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1. Plant communities and their relations to habitat and microhabitat features along a management gradient in beech forests in Denmark

Author

Atrena, Anita, Banelytė, G. G., Bruun, H. H., Goldberg, I., Rahbek, C., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Atrena, Anita, Banelytė, G. G., Bruun, H. H., Goldberg, I., Rahbek, C., and Heilmann-Clausen, J.

Abstract

Aims: Many empirical studies have found neutral or positive effects of forestry on plant alpha diversity in temperate deciduous forests, reflecting a positive effect of soil and canopy disturbances caused by forestry operations. The level to which this positive response to artificial disturbances mimics processes in natural forest ecosystems is less clear; hence, the systemic effects of forest management on ground floral communities remain obscure. Location: Temperate Europe, Denmark. Methods: We studied communities of ground-dwelling bryophytes and vascular plants in 400 plots distributed across 40 beech stands across four classes of forest management intensity – long unmanaged, recently unmanaged, near-to-nature managed, and shelterwood managed – while recording the incidence of a diverse array of microhabitats related to hydrology, canopy closure and soil disturbance. Results: Microhabitat availability differed considerably among forest management classes as a response to management. Overall, forest management had a significant positive effect on the plot-level alpha diversity of both vascular plants and bryophytes. In contrast, beta diversity and total ecospace decreased with forest management intensity. Litter accumulation simultaneously decreased alpha diversity in both groups, while light availability, soil exposure and presence of wetlands respectively, were crucial for vascular plant and bryophyte richness. Forestry-created canopy gaps had a similar effect on alpha diversity as natural tree-fall gaps but supported a different set of species, mainly ubiquitous generalists. Conclusions: Even if plant alpha diversity was lower in unmanaged forest stands, this did not significantly affect gamma diversity across the sampled stands, suggesting that plant richness needs to be considered at a relevant scale when evaluating forest management impact on biodiversity. These scaling issues seem to reflect fundamental differences in disturbance dynamics in managed and un

Published
2024
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2. Where are we now with European forest multi-taxon biodiversity and where can we head to?

Author

Burrascano, S., Chianucci, F., Trentanovi, G., Kepfer-Rojas, S., Sitzia, T., Tinya, F., Doerfler, I., Paillet, Y., Nagel, T. A., Mitic, B., Morillas, L., Munzi, S., Van der Sluis, T., Alterio, E., Balducci, L., de Andrade, R. B., Bouget, C., Giordani, P., Lachat, T., Matosevic, D., Napoleone, F., Nascimbene, J., Paniccia, C., Roth, N., Aszalos, R., Brazaitis, G., Cutini, A., D'Andrea, E., De Smedt, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Janssen, P., Kozak, D., Marell, A., Mikolas, M., Norden, B., Matula, R., Schall, P., Svoboda, M., Ujhazyova, M., Vandekerkhove, K., Wohlwend, M., Xystrakis, F., Aleffi, M., Ammer, C., Archaux, F., Asbeck, T., Avtzis, D., Ayasse, M., Bagella, S., Balestrieri, R., Barbati, A., Basile, M., Bergamini, A., Bertini, G., Biscaccianti, A. B., Boch, S., Boloni, J., Bombi, P., Boscardin, Y., Brunialti, G., Bruun, H. H., Buscot, F., Byriel, D. B., Campagnaro, T., Campanaro, A., Chauvat, M., Ciach, M., Ciliak, M., Cistrone, L., Pereira, J. M. C., Daniel, R., De Cinti, B., De Filippo, G., Dekoninck, W., Di Salvatore, U., Dumas, Y., Elek, Z., Ferretti, F., Fotakis, D., Frank, T., Frey, J., Giancola, C., Gomoryova, E., Gosselin, M., Gosselin, F., Gossner, M. M., Gotmark, F., Haeler, E., Hansen, A. K., Hertzog, L., Hofmeister, J., Hosek, J., Johannsen, V. K., Justensen, M. J., Korboulewsky, N., Kovacs, B., Lakatos, F., Landivar, C. M., Lens, L., Lingua, E., Lombardi, F., Malis, F., Marchino, L., Marozas, V., Matteucci, G., Mattioli, W., Moller, P. F., Muller, J., Nemeth, C., Onodi, G., Parisi, F., Perot, T., Perret, S., Persiani, A. M., Portaccio, A., Posillico, M., Preiksa, Z., Rahbek, C., Rappa, N. J., Ravera, S., Romano, A., Samu, F., Scheidegger, C., Schmidt, I. K., Schwegmann, S., Sicuriello, F., Spinu, A. P., Spyroglou, G., Stillhard, J., Topalidou, E., Tottrup, A. P., Ujhazy, K., Veres, K., Verheyen, K., Weisser, W. W., Zapponi, L., and Odor, P.

Published
2023

3. Global patterns in endemicity and vulnerability of soil fungi

Author

Tedersoo, L, Mikryukov, V, Zizka, A, Bahram, M, Hagh-Doust, N, Anslan, S, Prylutskyi, O, Delgado-Baquerizo, M, Maestre, FT, Pärn, J, Öpik, M, Moora, M, Zobel, M, Espenberg, M, Mander, Ü, Khalid, AN, Corrales, A, Agan, A, Vasco-Palacios, AM, Saitta, A, Rinaldi, AC, Verbeken, A, Sulistyo, BP, Tamgnoue, B, Furneaux, B, Ritter, CD, Nyamukondiwa, C, Sharp, C, Marín, C, Gohar, D, Klavina, D, Sharmah, D, Dai, DQ, Nouhra, E, Biersma, EM, Rähn, E, Cameron, E, De Crop, E, Otsing, E, Davydov, EA, Albornoz, F, Brearley, FQ, Buegger, F, Zahn, G, Bonito, G, Hiiesalu, I, Barrio, IC, Heilmann-Clausen, J, Ankuda, J, Kupagme, JY, Maciá-Vicente, JG, Fovo, JD, Geml, J, Alatalo, JM, Alvarez-Manjarrez, J, Põldmaa, K, Runnel, K, Adamson, K, Bråthen, KA, Pritsch, K, Tchan, KI, Armolaitis, K, Hyde, KD, Newsham, K, Panksep, K, Lateef, AA, Tiirmann, L, Hansson, L, Lamit, LJ, Saba, M, Tuomi, M, Gryzenhout, M, Bauters, M, Piepenbring, M, Wijayawardene, N, Yorou, NS, Kurina, O, Mortimer, PE, Meidl, P, Kohout, P, Nilsson, RH, Puusepp, R, Drenkhan, R, Garibay-Orijel, R, Godoy, R, Alkahtani, S, Rahimlou, S, Dudov, SV, Põlme, S, Ghosh, S, Mundra, S, Ahmed, T, Netherway, T, Henkel, TW, Roslin, T, Nteziryayo, V, Fedosov, VE, Onipchenko, V, Yasanthika, WAE, Lim, YW, Tedersoo, L, Mikryukov, V, Zizka, A, Bahram, M, Hagh-Doust, N, Anslan, S, Prylutskyi, O, Delgado-Baquerizo, M, Maestre, FT, Pärn, J, Öpik, M, Moora, M, Zobel, M, Espenberg, M, Mander, Ü, Khalid, AN, Corrales, A, Agan, A, Vasco-Palacios, AM, Saitta, A, Rinaldi, AC, Verbeken, A, Sulistyo, BP, Tamgnoue, B, Furneaux, B, Ritter, CD, Nyamukondiwa, C, Sharp, C, Marín, C, Gohar, D, Klavina, D, Sharmah, D, Dai, DQ, Nouhra, E, Biersma, EM, Rähn, E, Cameron, E, De Crop, E, Otsing, E, Davydov, EA, Albornoz, F, Brearley, FQ, Buegger, F, Zahn, G, Bonito, G, Hiiesalu, I, Barrio, IC, Heilmann-Clausen, J, Ankuda, J, Kupagme, JY, Maciá-Vicente, JG, Fovo, JD, Geml, J, Alatalo, JM, Alvarez-Manjarrez, J, Põldmaa, K, Runnel, K, Adamson, K, Bråthen, KA, Pritsch, K, Tchan, KI, Armolaitis, K, Hyde, KD, Newsham, K, Panksep, K, Lateef, AA, Tiirmann, L, Hansson, L, Lamit, LJ, Saba, M, Tuomi, M, Gryzenhout, M, Bauters, M, Piepenbring, M, Wijayawardene, N, Yorou, NS, Kurina, O, Mortimer, PE, Meidl, P, Kohout, P, Nilsson, RH, Puusepp, R, Drenkhan, R, Garibay-Orijel, R, Godoy, R, Alkahtani, S, Rahimlou, S, Dudov, SV, Põlme, S, Ghosh, S, Mundra, S, Ahmed, T, Netherway, T, Henkel, TW, Roslin, T, Nteziryayo, V, Fedosov, VE, Onipchenko, V, Yasanthika, WAE, and Lim, YW

