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Enhancing the resilience of complex social‐ecological systems (SES) to climate change requires transformative changes. Yet, there are knowledge gaps on how best to achieve transformation. In this study, we present an approach for assessing governance performance in SES and identifying leverage points to ultimately enhance climate resilience. The approach combines three different methods including a capital approach framework, fuzzy cognitive mapping, and a leverage points analysis. Using a coastal case‐study in Algoa Bay, South Africa, the performance of governance processes contributing to different forms of capital is assessed. Subsequently, leverage points ‐ where a small shift may lead to transformative changes in the system as a whole ‐ are identified based on measures of centrality and performance. Results suggest that a range of leverage points can improve governance performance and therefore climate resilience in the case‐study. Leverage points include improving (a) support from the provincial government; (b) priority given to climate change in the integrated development plan; (c) frequency of collaborations; (d) participation in the implementation of climate action plans; (e) allocation of funding to climate change actions; (f) the overall level of preparedness in terms of staff with relevant expertise; (g) public awareness and understanding of climate change. The approach can also be used to analyze and model the relations and interactions between capitals. The study advances methodological and theoretical knowledge on the identification of leverage points for enabling transformations toward climate resilience and broader sustainability goals in SES., Plain Language Summary: Climate change has severe impacts on both people and nature. Enhancing the ability to persist and adapt to climate change requires transformative governance of social‐ecological systems. However, more knowledge is required on how to enable such transformations. In this paper, we present an approach to measure the performance of different governance processes, such as decisions and actions for climate change adaptation made by public and governmental organizations. The approach aims to identify key processes, where a small intervention may improve overall performance for climate change adaptation, and therefore transformation. We apply the approach in a real‐world example in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Results suggest that different processes in the case‐study can be changed in order to enhance the ability to persist and adapt to climate change. This includes seven actions: (a) more support from governmental organizations; (b) greater priority given to climate change in relevant policies; (c) increasing the frequency of interactions between organizations; (d) enhancing the participation in the implementation of climate action plans; (e) better allocation of funding to climate change actions; (f) training staff within organizations to enhance their climate expertise; (g) improving public awareness and understanding of climate change., Key Points: The study presents an approach for assessing governance performance and identifying leverage points in social‐ecological systems. The approach combines three different methods: a capital approach framework, fuzzy cognitive mapping, and a leverage points analysis. The study advances methodological and theoretical knowledge on how to operationalize transformation toward climate resilience., Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon, Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009106, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20732788

Surface wave energy and dissipation are observed across the surf zone. Utilizing the concept of surface rollers, a new scaling is introduced to obtain the energy flux and dissipation related to rollers from Doppler velocities measured by a shore‐based X‐band marine radar. The dissipation of wave energy and hence the transformation of the incoming wave height (or energy) is derived using the coupled wave and roller energy balance equations. Results are compared to in‐situ wave measurements obtained from a wave rider buoy and two bottom mounted pressure wave gauges. A good performance in reproducing the significant wave height is found yielding an overall root‐mean‐square error of 0.22 m and a bias of −0.12 m. This is comparable to the skill of numerical wave models. In contrast to wave models, however, the radar observations of the wave and roller energy flux and dissipation neither require knowledge of the bathymetry nor the incident wave height. Along a 1.5 km long cross‐shore transect on a double‐barred, sandy beach in the southern North Sea, the highest dissipation rates are observed at the inner bar over a relatively short distance of less than 100 m. During the peak of a medium‐severe storm event with significant wave heights over 3 m, about 50% of the incident wave energy flux is dissipated at the outer bar., Plain Language Summary: Ocean waves are carrying a large amount of mechanical energy which they have gained from the wind blowing over the ocean surface. At the coast this energy supply generates strong water motions, creates forces on coastal structures, moves sand, and can cause coastal erosion. It is therefore important to know when, where, and to what extent wave energy is reduced under different environmental conditions. The majority of the energy is removed by wave breaking. However, this process is still not completely understood which is partly due to fact that it is difficult to observe. This is particularly the case during storm conditions when it is very complicated to install and recover measurement equipment in the ocean. The present work describes a methodology to obtain such measurements using a special radar device which is installed at the beach; hence, it is not being impacted by harsh wave conditions. This approach will enable scientists to perform long‐term monitoring of wave breaking thus opening new opportunities to study beach processes and coastal changes., Key Points: high‐resolution observations of surface wave and roller dissipation as well as the transformation of wave height across the surf zone. the concept of surface rollers is applied to shore‐based X‐band Doppler radar data. in storm conditions, 50% of the wave energy is dissipated at a submerged outer sandbar, but strongest dissipation occurs further inshore., Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318, http://codm.hzg.de/codm, https://doi.org/10.1594/683PANGAEA.898407, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.942014, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5787131

