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Adenoviruses are commonly found in chickens, and can be isolated from both sick and apparently healthy birds. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an acute disease primarily caused by (Fowl adeno virus) FAdV strains from groups D and E, including FAdV-8a serotype. Acknowledged for its immunosuppressive effects, we undertook an investigation into the early infection dynamics of IBH and its consequential impact on a fundamental vaccine widely employed in the poultry industry. Our study precisely examined the interplay between early IBH infection and the efficacy of a specific (Infectious bronchitis) IB vaccine. In this study, a total of 150 broiler chicks were divided into five groups, each consistedof 30 chicks. Group I received one dose of the IB variant vaccine, Group II and III received two doses (the first at 1-day-old and the second at 14-day-old), Group IV (control +ve) and Group V (control -ve). Groups I, II and IV were infected with IBH at 7-day-old. The evaluation encompassed diverse parameters, including clinical manifestations, mortality rates, and histopathological assessments of the liver, trachea, and kidney. Additionally, viral shedding of the IB vaccinal strain was examined. Our findings focus the detrimental impact of early IBH infection on avian organs and IB vaccinal strain shedding. Pronounced necrotic changes were observed in the tissues, coupled with an elevated viral shedding of the variant strain. These results collectively imply an augmented risk of potential outbreaks, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach in managing IBH in the context of vaccination strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccines against the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are broadly existing and can provide protection; nevertheless, better immunization practices are required to avoid clinical disease and limit virus circulation. This study evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficiency of locally prepared clone 30 live-attenuated vaccine against the challenge impact of virulent NDV genotype IV and genotype VIId prevalent in Egypt in comparison with the commercially prepared live Lasota vaccine as a positive control group. The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated based on the antibody titer, protection rate, oropharyngeal, and cloacal shedding. Therefore, 150 one day old specific pathogen free chicks (SPF) were divided in to three groups 50 bird per group (G), G1and G2 received 100 µl containing 6 log10 EID50 via the oculo-nasal route of clone 30 vaccine and lasota vaccine in order, while G3 (unvaccinated) received sterile saline at the same route and dose. On day 21 post vaccination (pv) 40 bird from each group were challenged with a dose of 6.5 log10/ml EID50 intramuscular per bird for both genotype IV and genotype VIId (20 bird/genotype virus), the other 10 birds left from each group were kept separate for antibody level monitoring for the 6th week pv. Results revealed that, during vaccine preparation, the clone 30 virus showed a high virus titer when propagated in SPF embryonating chicken eggs (SPF-ECEs), which reached 1012/EID50/ml. The protection rate due to the clone 30 vaccine and the lasota vaccine was alike and showed 75% and 70% against challenge with genotype IV and genotype VIId, respectively, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the antibody titer produced by the clone 30 vaccinated group and lasota group. Both the clone 30 and lasota vaccines showed nearly similar levels of oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding. The results clarify that, although there were no detected differences between the immune response and the protective efficacy of clone 30 vaccine and lasota vaccine but, the use of clone 30 vaccine is still advantageous for its superior immunogenicity and low post-vaccinal reaction, which will make the clone 30 vaccine suggestive for primary immunization, especially in immunologically naive birds. In conclusion, the prepared Clone 30 vaccine in the current study is safe for chicks and can be used as an effective vaccine against the circulating NDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provides the first investigation on the attitudes of Middle Eastern individuals on the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Most prior studies on individuals' attitudes towards the Russia-Ukraine conflict were conducted on social media data (mostly Twitter, Facebook now known as X). Importantly, most of these studies often using sentimental analyses. One limitation of the use of publicly available data is the lack of testing specific hypotheses. Accordingly, in the current study, a novel survey was developed and used to study which includes questions probed individuals' attitudes including cognitive (awareness and knowledge), emotional (feelings and empathy), and social-behavioural (behaviors and actions) aspects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Further, demographical data was also collected from all participants (n = 370) including age, gender, country of residence, country of citizenship, academic qualifications, academic specialization, job, and income. In the current study, an extensive number of statistical analyses was conducted, including group comparisons, correlational analyses, factor analyses, and regression analysis. Our results are as follows: factor analyses suggest that the survey includes two different constructs: questions about the war in general and questions supporting Russia. Further, results show that cognitive and socio-behavioural aspects of the scale (but not