Abstract

Fungi are highly diverse organisms, which provide multiple ecosystem services. However, compared with charismatic animals and plants, the distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been little explored. Here, we examined endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. We found that the endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are predominantly vulnerable to drought, heat and land-cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests, and woodlands. We stress that more attention should be focused on the conservation of fungi, especially root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical regions as well as unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between the endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high conservation needs in both groups, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms.

Published
2022

4. Flying insect biomass is negatively associated with urban cover in surrounding landscapes

Author

Svenningsen, C.S., Bowler, Diana, Hecker, Susanne, Bladt, J., Grescho, Volker, van Dam, N.M., Dauber, J., Eichenberg, David, Ejrnæs, R., Fløjgaard, C., Frenzel, Mark ; orcid:0000-0003-1068-2394, Frøslev, T.G., Hansen, A.J., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Huang, Yuanyuan, Larsen, J.C., Menger, Juliana, Binti Mat Nayan, Nur Liyana, Pedersen, L.B., Richter, Anett, Dunn, R.R., Tøttrup, A.P., Bonn, Aletta ; orcid:0000-0002-8345-4600, Svenningsen, C.S., Bowler, Diana, Hecker, Susanne, Bladt, J., Grescho, Volker, van Dam, N.M., Dauber, J., Eichenberg, David, Ejrnæs, R., Fløjgaard, C., Frenzel, Mark ; orcid:0000-0003-1068-2394, Frøslev, T.G., Hansen, A.J., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Huang, Yuanyuan, Larsen, J.C., Menger, Juliana, Binti Mat Nayan, Nur Liyana, Pedersen, L.B., Richter, Anett, Dunn, R.R., Tøttrup, A.P., and Bonn, Aletta ; orcid:0000-0002-8345-4600

Abstract

AimIn this study, we assessed the importance of local- to landscape-scale effects of land cover and land use on flying insect biomass. Location Denmark and parts of Germany. Methods We used rooftop-mounted car nets in a citizen science project (“InsectMobile”) to allow for large-scale geographic sampling of flying insects. Volunteers sampled insects along 278 five-km routes in urban, farmland, grassland, wetland and forest landscapes in the summer of 2018. The bulk insect samples were dried overnight to obtain the sample biomass. We extracted proportional land use variables in buffers between 50 and 1,000 m along the routes and compiled them into land cover categories to examine the effect of each land cover, and specific land use types, on insect biomass. Results We found a negative association between urban cover and flying insect biomass (1% increase in urban cover = 1% [95% CI: −3.0 to 0.0] decrease in biomass in Denmark, and a 3% [95% CI: −3.0 to 0.0] decrease in Germany) at a landscape scale (1,000-m buffer). In Denmark, we also found positive effects of semi-natural land cover types, that is protected grassland (largest at the landscape scale, 1000 m) and forests (largest at intermediate scales, 250 m). Protected grassland cover had a stronger positive effect on insect biomass than forest cover did. For farmland cover, the positive association with insect biomass was not clearly modified by any variable associated with farmland use intensity. The negative association between insect biomass and urban land cover appeared to be reduced by increased urban green space. Main conclusions Our results show that land cover has an impact on flying insect biomass with the magnitude of this effect varying across spatial scales. However, the vast expanse of grey space in urbanized areas has a direct negative impact on flying insect biomass across all spatial scales examined.

Published
2022

5. Flying insect biomass is negatively associated with urban cover in surrounding landscapes [Dataset]

Author

Svenningsen, C.S., Bowler, Diana, Hecker, Susanne, Bladt, J., Grescho, Volker, van Dam, N.M., Dauber, J., Eichenberg, David, Ejrnæs, R., Fløjgaard, C., Frenzel, Mark ; orcid:0000-0003-1068-2394, Frøslev, T.G., Hansen, A.J., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Huang, Yuanyuan, Larsen, J.C., Menger, Juliana, Binti Mat Nayan, Nur Liyana, Pedersen, L.B., Richter, Anett, Dunn, R.R., Tøttrup, A.P., Bonn, Aletta ; orcid:0000-0002-8345-4600, Svenningsen, C.S., Bowler, Diana, Hecker, Susanne, Bladt, J., Grescho, Volker, van Dam, N.M., Dauber, J., Eichenberg, David, Ejrnæs, R., Fløjgaard, C., Frenzel, Mark ; orcid:0000-0003-1068-2394, Frøslev, T.G., Hansen, A.J., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Huang, Yuanyuan, Larsen, J.C., Menger, Juliana, Binti Mat Nayan, Nur Liyana, Pedersen, L.B., Richter, Anett, Dunn, R.R., Tøttrup, A.P., and Bonn, Aletta ; orcid:0000-0002-8345-4600

Abstract

AimIn this study, we assessed the importance of local- to landscape-scale effects of land cover and land use on flying insect biomass. Location Denmark and parts of Germany. Methods We used rooftop-mounted car nets in a citizen science project (“InsectMobile”) to allow for large-scale geographic sampling of flying insects. Volunteers sampled insects along 278 five-km routes in urban, farmland, grassland, wetland and forest landscapes in the summer of 2018. The bulk insect samples were dried overnight to obtain the sample biomass. We extracted proportional land use variables in buffers between 50 and 1,000 m along the routes and compiled them into land cover categories to examine the effect of each land cover, and specific land use types, on insect biomass. Results We found a negative association between urban cover and flying insect biomass (1% increase in urban cover = 1% [95% CI: −3.0 to 0.0] decrease in biomass in Denmark, and a 3% [95% CI: −3.0 to 0.0] decrease in Germany) at a landscape scale (1,000-m buffer). In Denmark, we also found positive effects of semi-natural land cover types, that is protected grassland (largest at the landscape scale, 1000 m) and forests (largest at intermediate scales, 250 m). Protected grassland cover had a stronger positive effect on insect biomass than forest cover did. For farmland cover, the positive association with insect biomass was not clearly modified by any variable associated with farmland use intensity. The negative association between insect biomass and urban land cover appeared to be reduced by increased urban green space. Main conclusions Our results show that land cover has an impact on flying insect biomass with the magnitude of this effect varying across spatial scales. However, the vast expanse of grey space in urbanized areas has a direct negative impact on flying insect biomass across all spatial scales examined.