In order to gain further insights into early solar system aggregation processes, we carried out an experiment on board the International Space Station, which allowed us to study the behavior of dust particles exposed to electric arc discharges under long‐term microgravity. The experiment led to the formation of robust, elongated, fluffy aggregates, which were studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and synchrotron micro‐computed tomography. The morphologies of these aggregates strongly resemble the typical shapes of fractal fluffy‐type calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs). We conclude that a small amount of melting could have supplied the required stability for such fractal structures to have survived transportation and aggregation to and compaction within planetesimals. Other aggregates produced in our experiment have a massy morphology and contain relict grains, likely resulting from the collision of grains with different degrees of melting, also observed in some natural CAIs. Some particles are surrounded by igneous rims, which remind in thickness and crystal orientation of Wark–Lovering rims; another aggregate shows similarities to disk‐shaped CAIs. These results imply that a (flash‐)heating event with subsequent aggregation could have been involved in the formation of different morphological CAI characteristics., BIOVIA, Nordlicht GmbH, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360, NanoRacks LLC, Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100020027, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946, DreamUp, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002806

We present the first global ocean‐biogeochemistry model that uses a telescoping high resolution for an improved representation of coastal carbon dynamics: ICON‐Coast. Based on the unstructured triangular grid topology of the model, we globally apply a grid refinement in the land‐ocean transition zone to better resolve the complex circulation of shallow shelves and marginal seas as well as ocean‐shelf exchange. Moreover, we incorporate tidal currents including bottom drag effects, and extend the parameterizations of the model's biogeochemistry component to account explicitly for key shelf‐specific carbon transformation processes. These comprise sediment resuspension, temperature‐dependent remineralization in the water column and sediment, riverine matter fluxes from land including terrestrial organic carbon, and variable sinking speed of aggregated particulate matter. The combination of regional grid refinement and enhanced process representation enables for the first time a seamless incorporation of the global coastal ocean in model‐based Earth system research. In particular, ICON‐Coast encompasses all coastal areas around the globe within a single, consistent ocean‐biogeochemistry model, thus naturally accounting for two‐way coupling of ocean‐shelf feedback mechanisms at the global scale. The high quality of the model results as well as the efficiency in computational cost and storage requirements proves this strategy a pioneering approach for global high‐resolution modeling. We conclude that ICON‐Coast represents a new tool to deepen our mechanistic understanding of the role of the land‐ocean transition zone in the global carbon cycle, and to narrow related uncertainties in global future projections., Plain Language Summary: The coastal ocean is an area hardly taken into account by current climate change assessment activities. Yet, its capacity in carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and storage is crucial to be included in a science‐based development of sustainable climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Earth system models are powerful tools to investigate the marine carbon cycle of the open ocean. The coastal ocean, however, is poorly represented in global models to date, because of missing key processes controlling coastal carbon dynamics and too coarse spatial resolutions to adequately simulate coastal circulation features. Here, we introduce the first global ocean‐biogeochemistry model with a dedicated representation of the coastal ocean and associated marine carbon dynamics: ICON‐Coast. In this model, we globally apply a higher resolution in the coastal ocean and extend the accounted physical and biogeochemical processes. This approach enables for the first time a consistent, seamless incorporation of the global coastal ocean in model‐based Earth system research. In particular, ICON‐Coast represents a new tool to deepen our understanding about the role of the land‐ocean transition zone in the global climate system, and to narrow related uncertainties in possible and plausible climate futures., Key Points: We introduce the first global ocean‐biogeochemistry model with a dedicated representation of coastal carbon dynamics. We globally apply a grid refinement in the coastal ocean to better resolve regional circulation features, including ocean‐shelf exchange. We explicitly incorporate key physical and biogeochemical processes controlling coastal carbon dynamics., German Research Foundation, Excellence Strategy EXC 2037 (CLICCS), European Union, Horizon2020 Research and Innovation Program (ESM2025), German Federal Ministry of Education, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6630352