emotional aspects) are related to many demographical variables, suggesting that the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on Arabic people is more cognitive than emotional, possibly due to geographical distance and cultural differences between the Middle East and Russia/Ukraine. Importantly, our factor analysis shows that there was stronger support for Ukraine than Russia among Arabic people. Our findings have implications for understanding the public opinions of individuals in the Middle East towards the Russia-Ukraine conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the infestation study of Livoneca redmanii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) on Mugil cephalus in Lake Qarun, Egypt. Out of 576 examined fish collected monthly from the different localities of Lake Qarun during the period (January - December, 2016) there are 269 (46.7 %) fish were infested by crustacean parasite. Results showed that the highest infestation percentage in Mugil cephalus was 76.20 % recorded in February and the lowest one occurred in January (19.40 %). Generally, the infestation percentage in male fishes is lower than those in females being, 34.6 % and 65.4 % respectively. In case of males the highest infestation percentage occurred in July being, 65.5 %, while in case of females the highest percentage was 72.1 % in March. The isopod parasite, Livoneca redmanii, preferred medium size fish (14-17 cm) with infestation percentage 70.64 % and fishes that had weight ranged between 12 g and 14 g with infestation percentage being, 78.82 %. Also, this parasitic isopod infected gill bilateral and/or unilateral infection per hosted fish with percentage being 98.1 %. The main clinical signs in infected fishes appeared in slow swimming at the water surface, extensive mucus secretion, increased opercula movement and some fishes aggregated on the surface and accumulated at the fresh water inlet. Examination of post mortem lesions revealed that presence of ulcer and erosion blew the gills at the site of parasite and skin abnormalities such as skin ulcers, scale-less and discoloration. Histopathological examination of infected gills showed hyperplasia of epithelial cells in gill filament. Hyperplasia of lamellar epithelium and mucous secreting cells tend to be confusion between secondary gill lamellae, lifting of secondary lamellae and congested blood vessels were also noticed. It is now clear that cymothoid isopod, Livoneca redmanii was causes economic loss associated with reduced fish growth, high mortality and marked drop in fish production from Lake Qarun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major global health challenge. This study reports the design and synthesis of novel phenyltriazole derivatives as potential anti-MRSA agents. The new scaffold replaces the thiazole core with a 1,2,3-triazole ring, enhancing antimicrobial efficacy and physicochemical properties. A series of derivatives were synthesized and evaluated, with four compounds (20, 23, 29 and 30) showing significant activity against MRSA (MIC ≤ 4 μg mL -1 ). Compound 29 emerged as the most promising candidate, showing rapid bactericidal activity and superior performance over vancomycin in time-kill assays. It exhibited selective toxicity against bacterial cells, minimal cytotoxicity in human cell lines and low hemolytic activity. Mechanistic studies showed that compound 29 targets the bacterial cell wall by binding to penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), disrupting cell wall integrity. Additionally, it showed strong anti-biofilm activity and reduced MRSA biofilms by up to 40%. Preliminary pharmacokinetic profiles suggested a favorable profile, including a prolonged plasma half-life and good oral bioavailability. These results suggest that compound 29 is a promising lead for further development in the fight against MRSA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. No financial support was received for this work. All authors have contributed significantly to the conception, design, execution, analysis, and interpretation of the work. All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant complication in extremely preterm infants. Therefore, early diagnosis of BPD is important for planning treatment strategies. In this study, we aimed to assess the predictive efficacy of the Respiratory Severity Score (RSS) in determining severe BPD or death outcomes in very preterm infants. Methodology This retrospective study included preterm infants born with a gestational age of ≤30 weeks. The inclusion criteria comprised individuals who were mechanically ventilated (<1 week) during the first four weeks of life. Any patients who died during the first seven days of life were excluded. RSS values were recorded on days 3, 14, 21, and 28 of life. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify a correlation between RSS and patient outcomes. Results A total of 154 infants were included in the analysis, of whom 82 (53.24%) developed severe BPD and 38 (24.67%) died. RSS was higher in patients who either died or developed severe BPD compared to those who survived. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that RSSs at postnatal day 14 (odds ratio (OR) = 3.970; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.114-14.147; p < 0.05), day 21 (OR = 6.201; 95% CI = 1.937-19.851; p < 0.05), and day 28 (OR = 8.925; 95% CI = 3.331-28.383; p < 0.05) was significantly associated with a higher risk of death or severe BPD. Conclusions The findings of the present study revealed that RSS can help predict the risk of severe BPD in very preterm infants., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Abuelsaeed et al.)