Published
2022

6. Handbook of sampling for multi-taxon biodiversity studies in European forests

Author

Burrascano, S., Trentanovi, G., Paillet, Y., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Giordani, P., Bagella, S., Campagnaro, T., Campanaro, A., Chianucci, F., De Smedt, P., García-Mijangos, I., Matošević, D., Sitzia, T., Doerfler, I., Hofmeister, J., Kepfer-Rojas, S., Lõhmus, A., Munzi, S., Runnel, K., Tinya, F., Vandekerkhove, K., Theo van der Sluis, T., Ódor, P. Balducci L., Bravo-Oviedo, A., Aszalós, R., Brazaitis, G., Cutini, A., D’Andrea, E., Hošek, J., Janssen, P., Korboulewsky, N., Kozák, D., Lachat, T., Lopez, R., Mårell, A., Matula, R., Mikoláš, M., Nordén, B., Popov, S., Pärtel, M., Penner, J., Schall, P., Svoboda, M., Ujházyová, M., Verheyen, K., and Xystrakis, F.

Published
2022

9. How citizen science boosted primary knowledge on fungal biodiversity in Denmark

Author

Heilmann-Clausen, J., Bruun, Hans Henrik, Ejrnæs, Rasmus, Frøslev, Tobias Guldberg, Læssøe, Thomas, Petersen, Jens H., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Bruun, Hans Henrik, Ejrnæs, Rasmus, Frøslev, Tobias Guldberg, Læssøe, Thomas, and Petersen, Jens H.

Abstract

The Danish Fungal Atlas was a citizen science project aiming to map Danish macrofungi over five years (2009–13). The atlas contributed >235,000 records of fruit-body forming Basidiomycota, adding to about 195,000 fungal records from earlier periods. The new records increased the average number of species known per 10 km × 10 km grid cell by 75% from 125 to 218 species. We recorded 197 species as new to Denmark, extending the number of known basidiomycote species by 7%. At least 15 species appeared to be new to science. Among the new Danish records, species with northern distribution ranges were significantly overrepresented, in marked contrast to climate change predictions. Species with inconspicuous or subterranean fruit bodies were overrepresented among both the new Danish species and those only recorded before the project period, indicating low recording probability to be an important driver for the turnover in species recorded. Hence, the main drivers of novel fungal discoveries were 1) intensive sampling effort by citizen scientists guided by professional mycologists and 2) improved taxonomic knowledge. Summarizing over the last 100 years, an exponential increase in known macrofungal diversity in Denmark is evident, suggesting that we are still far from having a complete overview. This is striking, considering that Denmark is among the best-studied land areas on the globe. We conclude that citizen science projects, if appropriately designed, have a huge potential to boost primary knowledge on fungal biodiversity.

