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The traditional business model of academic publishers is in peril. Besides the consequences of digitization, publishers have to cope with new habits of media reception, a multitude of new substitutes, legal uncertainties, and the threat from open access. German publishers are reacting in very different ways to the challenges of the market for scholarly literature. While some smaller independent publishers are still concentrating on print titles and barely offer any electronic products, others rely on a modern digital strategy, intensive internationalization, and a large portfolio of e-products including open access formats. Focusing on the humanities, this essay analyses the current situation of German academic publishers and asks how they can succeed in the future when proven business models are no longer accepted by new market players.

In Zeiten geandertem Kundenverhalten, stetig wachsenden regulatorischen Anforderungen und sinkenden Margen stehen Banken heute mehr denn je vor grosen Herausforderungen. Es ist unbestritten, dass nachhaltige Bank-Vertriebserfolge in besonderem Mase von der Fahigkeit einer Bank abhangig sind, die Kompetenzen ihrer Mitarbeiter optimal einzusetzen und im Hinblick auf zukunftige Entwicklungen weiter auszubauen. Motivierte Mitarbeiter, welche ihre Kompetenzen in die Bank einbringen, sind wertvolle Ressourcen zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung langfristiger Ziele. Gerade in kompetitiv hart umkampften Markten mit hohem Wettbewerbsdruck – wie der Banklandschaft – stellen die Mitarbeiter den wesentlichen Erfolgsfaktor dar. Die Mitarbeiterkompetenzen sind jedoch haufig nicht umfassend bekannt. Dies kann dazu fuhren, dass die bereits vorhandenen Kompetenzen nicht optimal genutzt werden und demzufolge nicht systematisch weiterentwickelt werden konnen.

The TCNX ligands TCNE (tetracyanoethene) and TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane) react instantaneously with (C5R5)2(CO)2Ti, R=H or Me, to yield highly air-sensitive mononuclear complexes (C5R5)2(CO)Ti(TCNX) of which the soluble species (R=Me) were characterized also in the oxidized and reduced forms through cyclic voltammetry, EPR, IR and UV–vis spectroelectrochemistry. While oxidation at rather low potentials yields labile carbonyltitanium(IV) species of the TCNX− ligands, the reduction occurs stepwise at unusually negative potentials, first on the ligand (to yield coordinated TCNX2−) and then on the metal (to form TiII). For the neutral complexes (C5R5)2(CO)Ti2+q(TCNX−q) the results support a rather large amount of charge transfer 1

The title complexes were obtained as blue solids from the reaction of TCNX ligands with four equiv. of [(CH 3 CN)Cu(Me 3 TACN)](BF 4 ). The poorly soluble (TCNB) or insoluble compounds (TCNE, TCNQ) exhibit nitrile stretching frequencies compatible with only a moderate metal-to-TCNX electron transfer. This observation stands in contrast to results obtained for previously reported tetranuclear species from the reaction of TCNX ligands with complex fragments containing d 6 -configurated metal centers (Mn I , Ru II , Os II ). The TCNB complex was characterized in solution by cyclic voltammetry, 1 H NMR, IR and UV–Vis spectroelectrochemistry and by EPR of the one-electron reduced form.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies using ultrasound CT or clinical amplitude/velocity reconstruction imaging ultrasound may indicate that cancers differ from normal breast tissue by increased sound velocity. However, only limited experience with direct measurements of sound velocity exists. This study aimed to investigate sound velocity measured directly in a variety of breast specimens. METHODS Sound velocity was measured directly by forceps in fresh breast specimens chosen to contain one type of tissue only. Eighty specimens (31 cancers, 18 benign changes of glandular/fibrous tissue, 22 fatty tissues, 5 fibroadenomas, 2 compound tissues, 1 phylloides tumor, and 1 inflammation) were analyzed. RESULTS Ultrasound velocities in carcinoma, benign changes, fibroadenoma, inflammation, and the phylloides tumor were very similar, with almost complete overlap. In contrary, the ultrasound velocity of fatty tissue was significantly lower. Compound tissues containing fat had an intermediate sound velocity. CONCLUSIONS Sound velocity may add complementary information to echogenicity (B-scan). Because fat lobules exhibit low ultrasound velocity and carcinomas do not, a locally exact combination of ultrasound velocity information and reflexivity information should allow improved breast cancer detection by ultrasound.