Data from profiling floats in the Black Sea revealed complex temporal and spatial relationships between physical variables and oxygen, chlorophyll and the backscattering coefficient at 700 nm, as well as some limits in understanding the details of biogeochemistry dynamics. To account for different interdependences between physical and biogeochemical properties, a feedforward backpropagation neural network (NN) was used. This NN learns from data recorded by profiling floats and predicts biogeochemical states using physical measurements only. The performance was very high, particularly for oxygen, but it decreased when the NN was applied to older data because the interrelationships between the physical and biogeochemical properties have changed recently. The biogeochemical states reconstructed by the NN using physical data produced by a coupled physical–biogeochemical operational model were better than the biogeochemical outputs of the same coupled model. Therefore, the use of data from profiling floats, physical properties from numerical models and NNs appears to be a powerful approach for reconstructing the 4D dynamics of the euphotic zone. Basin‐wide patterns and temporal variabilities in oxygen, backscattering coefficient and chlorophyll were also analyzed. Of particular interest is the reconstruction of short‐lived biogeochemical features, particularly in coastal anticyclone areas, which are difficult to observe with available floats at the basin scale., Plain Language Summary: This study addresses the biogeochemical dynamics of the euphotic layer in the Black Sea. Observations are provided from profiling floats, and the observed biogeochemical parameters include oxygen, the backscattering coefficient at 700 nm and chlorophyll‐a. Data analysis showed complex temporal and spatial relationships between physical and biogeochemical variables and some limits in understanding the details of biogeochemical dynamics. A feedforward backpropagation neural network was developed, which can be considered an input–output mapping in which the neurons combine the input data in such a way that the output can be considered a nonlinear combination of input data. When applied to older data, the reconstruction performance decreases, suggesting a change in the dependency of biogeochemical characteristics on physical drivers caused by known climate change. A comparison with simulations from a coupled operational biogeochemical model shows that the neural network outperforms the numerical model. The newly proposed method, combining data from profiling floats, physical properties from numerical models and a backpropagation neural network, allows us to reconstruct the 4D dynamics of the euphotic layer over the period 2013–2020., Key Points: Machine learning helps identify fundamental biogeochemical mechanisms in the Black Sea. A feedforward backpropagation neural network performs better than a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model. Data from profiling floats, physical data from numerical models and machine learning enabled the analysis of 4D biogeochemical dynamics., MASRI, National Roadmap for Scientific Infrastructure, European Horizon 2020 project DOORS, https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/product-detail/BLKSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_007_004/INFORMATION, https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/product-detail/BLKSEA_REANALYSIS_BIO_007_005/INFORMATION, http://www.coriolis.eu.org/Data-Products/Data-selection, https://zenodo.org/record/6860705

In the context of the first phase of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment in the European domain (EURO-CORDEX) flagship plot study on Land Use and Climate Across Scales (LUCAS), we investigate the biophysical impact of afforestation on the seasonal cycle of soil temperature over the European continent with an ensemble of 10 regional climate models. For this purpose, each ensemble member performed two idealized land cover experiments in which Europe is covered either by forests or grasslands. The multi-model mean exhibits a reduction of the annual amplitude of soil temperature (AAST) due to afforestation over all European regions, although this is not a robust feature among the models. In the Mediterranean, the spread of simulated AAST response to afforestation is between −4 and +2 °C at 1 m below the ground, while in Scandinavia the inter-model spread ranges from −7 to +1 °C. We show that the large range in the simulated AAST response is due to the representation of the summertime climate processes and is largely explained by inter-model differences in leaf area index (LAI), surface albedo, cloud fraction and soil moisture, when all combined into a multiple linear regression. The changes in these drivers essentially determine the ratio between the increased radiative energy at surface (due to lower albedo in forests) and the increased sum of turbulent heat fluxes (due to mixing-facilitating characteristics of forests), and consequently decide the changes in soil heating with afforestation in each model. Finally, we pair FLUXNET sites to compare the simulated results with observation-based evidence of the impact of forest on soil temperature. In line with models, observations indicate a summer ground cooling in forested areas compared to open lands. The vast majority of models agree with the sign of the observed reduction in AAST, although with a large variation in the magnitude of changes. Overall, we aspire to emphasize the biophysical effects of afforestation on soil temperature profile with this study, given that changes in the seasonal cycle of soil temperature potentially perturb crucial biochemical processes. Robust knowledge on biophysical impacts of afforestation on soil conditions and its feedbacks on local and regional climate is needed in support of effective land-based climate mitigation and adaption policies., Geoscientific Model Development, 15 (2), ISSN:1991-9603, ISSN:1991-959X

Leucine enkephalin (LeuEnk), a biologically active endogenous opioid pentapeptide, has been under intense investigation because it is small enough to allow efficient use of sophisticated computational methods and large enough to provide insights into low-lying minima of its conformational space. Here, we reproduce and interpret experimental infrared (IR) spectra of this model peptide in gas phase using a combination of replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning, and ab initio calculations. In particular, we evaluate the possibility of averaging representative structural contributions to obtain an accurate computed spectrum that accounts for the corresponding canonical ensemble of the real experimental situation. Representative conformers are identified by partitioning the conformational phase space into subensembles of similar conformers. The IR contribution of each representative conformer is calculated from ab initio and weighted according to the population of each cluster. Convergence of the averaged IR signal is rationalized by merging contributions in a hierarchical clustering and the comparison to IR multiple photon dissociation experiments. The improvements achieved by decomposing clusters containing similar conformations into even smaller subensembles is strong evidence that a thorough assessment of the conformational landscape and the associated hydrogen bonding is a prerequisite for deciphering important fingerprints in experimental spectroscopic data.

