu Hongxing, Liu Yanju, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Luhunga, P., Lumpkin, Rick, Luo Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Malekela, C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccarthy, Gerard, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchard, Edward, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muehle, Jens, Muehr, Bernhard, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, Rolf, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ng Ongolo, H., Nieto, Juan Jose, Nishino, S., Nitsche, Helga, Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban A., Oludhe, Christopher S., Omar, Mohamed I., Overland, James, Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, Geun-Ha, Park, E-Hyung, Parker, David, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga, Peng, L., Perovich, Don K., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pickart, R., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quegan, Shaun, Quintana, Juan, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Raholijao, Nirivololona, Raiva, I., Rajeevan, Madhavan, Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina, Ramos, Alexandre, Ranivoarissoa, Sahondra, Rayner, Nick A., Rayner, Darren, Razuveav, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James, Revedekar, Jayashree, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rivera, Ingrid L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Karen Rosenlof, Sabine, Christopher L., Salvador, Mozar A., Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, I., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schlosser, P., Schmid, Claudia, Schreck, Carl, Semiletov, Igor, Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Severinghaus, Jeffrey, Shakhova, Natalia, Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Siegel, David A., Silva, Viviane B. S., Silva, Frabricio D. S., Sima, Fatou, Simeonov, Petio, Simmonds, I., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smeed, David A., Smethie, W. M., Smith, Adam B., Smith, Cathy, Smith, Sharon L., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, V., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, M., Steffen, Konrad, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia, Su, J., Svendby, T., Sweet, William, Takahashi, Taro, Tanabe, Raymond M., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, Marco, Teng, William L., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thoman, R., Thompson, Philip, Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. -L, Tobin, Skie, Toole, J., Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Trotman, Adrian, Tschudi, M., Wal, Roderik S. W., Werf, Guido R., Vautard, Robert, Vazquez, J. L., Vieira, Goncalo, Vincent, Lucie, Vose, Russ S., Wagner, Wolfgang W., Wahr, John, Walsh, J., Wang Junhong, Wang Chunzai, Wang, M., Wang Sheng-Hung, Wang Lei, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Weber, Mark, Werdell, P. Jeremy, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, J. D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, R., Worthy, D., Wouters, B., Wovrosh, Alex J., Xue Yan, Yamada, Ryuji, Yin Zungang, Yu Lisan, Zhang Liangying, Zhang Peiqun, Zhao Lin, Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Ziemke, Jerry, and Zimmermann, S.

21. State of the climate in 2011:Special supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, Farid H., Albanil-Encarnacion, Adelina, Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, Rob, Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Antoine, M. D., Antonov, John, Arevalo, Juan, Arndt, Derek S., Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Baccini, Alessandro, Baez, Julian, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Bieniek, P., Birkett, Charon, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Boudet-Rouco, Dagne, Box, Jason E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brackenridge, G. Robert, Brohan, Philip, Bromwich, David H., Brown, Laura, Brown, R., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Cappellen, John, Carmack, E., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John, Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, Caio A. S., Colwell, Steve, Comiso, J., Cretaux, Jean-Francois, Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Jeu, Richard A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude, Dutton, Ellsworth, Dutton, Geoff S., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, James S., Fanton D Andon, Odile Hembise, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, Erik, Fioletov, Vitali, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Karen, Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez-Garcia, Idelmis, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Nivaldo, Good, Simon A., Goryl, Philippe, Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gouveia, C. M., Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina M., Grigoryan, Valentina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Chip, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Jr, Hennon, Paula A., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hook, Simon J., Hovsepyan, Anahit, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Hugony, Sebastien, Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, Ena, Jeffries, Martin, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John J., Kervankiran, Sefer, Khatiwala, Samar, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, Todd B., King, Darren, Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, Tapani, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lammers, Richard B., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lapinel-Pedroso, Braulio, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leduc, Sharon, Lefale, Penehuro, Leon, Gloria, Leon-Lee, Antonia, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Syndney, L Heureux, Michelle, Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yanju, Liu, Yi, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Lumpkin, Rick, Myhre, Cathrine Lund, Luo, Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Maccallum, Stuart, Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo A, Jose, Maritorena, Stephane, Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Sanchez, Odayls, Maslanik, J., Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mcclain, Charles R., Mcgrath, Daniel, Mcgree, Simon, Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merchant, Chris, Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Laury, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Moore, Sue, Mora, Natalie P., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muhle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Muller, Rolf, Myhre, Cathrine, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ngari, Arona, Nishino, S., Njau, Lenoard N., Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban, and Oludhe, Christopher

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