Published
2019

10. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author

Zamora, J. C. (Juan Carlos), Svensson, M. (Mans), Kirschner, R. (Roland), Olariaga, I. (Ibai), Ryman, S. (Svengunnar), Alberto Parra, L. (Luis), Geml, J. (Jozsef), Rosling, A. (Anna), Adamcik, S. (Slavomir), Ahti, T. (Teuvo), Aime, M. C. (M. Catherine), Ainsworth, A. M. (A. Martyn), Albert, L. (Laszlo), Alberto, E. (Edgardo), Garcia, A. A. (Alberto Altes), Ageev, D. (Dmitry), Agerer, R. (Reinhard), Aguirre-Hudson, B. (Begona), Ammirati, J. (Joe), Andersson, H. (Harry), Angelini, C. (Claudio), Antonin, V. (Vladimir), Aoki, T. (Takayuki), Aptroot, A. (Andre), Argaud, D. (Didier), Sosa, B. I. (Blanca Imelda Arguello), Aronsen, A. (Arne), Arup, U. (Ulf), Asgari, B. (Bita), Assyov, B. (Boris), Atienza, V. (Violeta), Bandini, D. (Ditte), Baptista-Ferreira, J. L. (Joao Luis), Baral, H.-O. (Hans-Otto), Baroni, T. (Tim), Barreto, R. W. (Robert Weingart), Baker, H. (Henry), Bell, A. (Ann), Bellanger, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Bellu, F. (Francesco), Bemmann, M. (Martin), Bendiksby, M. (Mika), Bendiksen, E. (Egil), Bendiksen, K. (Katriina), Benedek, L. (Lajos), Beresova-Guttova, A. (Anna), Berger, F. (Franz), Berndt, R. (Reinhard), Bernicchia, A. (Annarosa), Biketova, A. Y. (Alona Yu), Bizio, E. (Enrico), Bjork, C. (Curtis), Boekhout, T. (Teun), Boertmann, D. (David), Bohning, T. (Tanja), Boittin, F. (Florent), Boluda, C. G. (Carlos G.), Boomsluiter, M. W. (Menno W.), Borovicka, J. (Jan), Brandrud, T. E. (Tor Erik), Braun, U. (Uwe), Brodo, I. (Irwin), Bulyonkova, T. (Tatiana), Burdsall, H. H. (Harold H., Jr.), Buyck, B. (Bart), Burgaz, A. R. (Ana Rosa), Calatayud, V. (Vicent), Callac, P. (Philippe), Campo, E. (Emanuele), Candusso, M. (Massimo), Capoen, B. (Brigitte), Carbo, J. (Joaquim), Carbone, M. (Matteo), Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F. (Rafael F.), Castellano, M. A. (Michael A.), Chen, J. (Jie), Clerc, P. (Philippe), Consiglio, G. (Giovanni), Corriol, G. (Gilles), Courtecuisse, R. (Regis), Crespo, A. (Ana), Cripps, C. (Cathy), Crous, P. W. (Pedro W.), da Silva, G. A. (Gladstone Alves), da Silva, M. (Meiriele), Dam, M. (Marjo), Dam, N. (Nico), Dammrich, F. (Frank), Das, K. (Kanad), Davies, L. (Linda), De Crop, E. (Eske), De Kesel, A. (Andre), De Lange, R. (Ruben), Bonzi, B. D. (Barbara De Madrignac), dela Cruz, T. E. (Thomas Edison E.), Delgat, L. (Lynn), Demoulin, V. (Vincent), Desjardin, D. E. (Dennis E.), Diederich, P. (Paul), Dima, B. (Balint), Dios, M. M. (Maria Martha), Divakar, P. K. (Pradeep Kumar), Douanla-Meli, C. (Clovis), Douglas, B. (Brian), Drechsler-Santos, E. R. (Elisandro Ricardo), Dyer, P. S. (Paul S.), Eberhardt, U. (Ursula), Ertz, D. (Damien), Esteve-Raventos, F. (Fernando), Salazar, J. A. (Javier Angel Etayo), Evenson, V. (Vera), Eyssartier, G. (Guillaume), Farkas, E. (Edit), Favre, A. (Alain), Fedosova, A. G. (Anna G.), Filippa, M. (Mario), Finy, P. (Peter), Flakus, A. (Adam), Fos, S. (Simon), Fournier, J. (Jacques), Fraiture, A. (Andre), Franchi, P. (Paolo), Molano, A. E. (Ana Esperanza Franco), Friebes, G. (Gernot), Frisch, A. (Andreas), Fryday, A. (Alan), Furci, G. (Giuliana), Marquez, R. G. (Ricardo Galan), Garbelotto, M. (Matteo), Garcia-Martin, J. M. (Joaquina Maria), Otalora, M. A. (Monica A. Garcia), Sanchez, D. G. (Dania Garcia), Gardiennet, A. (Alain), Garnica, S. (Sigisfredo), Benavent, I. G. (Isaac Garrido), Gates, G. (Genevieve), Gerlach, A. d. (Alice da Cruz Lima), Ghobad-Nejhad, M. (Masoomeh), Gibertoni, T. B. (Tatiana B.), Grebenc, T. (Tine), Greilhuber, I. (Irmgard), Grishkan, B. (Bella), Groenewald, J. Z. (Johannes Z.), Grube, M. (Martin), Gruhn, G. (Gerald), Gueidan, C. (Cecile), Gulden, G. (Gro), Gusmao, L. F. (Luis F. P.), Hafellner, J. (Josef), Hairaud, M. (Michel), Halama, M. (Marek), Hallenberg, N. (Nils), Halling, R. E. (Roy E.), Hansen, K. (Karen), Harder, C. B. (Christoffer Bugge), Heilmann-Clausen, J. (Jacob), Helleman, S. (Stip), Henriot, A. (Alain), Hernandez-Restrepo, M. (Margarita), Herve, R. (Raphael), Hobart, C. (Caroline), Hoffmeister, M. (Mascha), Hoiland, K. (Klaus), Holec, J. (Jan), Holien, H. (Hakon), Hughes, K. (Karen), Hubka, V. (Vit), Huhtinen, S. (Seppo), Ivancevic, B. (Boris), Jagers, M. (Marian), Jaklitsch, W. (Walter), Jansen, A. (AnnaElise), Jayawardena, R. S. (Ruvishika S.), Jeppesen, T. S. (Thomas Stjernegaard), Jeppson, M. (Mikael), Johnston, P. (Peter), Jorgensen, P. M. (Per Magnus), Karnefelt, I. (Ingvar), Kalinina, L. B. (Liudmila B.), Kantvilas, G. (Gintaras), Karadelev, M. (Mitko), Kasuya, T. (Taiga), Kautmanova, I. (Ivona), Kerrigan, R. W. (Richard W.), Kirchmair, M. (Martin), Kiyashko, A. (Anna), Knapp, D. G. (Daniel G.), Knudsen, H. (Henning), Knudsen, K. (Kerry), Knutsson, T. (Tommy), Kolarik, M. (Miroslav), Koljalg, U. (Urmas), Kosuthova, A. (Alica), Koszka, A. (Attila), Kotiranta, H. (Heikki), Kotkova, V. (Vera), Koukol, O. (Ondrej), Kout, J. (Jiri), Kovacs, G. M. (Gabor M.), Kriz, M. (Martin), Kruys, A. (Asa), Kudera, V. (Viktor), Kudzma, L. (Linas), Kuhar, F. (Francisco), Kukwa, M. (Martin), Kumar, T. K. (T. K. Arun), Kunca, V. (Vladimir), Kusan, I. (Ivana), Kuyper, T. W. (Thomas W.), Lado, C. (Carlos), Laessoe, T. (Thomas), Laine, P. (Patrice), Langer, E. (Ewald), Larsson, E. (Ellen), Larsson, K.-H. (Karl-Henrik), Laursen, G. (Gary), Lechat, C. (Christian), Lee, S. (Serena), Lendemer, J. C. (James C.), Levin, L. (Laura), Lindemann, U. (Uwe), Lindstrom, H. (Hakan), Liu, X. (Xingzhong), Hernandez, R. C. (Regulo Carlos Llarena), Llop, E. (Esteve), Locsmandi, C. (Csaba), Lodge, D. J. (Deborah Jean), Loizides, M. (Michael), Lokos, L. (Laszlo), Luangsa-ard, J. (Jennifer), Luderitz, M. (Matthias), Lumbsch, T. (Thorsten), Lutz, M. (Matthias), Mahoney, D. (Dan), Malysheva, E. (Ekaterina), Malysheva, V. (Vera), Manimohan, P. (Patinjareveettil), Mann-Felix, Y. (Yasmina), Marques, G. (Guilhermina), Martinez-Gil, R. (Ruben), Marson, G. (Guy), Mata, G. (Gerardo), Matheny, P. B. (P. Brandon), Mathiassen, G. H. (Geir Harald), Matocec, N. (Neven), Mayrhofer, H. (Helmut), Mehrabi, M. (Mehdi), Melo, I. (Ireneia), Mesic, A. (Armin), Methven, A. S. (Andrew S.), Miettinen, O. (Otto), Romero, A. M. (Ana M. Millanes), Miller, A. N. (Andrew N.), Mitchell, J. K. (James K.), Moberg, R. (Roland), Moreau, P.