Insects 13(9), 796 (2022). doi:10.3390/insects13090796, Fossils are critical for understanding the evolutionary diversification, turnover, and morphological disparification of extant lineages. While fossils cannot be sequenced, phenome-scale data may be generated using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT), thus revealing hidden structures and internal anatomy, when preserved. Here, we adduce the male caste of a new fossil ant species from Miocene Ethiopian amber that resembles members of the Aneuretinae, matching the operational definition of the subfamily. Through the use of synchrotron radiation for µ-CT, we critically test the aneuretine-identity hypothesis. Our results indicate that the new fossils do not belong to the Aneuretinae, but rather the Ponerini (Ponerinae). Informed by recent phylogenomic studies, we were able to place the fossils close to the extant genus Cryptopone based on logical character analysis, with the two uniquely sharing absence of the subpetiolar process among all ponerine genera. Consequently, we: (1) revise the male-based key to the global ant subfamilies; (2) revise the definitions of Aneuretinae, Ponerinae, Platythyreini, and Ponerini; (3) discuss the evolution of ant mandibles; and (4) describe the fossils as †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov. Our study highlights the value of males for ant systematics and the tremendous potential of phenomic imaging technologies for the study of ant evolution., Published by MDPI, Basel

This work documents the ICON‐Earth System Model (ICON‐ESM V1.0), the first coupled model based on the ICON (ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic) framework with its unstructured, icosahedral grid concept. The ICON‐A atmosphere uses a nonhydrostatic dynamical core and the ocean model ICON‐O builds on the same ICON infrastructure, but applies the Boussinesq and hydrostatic approximation and includes a sea‐ice model. The ICON‐Land module provides a new framework for the modeling of land processes and the terrestrial carbon cycle. The oceanic carbon cycle and biogeochemistry are represented by the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle module. We describe the tuning and spin‐up of a base‐line version at a resolution typical for models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). The performance of ICON‐ESM is assessed by means of a set of standard CMIP6 simulations. Achievements are well‐balanced top‐of‐atmosphere radiation, stable key climate quantities in the control simulation, and a good representation of the historical surface temperature evolution. The model has overall biases, which are comparable to those of other CMIP models, but ICON‐ESM performs less well than its predecessor, the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. Problematic biases are diagnosed in ICON‐ESM in the vertical cloud distribution and the mean zonal wind field. In the ocean, sub‐surface temperature and salinity biases are of concern as is a too strong seasonal cycle of the sea‐ice cover in both hemispheres. ICON‐ESM V1.0 serves as a basis for further developments that will take advantage of ICON‐specific properties such as spatially varying resolution, and configurations at very high resolution., Plain Language Summary: ICON‐ESM is a completely new coupled climate and earth system model that applies novel design principles and numerical techniques. The atmosphere model applies a non‐hydrostatic dynamical core, both atmosphere and ocean models apply unstructured meshes, and the model is adapted for high‐performance computing systems. This article describes how the component models for atmosphere, land, and ocean are coupled together and how we achieve a stable climate by setting certain tuning parameters and performing sensitivity experiments. We evaluate the performance of our new model by running a set of experiments under pre‐industrial and historical climate conditions as well as a set of idealized greenhouse‐gas‐increase experiments. These experiments were designed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) and allow us to compare the results to those from other CMIP models and the predecessor of our model, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model. While we diagnose overall satisfactory performance, we find that ICON‐ESM features somewhat larger biases in several quantities compared to its predecessor at comparable grid resolution. We emphasize that the present configuration serves as a basis from where future development steps will open up new perspectives in earth system modeling., Key Points: This work documents ICON‐ESM 1.0, the first version of a coupled model based on the ICON framework. Performance of ICON‐ESM is assessed by means of CMIP6 Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Characterization of Klima experiments at standard CMIP‐type resolution. ICON‐ESM reproduces the observed temperature evolution. Biases in clouds, winds, sea‐ice, and ocean properties are larger than in MPI‐ESM., European Union H2020 ESM2025, European Union H2020 COMFORT, European Union H2020ESiWACE2, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft TRR181, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft EXC 2037, European Union H2020, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, http://esgf-data.dkrz.de/search/cmip6-dkrz/, https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/modeling-with-icon/code-availability, http://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/Compact.jsp?acronym=RUBY-0_ICON-_ESM_V1.0_Model

Osmotic transport in nanoconfined aqueous electrolytes provides new venues for water desalination and "blue energy" harvesting; the osmotic response of nanofluidic systems is controlled by the interfacial structure of water and electrolyte solutions in the so-called electrical double layer (EDL), but a molecular-level picture of the EDL is to a large extent still lacking. Particularly, the role of the electronic structure has not been considered in the description of electrolyte/surface interactions. Here, we report enhanced sampling simulations based on ab initio molecular dynamics, aiming at unravelling the free energy of prototypical ions adsorbed at the aqueous graphene and hBN interfaces, and its consequences on nanofluidic osmotic transport. Specifically, we predicted the zeta potential, the diffusio-osmotic mobility and the diffusio-osmotic conductivity for a wide range of salt concentrations from the ab initio water and ion spatial distributions through an analytical framework based on Stokes equation and a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation. We observed concentration-dependent scaling laws, together with dramatic differences in osmotic transport between the two interfaces, including diffusio-osmotic flow and current reversal on hBN, but not on graphene. We could rationalize the results for the three osmotic responses with a simple model based on characteristic length scales for ion and water adsorption at the surface, which are quite different on graphene and on hBN. Our work provides first principles insights into the structure and osmotic transport of aqueous electrolytes on two-dimensional materials and explores new pathways for efficient water desalination and osmotic energy conversion., Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures

Abstract Inspired by the interesting functional traits of a climbing cactus, Selenicereus setaceus, found in the forest formations of Southeastern Brazil, we formulated a hypothesis that we can directly learn from the plants to develop multi-functional artificial systems by means of a multi-disciplinary approach. In this context, our approach is to take advantage of 3D-printing techniques and shape-memory hydrogels synergistically to mimic the functional traits of the cactus. This work reports on the preliminary investigation of cactus-inspired artificial systems. First, we 3D-printed soft polymeric materials and characterized them, which defines the structure and is a passive component of a multi-material system. Second, different hydrogels were synthesized and characterized, which is an active component of a multi-material system. Finally, we investigated how the hydrogel can be integrated into the 3D-printed constructs to develop artificial functional systems. Graphic abstract

Plankton imaging systems supported by automated classification and analysis have improved ecologists' ability to observe aquatic ecosystems. Today, we are on the cusp of reliably tracking plankton populations with a suite of lab-based and in situ tools, collecting imaging data at unprecedentedly fine spatial and temporal scales. But these data have potential well beyond examining the abundances of different taxa; the individual images themselves contain a wealth of information on functional traits. Here, we outline traits that could be measured from image data, suggest machine learning and computer vision approaches to extract functional trait information from the images, and discuss promising avenues for novel studies. The approaches we discuss are data agnostic and are broadly applicable to imagery of other aquatic or terrestrial organisms., SDA acknowledges funding from CNRS for her sabbatical in 2018–2020. JOI acknowledges funding from the Belmont Forum, grant ANR-18-BELM-0003-01. This work is a contribution to the scientific program of Québec Océan and the Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376; CNRS - Université Laval). FM was supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2014-05433). MS is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO17/PDO/067). FB received support from ETH Zürich. MDO is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the U.S. National Science Foundation. ECB is supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) under the grant agreement no. 88882.438735/2019-01. TB is supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-19-CE01-0006). NVP is supported by the Spanish State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation (PTA2016-12822-I). FL is supported by the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). HMS was supported by the Simons Foundation (561126) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (CCF-1539256, OCE-1655686). LS was supported by the Chair VISION from CNRS/Sorbonne Université.

International audience; The regional and coastal ocean, as a complex interface area where land, hydrology, atmosphere and ocean interact, concentrates a wide range of actors dealing with increasing socio-economic and environmental issues. Under the pressure of the impacts of climate change, forecasting the coastal ocean remains a key challenge. The international Coastal Ocean and Shelf Seas Task Team (COSS-TT) community within the OceanPredict program (former GODAE OceanView - https://www.godae-oceanview.org/) fosters multidisciplinary research efforts dedicated to the coastal ocean from the land/ocean interface to the shelf/open ocean exchange regions, in support of regional and coastal ocean forecasting. Following the first topical collection (De Mey et al. 2017), this second one offers research conducted within the COSS-TT themes. After a successful 6th international COSS-TT meeting in 2018, new steps were outlined in the integration of knowledge and capabilities in regional and coastal ocean forecasting. Two major community events defined these next steps for ocean prediction (GODAE OceanView Symposium 2019 - OceanPredict '19 - http://oceanpredict19.org/) and ocean observation (OceanObs’19 - http://www.oceanobs19.net/). The OceanObs’19 conference called for the global ocean observing community and users to “advance the frontiers of ocean observing capabilities from the coast to the deep ocean... at the boundaries between the ocean and air, seafloor, land, ice, freshwater, and human-populated areas” and to “improve the uptake of ocean data in models for understanding and forecasting of the Earth system”. These statements emphasize the need to improve the synergy between model and observations to develop regional and coastal ocean observing and forecasting capabilities (De Mey-Frémaux et al. 2019; Davidson et al. 2019). These 2018-2019 initiatives are well aligned to the scientific foundation of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030). The COSS-TT community appears as a key actor of Ocean Decade Challenges related to regional and coastal ocean prediction (for example CoastPredict: Observing and Predicting the Global Coastal Ocean - https://www.coastpredict.org/).In this framework, the COSS-TT community centered this second topical collection around scientific priorities in agreement with ongoing open research fields and new identified priorities (in bold are addressed priorities in this second topical collection): (a) advances in integrated, multi-platform, long-term monitoring of physical, geochemical and biological parameters in coastal regions and coastal observatories; (b) development of fine-scale coastal ocean models; (c) downscaling approaches from large-scale to regional and coastal-scale models (methods for quantitative assessment, regional and coastal array design, downscaling approaches and data assimilation and predictability in coastal ocean forecasting systems); (d) coastal-scale atmosphere-wave-ocean couplings, (e) ecosystem response to physical drivers; (f) probabilistic approaches and risk assessment in the coastal ocean (including extreme events, impact and signature of climate change, science in support of the mitigation of coastal hazards); (g) science in support of applications in coastal oceans and (h) synergy between coastal modelling and coastal altimetry.