The complexes (OC)3ClRe(abpy) (1) and [(OC)3ClRe]2(abpy) (2) with abpy=2,2′-azobispyridine were structurally characterized and studied by spectroelectrochemistry in the UV–vis and in the IR carbonyl stretching region. Compound 1 exhibits a s-cis/E/s-trans configurated abpy ligand with metal coordination to one pyridyl and one azo function and one non-bonding ReN interaction at 3.293 A to the second pyridyl nitrogen atom. The dinuclear complex 2 with two azoimine-coordinated metal centers is distinguished by the trans arrangement of the chloride ligands with respect to the Re2(μ-abpy) plane, the ReRe distance is 5.033(7) A. The azo bond lengths at 1.272(9) (1) and 1.304(10) A (2) indicate substantial π back donation from the rhenium(I) centers into the π*(abpy) orbital. Spectroelectrochemistry reveals the successive occupation of the π*(abpy) orbital by electrons; metal-to-ligand charge transfer features are shifted to higher energies and carbonyl stretching bands to lower wavenumbers. The EPR spectra of both radical anion intermediates 1 − and 2 − are dominated by very similar 185,187Re hyperfine splitting, ruling out a mixed-valent formulation. The second electron uptake is followed by the rapid loss of one chloride, leading to an unsymmetrical species in the dinuclear system.

Innocent behavior of a typical non-innocent ligand has been observed for the first structurally characterized discrete metal complex with tetranucleating TCNQ. The coordination of four [Re(CO)3 (bpy)]+ units (see picture: C: black, N: green, O: blue, Re: red) facilitates the reduction of the already excellent π-acceptor molecule TCNQ by a further 0.74 V! TCNQ=7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, bpy=2,2'-bipyridine.

The reactions of [fac-Re(CO)(3)(bpy)(MeOH)](PF(6)), bpy = 2.2'-bipyridine, with the TCNX ligands (TCNE = tetracyanoethene, TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, and TCNB = 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene) in CH(2)Cl(2) gave very different results. No reaction was observed with TCNB whereas TCNE produced very labile intermediates which converted under mild conditions to structurally characterized [(mu-CN)[fac-Re(CO)(3)(bpy)](2)](PF(6)) with an eclipsed conformation relative to the almost linear Re-CN-Re axis (Re-N(NC) 2.134(8) A, Re-C(CN) 2.098(8) A). With TCNQ, a stable tetranuclear complex [(mu(4)-TCNQ)[Re(CO)(3)(bpy)](4)](BF(4))(4) was obtained. Its structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic analysis indicates only negligible charge transfer from the rhenium(I) centers to the extremely strong pi acceptor TCNQ. Evidence includes a calculated charge of only -0.09 for coordinated TCNQ according to the empirical structure/charge correlation of Kistenmacher, a high-energy nitrile stretching band nu(CN) = 2235 cm(-1), and unprecedented large anodic shifts0.7 V of the reduction potentials. DFT calculations were used to confirm and explain the absence of electron delocalization from the electron-rich metals to the TCNQ acceptor bridge. Correspondingly, the X-band and high-frequency (285 GHz) EPR data (g = 2.007) as well as the IR and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical results (marginal nu(CO) shifts, TCNQ(*-) chromophore bands) support the almost exclusive confinement of the added electron in [(mu(4)-TCNQ)[Re(CO)(3)(bpy)](4)](3+) to the TCNQ bridge.

The dinuclear radical anion complexes [(mu-L)[Re(CO)(3)Cl](2)](*)(-), L = 2,2'-azobispyridine (abpy) and 2,2'-azobis(5-chloropyrimidine) (abcp), were investigated by EPR at 9.5, 94, 230, and 285 GHz (abpy complex) and at 9.5 and 285 GHz (abcp complex). Whereas the X-band measurements yielded only the isotropic metal hyperfine coupling of the (185,187)Re isotopes, the high-frequency EPR experiments in glassy frozen CH(2)Cl(2)/toluene solution revealed the g components. Both the a((185,187)Re) value and the g anisotropy, g(1) - g(3), are larger for the abcp complex, which contains the better pi-accepting bridging ligand. Confirmation for this comes also from IR and UV/vis spectroscopy of the new [(mu-abcp)[Re(CO)(3)Cl](2)](o/)(*)(-)(/2)(-) redox system. The g values are reproduced reasonably well by density functional calculations which confirm higher metal participation at the singly occupied MO and therefore larger contributions from the metal atoms to the g anisotropy in abcp systems compared to abpy complexes. Additional calculations for a series of systems [(mu-abcp)[M(CO)(3)X](2)](*)(-) (M = Tc or Re and X = Cl, and X = F, Cl, or Br with M = Re) provided further insight into the relationship between spin density distribution and g anisotropy.

The molecular rectangle [(bp)2(bpym)2(OC)12Re4]4+ (bp = 4,4‘-bipyridine and bpym = 2,2‘-bipyrimidine) undergoes several reversible reduction processes in DMF solution. UV/vis and IR spectroelectrochemistry shows that the two bpym ligands are reduced twice by one electron each before the bp components pick up additional electrons in one-electron steps at more negative potentials.