-A. (Pierre-Arthur), Moreno, G. (Gabriel), Morozova, O. (Olga), Morte, A. (Asuncion), Muggia, L. (Lucia), Gonzalez, G. M. (Guillermo Munoz), Myllys, L. (Leena), Nagy, I. (Istvan), Nagy, L. G. (Laszlo G.), Neves, M. A. (Maria Alice), Niemela, T. (Tuomo), Nimis, P. L. (Pier Luigi), Niveiro, N. (Nicolas), Noordeloos, M. E. (Machiel E.), Nordin, A. (Anders), Noumeur, S. R. (Sara Raouia), Novozhilov, Y. (Yuri), Nuytinck, J. (Jorinde), Ohenoja, E. (Esteri), Fiuza, P. O. (Patricia Oliveira), Orange, A. (Alan), Ordynets, A. (Alexander), Ortiz-Santana, B. (Beatriz), Pacheco, L. (Leticia), Pal-Fam, F. (Ferenc), Palacio, M. (Melissa), Palice, Z. (Zdenek), Papp, V. (Viktor), Partel, K. (Kadri), Pawlowska, J. (Julia), Paz, A. (Aurelia), Peintner, U. (Ursula), Pennycook, S. (Shaun), Pereira, O. L. (Olinto Liparini), Daniels, P. P. (Pablo Perez), Capella, M. A. (Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio), del Amo, C. M. (Carlos Manuel Perez), Gorjon, S. P. (Sergio Perez), Perez-Ortega, S. (Sergio), Perez-Vargas, I. (Israel), Perry, B. A. (Brian A.), Petersen, J. H. (Jens H.), Petersen, R. H. (Ronald H.), Pfister, D. H. (Donald H.), Phukhamsakda, C. (Chayanard), Piatek, M. (Marcin), Piepenbring, M. (Meike), Pino-Bodas, R. (Raquel), Esquivel, J. P. (Juan Pablo Pinzon), Pirot, P. (Paul), Popov, E. S. (Eugene S.), Popoff, O. (Orlando), Alvaro, M. P. (Maria Prieto), Printzen, C. (Christian), Psurtseva, N. (Nadezhda), Purahong, W. (Witoon), Quijada, L. (Luis), Rambold, G. (Gerhard), Ramirez, N. A. (Natalia A.), Raja, H. (Huzefa), Raspe, O. (Olivier), Raymundo, T. (Tania), Reblova, M. (Martina), Rebriev, Y. A. (Yury A.), Garcia, J. d. (Juan de Dios Reyes), Ripoll, M. A. (Miguel Angel Ribes), Richard, F. (Franck), Richardson, M. J. (Mike J.), Rico, V. J. (Victor J.), Robledo, G. L. (Gerardo Lucio), Barbosa, F. R. (Flavia Rodrigues), Rodriguez-Caycedo, C. (Cristina), Rodriguez-Flakus, P. (Pamela), Ronikier, A. (Anna), Casas, L. R. (Luis Rubio), Rusevska, K. (Katerina), Saar, G. (Gunter), Saar, I. (Irja), Salcedo, I. (Isabel), Martinez, S. M. (Sergio M. Salcedo), Montoya, C. A. (Carlos A. Salvador), Sanchez-Ramirez, S. (Santiago), Sandoval-Sierra, J. V. (J. Vladimir), Santamaria, S. (Sergi), Monteiro, J. S. (Josiane Santana), Schroers, H. J. (Hans Josef), Schulz, B. (Barbara), Schmidt-Stohn, G. (Geert), Schumacher, T. (Trond), Senn-Irlet, B. (Beatrice), Sevcikova, H. (Hana), Shchepin, O. (Oleg), Shirouzu, T. (Takashi), Shiryaev, A. (Anton), Siepe, K. (Klaus), Sir, E. B. (Esteban B.), Sohrabi, M. (Mohammad), Soop, K. (Karl), Spirin, V. (Viacheslav), Spribille, T. (Toby), Stadler, M. (Marc), Stalpers, J. (Joost), Stenroos, S. (Soili), Suija, A. (Ave), Sunhede, S. (Stellan), Svantesson, S. (Sten), Svensson, S. (Sigvard), Svetasheva, T. Y. (Tatyana Yu), Swierkosz, K. (Krzysztof), Tamm, H. (Heidi), Taskin, H. (Hatira), Taudiere, A. (Adrien), Tedebrand, J.-O. (Jan-Olof), Lahoz, R. T. (Raul Tena), Temina, M. (Marina), Thell, A. (Arne), Thines, M. (Marco), Thor, G. (Goren), Thus, H. (Holger), Tibell, L. (Leif), Tibell, S. (Sanja), Timdal, E. (Einar), Tkalcec, Z. (Zdenko), Tonsberg, T. (Tor), Trichies, G. (Gerard), Triebel, D. (Dagmar), Tsurykau, A. (Andrei), Tulloss, R. E. (Rodham E.), Tuovinen, V. (Veera), Sosa, M. U. (Miguel Ulloa), Urcelay, C. (Carlos), Valade, F. (Francois), Garza, R. V. (Ricardo Valenzuela), van den Boom, P. (Pieter), Van Vooren, N. (Nicolas), Vasco-Palacios, A. M. (Aida M.), Vauras, J. (Jukka), Santos, J. M. (Juan Manuel Velasco), Vellinga, E. (Else), Verbeken, A. (Annemieke), Vetlesen, P. (Per), Vizzini, A. (Alfredo), Voglmayr, H. (Hermann), Volobuev, S. (Sergey), von Brackel, W. (Wolfgang), Voronina, E. (Elena), Walther, G. (Grit), Watling, R. (Roy), Weber, E. (Evi), Wedin, M. (Mats), Weholt, O. (Oyvind), Westberg, M. (Martin), Yurchenko, E. (Eugene), Zehnalek, P. (Petr), Zhang, H. (Huang), Zhurbenko, M. P. (Mikhail P.), Ekmani, S. (Stefan), Zamora, J. C. (Juan Carlos), Svensson, M. (Mans), Kirschner, R. (Roland), Olariaga, I. (Ibai), Ryman, S. (Svengunnar), Alberto Parra, L. (Luis), Geml, J. (Jozsef), Rosling, A. (Anna), Adamcik, S. (Slavomir), Ahti, T. (Teuvo), Aime, M. C. (M. Catherine), Ainsworth, A. M. (A. Martyn), Albert, L. (Laszlo), Alberto, E. (Edgardo), Garcia, A. A. (Alberto Altes), Ageev, D. (Dmitry), Agerer, R. (Reinhard), Aguirre-Hudson, B. (Begona), Ammirati, J. (Joe), Andersson, H. (Harry), Angelini, C. (Claudio), Antonin, V. (Vladimir), Aoki, T. (Takayuki), Aptroot, A. (Andre), Argaud, D. (Didier), Sosa, B. I. (Blanca Imelda Arguello), Aronsen, A. (Arne), Arup, U. (Ulf), Asgari, B. (Bita), Assyov, B. (Boris), Atienza, V. (Violeta), Bandini, D. (Ditte), Baptista-Ferreira, J. L. (Joao Luis), Baral, H.-O. (Hans-Otto), Baroni, T. (Tim), Barreto, R. W. (Robert Weingart), Baker, H. (Henry), Bell, A. (Ann), Bellanger, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Bellu, F. (Francesco), Bemmann, M. (Martin), Bendiksby, M. (Mika), Bendiksen, E. (Egil), Bendiksen, K. (Katriina), Benedek, L. (Lajos), Beresova-Guttova, A. (Anna), Berger, F. (Franz), Berndt, R. (Reinhard), Bernicchia, A. (Annarosa), Biketova, A. Y. (Alona Yu), Bizio, E. (Enrico), Bjork, C. (Curtis), Boekhout, T. (Teun), Boertmann, D. (David), Bohning, T. (Tanja), Boittin, F. (Florent), Boluda, C. G. (Carlos G.), Boomsluiter, M. W. (Menno W.), Borovicka, J. (Jan), Brandrud, T. E. (Tor Erik), Braun, U. (Uwe), Brodo, I. (Irwin), Bulyonkova, T. (Tatiana), Burdsall, H. H. (Harold H., Jr.), Buyck, B. (Bart), Burgaz, A. R. (Ana Rosa), Calatayud, V. (Vicent), Callac, P. (Philippe), Campo, E. (Emanuele), Candusso, M. (Massimo), Capoen, B. (Brigitte), Carbo, J. (Joaquim), Carbone, M. (Matteo), Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F. (Rafael F.), Castellano, M. A. (Michael A.), Chen, J. (Jie), Clerc, P. (Philippe), Consiglio, G. (Giovanni), Corriol, G. (Gilles), Courtecuisse, R. (Regis), Crespo, A. (Ana), Cripps, C. (Cathy), Crous, P. W. (Pedro W.), da Silva, G. A. (Gladstone Alves), da Silva, M. (Meiriele), Dam, M. (Marjo), Dam, N. (Nico), Dammrich, F. (Frank), Das, K. (Kanad), Davies, L. (Linda), De Crop, E. (Eske), De Kesel, A. (Andre), De Lange, R. (Ruben), Bonzi, B. D. (Barbara De Madrignac), dela Cruz, T. E. (Thomas Edison E.), Delgat, L. (Lynn), Demoulin, V. (Vincent), Desjardin, D. E. (Dennis E.), Diederich, P. (Paul), Dima, B. (Balint), Dios, M. M. (Maria Martha), Divakar, P. K. (Pradeep Kumar), Douanla-Meli, C. (Clovis), Douglas, B. (Brian), Drechsler-Santos, E. R. (Elisandro Ricardo), Dyer, P. S. (Paul S.), Eberhardt, U. (Ursula), Ertz, D. (Damien), Esteve-Raventos, F. (Fernando), Salazar, J. A. (Javier Angel Etayo), Evenson, V. (Vera), Eyssartier, G. (Guillaume), Farkas, E. (Edit), Favre, A. (Alain), Fedosova, A. G. (Anna G.), Filippa, M. (Mario), Finy, P. (Peter), Flakus, A. (Adam), Fos, S. (Simon), Fournier, J. (Jacques), Fraiture, A. (Andre), Franchi, P. (Paolo), Molano, A. E. (Ana Esperanza Franco), Friebes, G. (Gernot), Frisch, A. (Andreas), Fryday, A. (Alan), Furci, G. (Giuliana), Marquez, R. G. (Ricardo Galan), Garbelotto, M. (Matteo), Garcia-Martin, J. M. (Joaquina Maria), Otalora, M. A. (Monica A. Garcia), Sanchez, D. G. (Dania Garcia), Gardiennet, A. (Alain), Garnica, S. (Sigisfredo), Benavent, I. G. (Isaac