Climbing plants must reach supports and navigate gaps to colonize trees. This requires a structural organization ensuring the rigidity of so-called ‘searcher’ stems. Cacti have succulent stems adapted for water storage in dry habitats. We investigate how a climbing cactusSelenicereus setaceusdevelops its stem structure and succulent tissues for climbing. We applied a ‘wide scale’ approach combining field-based bending, tensile and swellability tests with fine-scale rheological, compression and anatomical analyses in laboratory conditions. Gap-spanning ‘searcher’ stems rely significantly on the soft cortex and outer skin of the stem for rigidity in bending (60–94%). A woody core contributes significantly to axial and radial compressive strength (80%). Rheological tests indicated that storage moduli were consistently higher than loss moduli indicating that the mucilaginous cortical tissue behaved like a viscoelastic solid with properties similar to physical or chemical hydrogels. Rheological and compression properties of the soft tissue changed from young to old stages. The hydrogel–skin composite is a multi-functional structure contributing to rigidity in searcher stems but also imparting compliance and benign failure in environmental situations when stems must fail. Soft tissue composites changing in function via changes in development and turgescence have a great potential for exploring candidate materials for technical applications.

The Elb estuary is a substantially engineered tidal water body that receives high loads of organic matter from the eutrophied Elbe river. The organic matter entering the estuary at the tidal weir is dominated by diatom populations that collapse in the deepened freshwater reach. Although the estuary’s freshwater reach is considered to manifest vertically homogenous density distribution (i.e. to be well-mixed), several indicators like trapping of particulate organic matter, near-bottom oxygen depletion and ammonium accumulation suggest that the vertical exchange of organic particles and dissolved oxygen is weakened at least temporarily. To better understand the causal links between the hydrodynamics and the oxygen and nutrient cycling in the deepened freshwater reach of the Elbe estuary, we establish a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamical-biogeochemical model. The model demonstrates good skill in simulating the variability of the physical and biogeochemical parameters in the focal area. Coupled simulations reveal that this region is a hotspot of the degradation of diatoms and organic matter transported from the shallow productive upper estuary and the tidal weir. In summer, the water column weakly stratifies when at the bathymetric jump warmer water from the shallow upper estuary spreads over the colder water of the deepened mid reaches. Enhanced thermal stratification also occurs also in the narrow port basins and channels. Model results show intensifi cation of the particletrapping due to the thermal gradients. The stratification also reduces the oxygenation of the near-bottom region and sedimentary layer inducing oxygen depletion and accumulation of ammonium. The study highlights that the vertical resolution is important for the understanding and simulation of estuarine ecological processes, because even weak stratification impacts the cycling of nutrients via modulation of the vertical mixing of oxygen, particularly in deepened navigation channels and port, L'estuaire de l'Elbe est un plan d'eau à marée fortement aménagé qui reçoit de fortes charges de matières organiques provenant de l'Elbe eutrophisée. La matière organique qui entre dans l'estuaire au niveau du déversoir de marée est dominée par des populations de diatomées qui s'effondrent dans la partie d'eau douce plus profonde. Bien que l'on considère que le tronçon d'eau douce de l'estuaire présente une distribution de densité verticalement homogène (c'est-à-dire qu'il est bien mélangé), plusieurs indicateurs tels que le piégeage de la matière organique particulaire, l'épuisement de l'oxygène près du fond et l'accumulation d'ammonium suggèrent que l'échange vertical de particules organiques et d'oxygène dissous est affaibli, au moins temporairement. Pour mieux comprendre les liens de causalité entre l'hydrodynamique et le cycle de l'oxygène et des nutriments dans la partie d'eau douce profonde de l'estuaire de l'Elbe, nous établissons un modèle couplé hydrodynamique-biogéochimique tridimensionnel. Le modèle démontre une bonne capacité à simuler la variabilité des paramètres physiques et biogéochimiques dans la zone focale. Les simulations couplées révèlent que cette région est un point chaud de la dégradation des diatomées et de la matière organique transportée depuis l'estuaire supérieur productif peu profond et le déversoir de marée. En été, la colonne d'eau se stratifie faiblement lorsqu'au niveau du saut bathymétrique, les eaux plus chaudes de l'estuaire supérieur peu profond se répandent sur les eaux plus froides de l'estuaire moyen plus profond. Une stratification thermique renforcée se produit également dans les bassins et les canaux étroits du port. Les résultats du modèle montrent une intensification du piégeage des particules en raison des gradients thermiques.particules en raison des gradients thermiques. La stratification réduit également l'oxygénation de la région proche du fond et de la couche sédimentaire, entraînant un appauvrissement en oxygène et une accumulation d'ammonium. L'étude souligne que la résolution verticale est importante pour la compréhension et la simulation des processus écologiques estuariens, car même une faible stratification a un impact sur le cycle des nutriments via la modulation du mélange vertical de l'oxygène, en particulier dans les canaux de navigation profonds et les ports.

