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[Abstract] A percentage of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients fail direct acting antiviral (DAA)-based treatment regimens, often because of drug resistance-associated substitutions (RAS). The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance profile of a large cohort of patients failing DAA-based treatments, and investigate the relationship between HCV subtype and failure, as an aid to optimizing management of these patients. A new, standardized HCV-RAS testing protocol based on deep sequencing was designed and applied to 220 previously subtyped samples from patients failing DAA treatment, collected in 39 Spanish hospitals. The majority had received DAA-based interferon (IFN) α-free regimens; 79% had failed sofosbuvir-containing therapy. Genomic regions encoding the nonstructural protein (NS) 3, NS5A, and NS5B (DAA target regions) were analyzed using subtype-specific primers. Viral subtype distribution was as follows: genotype (G) 1, 62.7%; G3a, 21.4%; G4d, 12.3%; G2, 1.8%; and mixed infections 1.8%. Overall, 88.6% of patients carried at least 1 RAS, and 19% carried RAS at frequencies below 20% in the mutant spectrum. There were no differences in RAS selection between treatments with and without ribavirin. Regardless of the treatment received, each HCV subtype showed specific types of RAS. Of note, no RAS were detected in the target proteins of 18.6% of patients failing treatment, and 30.4% of patients had RAS in proteins that were not targets of the inhibitors they received. HCV patients failing DAA therapy showed a high diversity of RAS. Ribavirin use did not influence the type or number of RAS at failure. The subtype-specific pattern of RAS emergence underscores the importance of accurate HCV subtyping. The frequency of “extra-target” RAS suggests the need for RAS screening in all three DAA target regions. Ministerio de Economía y Empresa; IDI-20151125 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; SAF SAF 2017-87846-R

Despite their relatively low prevalence, vascular diseases of the liver represent a significant health problem in the field of liver disease. A common characteristic shared by many such diseases is their propensity to cause portal hypertension together with increased morbidity and mortality. These diseases are often diagnosed in young patients and their delayed diagnosis and/or inappropriate treatment can greatly reduce life expectancy. This article reviews the current body of evidence concerning Budd-Chiari syndrome, non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis, idiopathic portal hypertension, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, hepatic vascular malformations in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis and other rarer vascular diseases including arterioportal fistulas. It also includes a section on the diagnostic imaging of vascular diseases of the liver and their treatment from a haematological standpoint (study of thrombotic diathesis and anticoagulation therapy). All recommendations are based on published studies extracted from PubMed. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated in accordance with the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment Development and Evaluation). In the absence of sufficient evidence, recommendations were based on the opinion of the committee that produced the guide.

Severe alcoholic hepatitis is associated with high early mortality. This study aimed at identifying prognostic factors associated with in-hospital, medium- and long-term mortality of severe alcoholic hepatitis and to evaluate the different prognostic scoring systems on a cohort of patients in our hospital. To this end, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 66 episodes admitted between 2000 and 2008. Clinical and laboratory data on admission, at 7 days, 1 month, 6 months, and after one year were collected and analyzed, as were the details on the treatment and complications that occurred during hospitalization; the different prognostic indices used in the literature were calculated. Death event associated with an episode of severe alcoholic hepatitis occurs primarily during the first month, with an average mortality rate of 16.9. Infectious complications were associated with lower in-hospital survival. MELD score, urea and bilirubin values one week after admission were independently associated with both in-hospital survival (OR = 1.14, 1.012 and 1.1, respectively), and survival at 6 months (OR = 1, 15; 1.014 and 1.016, respectively). Only MELD score and urea values at 7 days were independent predictors of survival twelve months after the acute hepatitis episode. MELD score, urea, and bilirubin 7 days after admission were the only independent in-hospital survival and also long-term survival factors 6 months and one year after the episode. In our cohort, the MELD score was the best prognostic index to predict mortality associated with an episode of severe alcoholic hepatitis.