Garrido), Gates, G. (Genevieve), Gerlach, A. d. (Alice da Cruz Lima), Ghobad-Nejhad, M. (Masoomeh), Gibertoni, T. B. (Tatiana B.), Grebenc, T. (Tine), Greilhuber, I. (Irmgard), Grishkan, B. (Bella), Groenewald, J. Z. (Johannes Z.), Grube, M. (Martin), Gruhn, G. (Gerald), Gueidan, C. (Cecile), Gulden, G. (Gro), Gusmao, L. F. (Luis F. P.), Hafellner, J. (Josef), Hairaud, M. (Michel), Halama, M. (Marek), Hallenberg, N. (Nils), Halling, R. E. (Roy E.), Hansen, K. (Karen), Harder, C. B. (Christoffer Bugge), Heilmann-Clausen, J. (Jacob), Helleman, S. (Stip), Henriot, A. (Alain), Hernandez-Restrepo, M. (Margarita), Herve, R. (Raphael), Hobart, C. (Caroline), Hoffmeister, M. (Mascha), Hoiland, K. (Klaus), Holec, J. (Jan), Holien, H. (Hakon), Hughes, K. (Karen), Hubka, V. (Vit), Huhtinen, S. (Seppo), Ivancevic, B. (Boris), Jagers, M. (Marian), Jaklitsch, W. (Walter), Jansen, A. (AnnaElise), Jayawardena, R. S. (Ruvishika S.), Jeppesen, T. S. (Thomas Stjernegaard), Jeppson, M. (Mikael), Johnston, P. (Peter), Jorgensen, P. M. (Per Magnus), Karnefelt, I. (Ingvar), Kalinina, L. B. (Liudmila B.), Kantvilas, G. (Gintaras), Karadelev, M. (Mitko), Kasuya, T. (Taiga), Kautmanova, I. (Ivona), Kerrigan, R. W. (Richard W.), Kirchmair, M. (Martin), Kiyashko, A. (Anna), Knapp, D. G. (Daniel G.), Knudsen, H. (Henning), Knudsen, K. (Kerry), Knutsson, T. (Tommy), Kolarik, M. (Miroslav), Koljalg, U. (Urmas), Kosuthova, A. (Alica), Koszka, A. (Attila), Kotiranta, H. (Heikki), Kotkova, V. (Vera), Koukol, O. (Ondrej), Kout, J. (Jiri), Kovacs, G. M. (Gabor M.), Kriz, M. (Martin), Kruys, A. (Asa), Kudera, V. (Viktor), Kudzma, L. (Linas), Kuhar, F. (Francisco), Kukwa, M. (Martin), Kumar, T. K. (T. K. Arun), Kunca, V. (Vladimir), Kusan, I. (Ivana), Kuyper, T. W. (Thomas W.), Lado, C. (Carlos), Laessoe, T. (Thomas), Laine, P. (Patrice), Langer, E. (Ewald), Larsson, E. (Ellen), Larsson, K.-H. (Karl-Henrik), Laursen, G. (Gary), Lechat, C. (Christian), Lee, S. (Serena), Lendemer, J. C. (James C.), Levin, L. (Laura), Lindemann, U. (Uwe), Lindstrom, H. (Hakan), Liu, X. (Xingzhong), Hernandez, R. C. (Regulo Carlos Llarena), Llop, E. (Esteve), Locsmandi, C. (Csaba), Lodge, D. J. (Deborah Jean), Loizides, M. (Michael), Lokos, L. (Laszlo), Luangsa-ard, J. (Jennifer), Luderitz, M. (Matthias), Lumbsch, T. (Thorsten), Lutz, M. (Matthias), Mahoney, D. (Dan), Malysheva, E. (Ekaterina), Malysheva, V. (Vera), Manimohan, P. (Patinjareveettil), Mann-Felix, Y. (Yasmina), Marques, G. (Guilhermina), Martinez-Gil, R. (Ruben), Marson, G. (Guy), Mata, G. (Gerardo), Matheny, P. B. (P. Brandon), Mathiassen, G. H. (Geir Harald), Matocec, N. (Neven), Mayrhofer, H. (Helmut), Mehrabi, M. (Mehdi), Melo, I. (Ireneia), Mesic, A. (Armin), Methven, A. S. (Andrew S.), Miettinen, O. (Otto), Romero, A. M. (Ana M. Millanes), Miller, A. N. (Andrew N.), Mitchell, J. K. (James K.), Moberg, R. (Roland), Moreau, P.-A. (Pierre-Arthur), Moreno, G. (Gabriel), Morozova, O. (Olga), Morte, A. (Asuncion), Muggia, L. (Lucia), Gonzalez, G. M. (Guillermo Munoz), Myllys, L. (Leena), Nagy, I. (Istvan), Nagy, L. G. (Laszlo G.), Neves, M. A. (Maria Alice), Niemela, T. (Tuomo), Nimis, P. L. (Pier Luigi), Niveiro, N. (Nicolas), Noordeloos, M. E. (Machiel E.), Nordin, A. (Anders), Noumeur, S. R. (Sara Raouia), Novozhilov, Y. (Yuri), Nuytinck, J. (Jorinde), Ohenoja, E. (Esteri), Fiuza, P. O. (Patricia Oliveira), Orange, A. (Alan), Ordynets, A. (Alexander), Ortiz-Santana, B. (Beatriz), Pacheco, L. (Leticia), Pal-Fam, F. (Ferenc), Palacio, M. (Melissa), Palice, Z. (Zdenek), Papp, V. (Viktor), Partel, K. (Kadri), Pawlowska, J. (Julia), Paz, A. (Aurelia), Peintner, U. (Ursula), Pennycook, S. (Shaun), Pereira, O. L. (Olinto Liparini), Daniels, P. P. (Pablo Perez), Capella, M. A. (Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio), del Amo, C. M. (Carlos Manuel Perez), Gorjon, S. P. (Sergio Perez), Perez-Ortega, S. (Sergio), Perez-Vargas, I. (Israel), Perry, B. A. (Brian A.), Petersen, J. H. (Jens H.), Petersen, R. H. (Ronald H.), Pfister, D. H. (Donald H.), Phukhamsakda, C. (Chayanard), Piatek, M. (Marcin), Piepenbring, M. (Meike), Pino-Bodas, R. (Raquel), Esquivel, J. P. (Juan Pablo Pinzon), Pirot, P. (Paul), Popov, E. S. (Eugene S.), Popoff, O. (Orlando), Alvaro, M. P. (Maria Prieto), Printzen, C. (Christian), Psurtseva, N. (Nadezhda), Purahong, W. (Witoon), Quijada, L. (Luis), Rambold, G. (Gerhard), Ramirez, N. A. (Natalia A.), Raja, H. (Huzefa), Raspe, O. (Olivier), Raymundo, T. (Tania), Reblova, M. (Martina), Rebriev, Y. A. (Yury A.), Garcia, J. d. (Juan de Dios Reyes), Ripoll, M. A. (Miguel Angel Ribes), Richard, F. (Franck), Richardson, M. J. (Mike J.), Rico, V. J. (Victor J.), Robledo, G. L. (Gerardo Lucio), Barbosa, F. R. (Flavia Rodrigues), Rodriguez-Caycedo, C. (Cristina), Rodriguez-Flakus, P. (Pamela), Ronikier, A. (Anna), Casas, L. R. (Luis Rubio), Rusevska, K. (Katerina), Saar, G. (Gunter), Saar, I. (Irja), Salcedo, I. (Isabel), Martinez, S. M. (Sergio M. Salcedo), Montoya, C. A. (Carlos A. Salvador), Sanchez-Ramirez, S. (Santiago), Sandoval-Sierra, J. V. (J. Vladimir), Santamaria, S. (Sergi), Monteiro, J. S. (Josiane Santana), Schroers, H. J. (Hans Josef), Schulz, B. (Barbara), Schmidt-Stohn, G. (Geert), Schumacher, T. (Trond), Senn-Irlet, B. (Beatrice), Sevcikova, H. (Hana), Shchepin, O. (Oleg), Shirouzu, T. (Takashi), Shiryaev, A. (Anton), Siepe, K. (Klaus), Sir, E. B. (Esteban B.), Sohrabi, M. (Mohammad), Soop, K. (Karl), Spirin, V. (Viacheslav), Spribille, T. (Toby), Stadler, M. (Marc), Stalpers, J. (Joost), Stenroos, S. (Soili), Suija, A. (Ave), Sunhede, S. (Stellan), Svantesson, S. (Sten), Svensson, S. (Sigvard), Svetasheva, T. Y. (Tatyana Yu), Swierkosz, K. (Krzysztof), Tamm, H. (Heidi), Taskin, H. (Hatira), Taudiere, A. (Adrien), Tedebrand, J.-O. (Jan-Olof), Lahoz, R. T. (Raul Tena), Temina, M. (Marina), Thell, A. (Arne), Thines, M. (Marco), Thor, G. (Goren), Thus, H. (Holger), Tibell, L. (Leif), Tibell, S. (Sanja), Timdal, E. (Einar), Tkalcec, Z. (Zdenko), Tonsberg, T. (Tor), Trichies, G. (Gerard), Triebel, D. (Dagmar), Tsurykau, A. (Andrei), Tulloss, R. E. (Rodham E.), Tuovinen, V. (Veera), Sosa, M. U. (Miguel Ulloa), Urcelay, C. (Carlos), Valade, F. (Francois), Garza, R. V. (Ricardo Valenzuela), van den Boom, P. (Pieter), Van Vooren, N. (Nicolas), Vasco-Palacios, A. M. (Aida M.), Vauras, J. (Jukka), Santos, J. M. (Juan Manuel Velasco), Vellinga, E. (Else), Verbeken, A. (Annemieke), Vetlesen, P. (Per), Vizzini, A. (Alfredo), Voglmayr, H. (Hermann), Volobuev, S. (Sergey), von Brackel, W. (Wolfgang), Voronina, E. (Elena), Walther, G. (Grit), Watling, R. (Roy), Weber, E. (Evi), Wedin, M. (Mats), Weholt, O. (Oyvind), Westberg, M. (Martin), Yurchenko, E. (Eugene), Zehnalek, P. (Petr), Zhang, H. (Huang), Zhurbenko, M. P. (Mikhail P.), and Ekmani, S. (Stefan)