The BOOS modelling program (BMP) has recently undergone the effort to update and defi ne new research and development priorities as a community. As an association of operational and research institutes in the Baltic Sea Region, BMP works on enhancing and integrating operational modelling capacities. On a goodwill basis, the institutes support and inform each other on their operational ocean modelling activities, exchange know-how and tools. Communities networking activities and programs have been either established or strengthened. The operationalization of research will be intensifi ed through interactions with external research groups (e.g. through workshops). One of the main objectives of the BMP is the scientifi c coordination of modelling activities under the BOOS and connected advancement of methodologies, such as coastal downscaling, coupling between different model compartments, data assimilation. Under the umbrella of BOOS, now joint working groups and projects have been formed on various futurerelevant topics (e.g. coastal modelling, marine plastics, region-specifi c NEMO model development, data assimilation, validation and multi-model ensemble). The BMP activities' outcomes are primarily thought to support operational model developments of the BOOS/Eurogoos Strategic Agenda. We will present the BMP in general and the individual working groups and their future plans in particular., Le programme de modélisation BOOS (BMP) a récemment fait l'objet d'un effort de mise à jour et de définition de nouvelles priorités de recherche et de développement en tant que communauté. En tant qu'association d'instituts opérationnels et de recherche dans la région de la mer Baltique, le BMP travaille à l'amélioration et à l'intégration des capacités de modélisation opérationnelle. Sur la base de la bonne volonté, les instituts se soutiennent et s'informent mutuellement sur leurs activités de modélisation océanique opérationnelle, échangent leur savoir-faire et leurs outils. Des activités et des programmes de mise en réseau des communautés ont été établis ou renforcés. L'opérationnalisation de la recherche sera intensifiée par des interactions avec des groupes de recherche externes (par exemple, par le biais d'ateliers). L'un des principaux objectifs du BMP est la coordination scientifique des activités de modélisation dans le cadre du BOOS et l'avancement connexe des méthodologies, telles que la réduction d'échelle côtière, le couplage entre différents compartiments de modèles, l'assimilation de données. Sous l'égide du BOOS, des groupes de travail et des projets conjoints ont été formés sur divers sujets pertinents pour l'avenir (par exemple, la modélisation côtière, les plastiques marins, le développement de modèles NEMO spécifiques à une région, l'assimilation de données, la validation et les ensembles multi-modèles). Les résultats des activités du BMP sont principalement destinés à soutenir les développements de modèles opérationnels de l'agenda stratégique BOOS/Eurogoos. Nous présenterons le BMP en général et les groupes de travail individuels et leurs plans futurs en particulier.

International audience; The ocean is an important pathway to a low-carbon and climate resilient society, e.g. in areas of blue carbon, green shipping, offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, fishery and coastal adaptation. Currently, 26 EU member states have made their National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) and/or National Strategy Plan (NAP) which needs a strong climate information service. European Global Ocean Observing System (EuroGOOS) has a strategy to expand existing operational marine service to climate change in 2020-2030. As focal points of national marine, climate and/or weather services, ROOS (Regional Sea Operational Oceanographic System) members have extensive experiences in working with citizens, stakeholders and decision-makers at national, regional and municipality levels. This paper will review current marine climate service capacity in ROOS members, identify gaps in modelling, products and service, and propose a seamless earth system approach for developing EuroGOOS and ROOS marine climate service capacities.; L'océan est une voie importante vers une société à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique, par exemple dans les domaines du carbone bleu, du transport maritime vert, des énergies renouvelables en mer, de l'aquaculture, de la pêche et de l'adaptation côtière. Actuellement, 26 États membres de l'UE ont élaboré leur stratégie nationale d'adaptation (NAS) et/ou leur plan stratégique national (NAP), ce qui nécessite un service d'information climatique solide. Le système européen d'observation des océans (EuroGOOS) a une stratégie pour étendre le service marin opérationnel existant au changement climatique en 2020-2030. En tant que points focaux des services marins, climatiques et/ou météorologiques nationaux, les membres du ROOS (Regional Sea Operational Oceanographic System) ont une grande expérience de la collaboration avec les citoyens, les parties prenantes et les décideurs aux niveaux national, régional et municipal. Ce document passe en revue les capacités actuelles des services de climatologie marine des membres du ROOS, identifie les lacunes en matière de modélisation, de produits et de services, et propose une approche de système terrestre homogène pour développer les capacités des services de climatologie marine d'EuroGOOS et du ROOS.

