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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-mrx-10.1177_01979183231172102 for Extending Migrants’ Rights but Limiting Long-Term Settlement. Migrant Integration Policy Trends in EU and OECD Countries Between 2010 and 2019 by Giacomo Solano, Samuel David Schmid, and Marc Helbling in International Migration Review

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-mrx-10.1177_01979183231172102 for Extending Migrants’ Rights but Limiting Long-Term Settlement. Migrant Integration Policy Trends in EU and OECD Countries Between 2010 and 2019 by Giacomo Solano, Samuel David Schmid, and Marc Helbling in International Migration Review

Supplemental Material for Numbers, Selectivity and Rights: The Conditional Nature of Immigration Policy Preferences by Marc Helbling, Rahsaan Maxwell and Richard Traunmüller in Comparative Political Studies

We implement a paired conjoint with forced choice experiment to elicit citizen preferences in the moral dilemma of triage decisions. The experiment is framed in the context of the looming consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on resource allocation in German hospitals. We aim to identify (a) key heuristics applied in the population to make these ethically difficult choices and (b) how they vary across subpopulations. Background: All measures taken to curb the spread of the coronavirus serve one goal: limit the number of infected to lower risk for collapse of the healthcare system. The most severe consequence that is to be avoided is that intensive respiratory care cannot be offered to all patients who need it. While, as of now, this is still a rather abstract issue for the German population, according to media reports it has become reality in parts of Italy, France, and Spain. Politicians are using the example of triage, the process of determining the priority of patients’ treatments, to raise awareness for the grimness of the situation. On March 25, several German medical associations published a clinical-ethical guideline on resource allocation in emergency and intensive-care medicine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin 2020), in which they state (translated): “According to the current state of knowledge about the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not unlikely that even in Germany - despite increases in capacity that have already taken place -, sufficient intensive care medical resources will soon no longer be available for all patients who need them.” Following the attention this topic has attracted from these actors as well as the media, public interest towards “triage” has risen massively in early March 2020. Research Questions: The research is mainly motivated by two questions. First, how do patient attributes structure citizen’s preferences for ICU treatment? As outlined by Parker and Mirzaali (2020) this is a question of ethics and distributive justice that can be treated with different underlying moral norms. While many ethicists seem to support a utilitarian approach for which prospective chances of survival after intensive care unit (ICU) treatment are the key criterion (which is also a key part of the guidelines published by the Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin 2020), it is imaginable that citizens deviate from that framework and put more weight on other factors. Alternative heuristics could be based on patients’ country of origin or gender. And even within a utilitarian framework, factors such as age (and therefore more potential years of life), system relevance of a patient’s job, or patient’s parenthood status are factors that could be taken into consideration to maximize benefits for society as a whole. Second, we ask how respondent attributes condition these preferences, including age, kids, household, job, and personal economic situation, political leaning, ideology, the prevalence of COVID-19 cases in close networks or the geographic neighborhood (to be tested by matching COVID-19 case data at the zip code level), and more.

We implement a paired conjoint with forced choice experiment to elicit citizen preferences in the moral dilemma of triage decisions. The experiment is framed in the context of the looming consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on resource allocation in hospitals. We aim to identify (a) key heuristics applied in the population to make these ethically difficult choices, (b) how they vary across subpopulations, and (c) how they vary across countries.

This study investigates under what conditions people are willing to trade privacy rights for state surveillance, in general and in the context of a crisis. It has appeared in the context of past crises such as terrorist attacks or pandemics that governments claimed that they need extensive (and often unprecedented) power to monitor, surveil and track the public. However, liberal democratic societies across Europe also value individual liberty, which may be threatened by these measures. Balancing government power and individual liberty is always a challenge, but crises situations have raised the stakes. Understanding these opinion dynamics will be essential for governments and other agencies in their struggle to get broad compliance for such measures. Understanding these opinion dynamics will also be essential for understanding the future of European democracies.