Abstract

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN., Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. Harry Andersson Eichhahnweg 29a, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany Claudio Angelini Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Takayuki Aoki Genetic Reso

Published
2018

11. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters

Author

Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, Morten, Frøslev, T.G., Kjøller, R., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, Morten, Frøslev, T.G., and Kjøller, R.

Abstract

Based on molecular and morphological data we investigated the taxonomy and phylogeny of the ectomycorrhizal genus Tricholoma in northern Europe. Our phylogenetic tree confirmed the presence of at least 72 well circumscribed species within the region. Of these, three species, viz. T. boreosulphurescens, T. bryogenum and T. ilkkae are described as new to science, based on morphological, distributional, ecological and molecular data. Several other terminal branches represent putative cryptic taxa nested within classical species or species groups. Molecular type studies and/or designation of sequenced neotypes are needed in these groups, before the taxonomy can be settled. In general our phylogenetic analysis supported previous suprageneric classification systems, but with some substantial changes. Most notably, T. virgatum and allies were found to belong to sect. Tricholoma rather than sect. Atrosquamosa, while T. focale was found to be clearly nested in sect. Genuina rather than in sect. Caligata. In total, ten sections are accepted, with five species remaining unassigned. The combination of morphological and molecular data showed pileus colour, pileipellis structure, presence of clamp connections and spore size to be rather conservative characters within accepted sections, while the presence of a distinct ring, and especially host selection were highly variable within these.

Published
2017
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14. Some records of wood-inhabiting fungi on Fagus sylvatica in northern Spain

Author

Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Walleyn, R.

Abstract

Es presenta una llista d'algunes recol·leccions interessants de macromicets sobre Fagus, fetes en algunes prospeccions a Astúries i Navarra, en novembre de 2005 . Pel cap baix, Antrodiella fissiliformis, Nemania carbonacea y Phellinus cavicola representen les primeres citacions per a l 'estat espanyol. Des del punt de vista de l' interès per a la conservació de la biodiversitat fúngica, les reserves integrals de Lizardoia i Aztaparreta, a Navarra, es consideren d'especial importància per a la conservació dels fongs saproxílics fagícoles del sud-oest d'Europa. Aquest treball vol estimular també l 'estudi continuat dels fongs lignícoles a les fagedes de l 'estat espanyol., A list is given of some interesting records of lignicolous macrofungi found on Fagus during some excursions in Asturias and Navarra in November 2005 . At least Antrodiella fissiliformis, Nemania carbonacea and Phellinus cavicola represent frrst records for the country. In a conservation perspective, the strict forest reserves Lizardoia and Aztaparreta in Navarra are considered to be important for the conservation of saproxylic fungi on beech in south western Europe. It is our hope that the paper will inspire to continued studies of wood-inhabiting fungi in beech forests in Spain., Se presenta una lista de algunos allaazgos interesantes de macromicetes lignícolas sobre Fagus, realizados durante las prospecciones en Asturias y Navarra, en noviembre de 2005. Por lo menos Antrodiella fissiliformis, Nemania carbonacea y Phellinus cavicola representan primeras citas para España. desde una prespectiva de la conservación de la biodiversidad fúngica, las reservas integrales de L izardoia i Aztaparreta, en Navarra, se consideran de especial importancia para la conservación de los hongos saproxílicos fagícolas en el sudoeste de Europa. Este trabajo esta orientado también a fomentar el estudio continuado de los hongos lignícolas en los hayedos de España.

Published
2007

18. Some records of wood-inhabiting fungi on Fagus sylvatica in northern Spain

Author

Heilmann-Clausen, J., Walleyn, R., Heilmann-Clausen, J., and Walleyn, R.

Abstract

Es presenta una llista d'algunes recol·leccions interessants de macromicets sobre Fagus, fetes en algunes prospeccions a Astúries i Navarra, en novembre de 2005 . Pel cap baix, Antrodiella fissiliformis, Nemania carbonacea y Phellinus cavicola representen les primeres citacions per a l 'estat espanyol. Des del punt de vista de l' interès per a la conservació de la biodiversitat fúngica, les reserves integrals de Lizardoia i Aztaparreta, a Navarra, es consideren d'especial importància per a la conservació dels fongs saproxílics fagícoles del sud-oest d'Europa. Aquest treball vol estimular també l 'estudi continuat dels fongs lignícoles a les fagedes de l 'estat espanyol., A list is given of some interesting records of lignicolous macrofungi found on Fagus during some excursions in Asturias and Navarra in November 2005 . At least Antrodiella fissiliformis, Nemania carbonacea and Phellinus cavicola represent frrst records for the country. In a conservation perspective, the strict forest reserves Lizardoia and Aztaparreta in Navarra are considered to be important for the conservation of saproxylic fungi on beech in south western Europe. It is our hope that the paper will inspire to continued studies of wood-inhabiting fungi in beech forests in Spain., Se presenta una lista de algunos allaazgos interesantes de macromicetes lignícolas sobre Fagus, realizados durante las prospecciones en Asturias y Navarra, en noviembre de 2005. Por lo menos Antrodiella fissiliformis, Nemania carbonacea y Phellinus cavicola representan primeras citas para España. desde una prespectiva de la conservación de la biodiversidad fúngica, las reservas integrales de L izardoia i Aztaparreta, en Navarra, se consideran de especial importancia para la conservación de los hongos saproxílicos fagícolas en el sudoeste de Europa. Este trabajo esta orientado también a fomentar el estudio continuado de los hongos lignícolas en los hayedos de España.

Published
2011

19. Dynamik og forstyrrelser i skoven:Svampe

Author

Møller, Peter Friis, Thomsen, Iben Margrete, Heilmann-Clausen, J., Møller, Peter Friis, Thomsen, Iben Margrete, and Heilmann-Clausen, J.

Published
2010

22. Diversity of dead wood inhabiting fungi and bryophytes in semi-natural beech forests in Europe

Author

Ódor, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, Morten, Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Walleyn, R., Standovár, T., van Hees, A. F. M., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., Grebenc, T., Ódor, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, Morten, Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Walleyn, R., Standovár, T., van Hees, A. F. M., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., and Grebenc, T.

Abstract

Udgivelsesdato: JUL

Published
2006

28. Ecological succession of bryophytes, vascular plants and fungi on beech coarse woody debris in Europe:NatMan project WP6

Author

Ódor, P., van Hees, A. F. M., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Grebenc, T., Kutnar, L., Standovár, T., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., Ódor, P., van Hees, A. F. M., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Grebenc, T., Kutnar, L., Standovár, T., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., and Kraigher, H.

Published
2004

30. Diversity and composition of dead wood inhabiting fungal and bryophyte communities in semi-natural beech forests in Europe:deliverable 10 from Workpackage 6

Author

Ódor, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Walleyn, R., Standovár, T., van Hees, A. F. M., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., Grebenc, T., Ódor, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K. W., Piltaver, A., Siller, I., Veerkamp, M. T., Walleyn, R., Standovár, T., van Hees, A. F. M., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., and Grebenc, T.

Published
2004

33. Diversity and composition of dead wood inhabiting fungal and bryophyte communities

Author

Ódor, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K.W., Piltaver, A., Veerkamp, M.T., Walleyn, R., Standovár, T., van Hees, A.F.M., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., Grebenc, T., Ódor, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K.W., Piltaver, A., Veerkamp, M.T., Walleyn, R., Standovár, T., van Hees, A.F.M., Kosec, J., Matocec, N., Kraigher, H., and Grebenc, T.

Abstract

Species composition and diversity of fungi and bryophyte communities occurring on dead beech trees were analysed in five European countries (Slovenia, Hungary, The Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark). Altogether 1009 trees were inventoried in 19 beech dominated forest reserves. The realized species pool of fungi was approximately three times larger than that of bryophytes (456 versus 161 species). The two most important factors influencing the composition of both fungal and bryophyte assemblages were decay stage of the trees and geographic region. In the case of fungi the effect of decay stage exceeded the effect of geographical difference, whereas in the case of bryophytes it was the opposite. For both organism groups species richness per tree was positively associated with tree size. In the case of fungi obligate wood decaying species dominated the studied communities in all countries. Bryophyte communities were composed of species belonging to widely different ecological groups. The proportion of epixylic species was higher in Slovenia than in Hungary (more continental climate) and in the Atlantic region (lower naturalness of sites). The significance of bryophyte taxonomic groups changed with countries: in Slovenia hepatics, in Hungary and Denmark pleurocarps, and in The Netherlands and Belgium acrocarps were the most important. Diversity of communities differed considerably among regions. Slovenian sites were the hotspot of bryophyte diversity characterized by high alpha (species richness of trees) and beta (species richness of sites) diversity and a high fraction of rare and threatened species. Fungal alpha diversity is low, but beta diversity is high with rich occurrences of infrequent and threatened species. This richness is most likely caused by the combination of high air humidity and a very high degree of naturalness of the Slovenian sites. Hungarian stands are characterized by intermediate levels of fungal alpha and beta diversity, intermediate to rather hi

Published
2004

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