International audience; This study investigated the modelled lateral heat transports across the shelf edge and into the Baltic Sea with/without applying data assimilation (DA) of satellite sea surface temperature. The assimilation scheme, i.e., a 3D variational (3DVAR), adopted model error correlations that depend on the water mixing layer thickness derived from a coupled circulation-wave model. The analysis showed, besides the direct change in heat transport due to the DA of water temperature, the indirect change in heat transport due to the signifi cant hydrodynamic response to DA of the model. The largest DA impact was found in the Norwegian Channel, where the dominant process is Eulerian transport, followed by tidal pumping and wind pumping. It is demonstrated that, due to the DA of the water temperature, the along-shelf current at the northern edge of the North Sea is accelerated. This decreased the horizontal pressure gradient from the Atlantic to the North Sea and reduced the Eulerian transport of heat outward the North Sea through the Norwegian Channel.

International audience; The coupling of models is a commonly used approach when addressing the complex interactions between different components of the Earth system. This study presents the development of a new, high-resolution, coupled ocean and wave model system for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, which is part of the Geestacht COAstal model SysTem GCOAST. The nonlinear feedback between strong tidal currents and wind-waves, which can no longer be ignored, in particular in the coastal zone where its role seems to be dominant. The proposed coupling parameterisations account for the feedback between the upper ocean on the atmospheric circulation by accounting for the effects of the sea level and ocean temperature and salinity. Sensitivity experiments are performed to estimate the role of different wave-ocean coupling components. The performance of the coupled modelling system is illustrated for the cases of several extreme events. For example, the inclusion of wave coupling changes sea surface temperature, the mixing and ocean circulation and the total sea-level leading to better agreement with in-situ and satellite observations. The predicted surge of the coupled model is signifi cantly enhanced during extreme storm events when considering wavecurrent interaction processes. This wave-dependent approach yields a contribution of more than 30% in some coastal areas during extreme storm events. The model comparisons with data from satellite altimeter and in situ observations showed that using the fully coupled system reduces the errors, especially under severe storm conditions.

International audience; The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) in surface seawater is an important biogeochemical variable, influencing the direction of air-sea carbon dioxide exchange. Large-scale observations of pCO 2 are facilitated by Ships-of-Opportunity (SOOP-CO 2) equipped with underway measuring instruments that are becoming more autonomous. Here we performed a comparison between a FerryBox-integrated membrane-based sensor and a showerhead equilibration sensor installed on two SOOP-CO 2 between 2013 and 2018. We identified time-and space-adequate crossovers in the Skagerrak Strait, where the two ship routes often crossed. We found a mean total difference of 1.5 ± 10.6 μatm and a root mean square error of 11 μatm. The pCO 2 values recorded by the two instruments showed a strong linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 and a slope of 1.07 (± 0.14), despite the dynamic nature of the environment and the difficulty of comparing measurements from two different vessels. We showed the strength of having a sensor-based network with a high spatial coverage that can be cross-checked against conventional SOOP-CO 2 methods. Validating membrane-based sensors and using the expanded coverage and higher frequency measurements they provide can enable a thorough characterization of pCO 2 variability in both open oceans and dynamic coastal seas.

Highlights: • Overview on oxidative treatment processes for different industrial applications • Compilation of disinfection by-product types/concentrations in marine water uses • Estimation of global DBP inputs into marine water from different industries • Comparison of anthropogenic bromoform production to emissions from natural sources Abstract: Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470 – 800 × 109 m3, 46 × 109 m3 and 3.5 × 109 m3, respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5 – 21.8 × 106 kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8 – 20.1 × 106 kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 × 106 kg/a from desalination and 0.86 × 106 kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2 – 6 % of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385 – 870 × 106 kg/a.

Current farm systems rely on the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP) to secure high productivity and control threats to the quality of the crops. However, PPP use may have considerable impacts on human health and the environment. A study protocol is presented aiming to determine the occurrence and levels of PPP residues in plants (crops), animals (livestock), humans and other non-target species (ecosystem representatives) for exposure modelling and impact assessment. To achieve this, we designed a cross-sectional study to compare conventional and organic farm systems across Europe. Environmental and biological samples were/are being/will be collected during the 2021 growing season, at 10 case study sites in Europe covering a range of climate zones and crops. An additional study site in Argentina will inform the impact of PPP use on growing soybean which is an important European protein-source in animal feed. We will study the impact of PPP mixtures using an integrated risk assessment methodology. The fate of PPP in environmental media (soil, water and air) and in the homes of farmers will be monitored. This will be complemented by biomonitoring to estimate PPP uptake by humans and farm animals (cow, goat, sheep and chicken), and by collection of samples from non-target species (earthworms, fish, aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrates, bats, and farm cats). We will use data on PPP residues in environmental and biological matrices to estimate exposures by modelling. These exposure estimates together with health and toxicity data will be used to predict the impact of PPP use on environment, plant, animal and human health. The outcome of this study will then be integrated with socio-economic information leading to an overall assessment used to identify transition pathways towards more sustainable plant protection and inform decision makers, practitioners and other stakeholders regarding farming practices and land use policy. EEA Balcarce Fil: Silva, Vera. Wageningen University and Research. Soil Physics and Land Management Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Alaoui, Abdallah. University of Bern. Institute of Geography. Centre for Development and Environment; Suiza. Fil: Schlünssen, Vivi. Aarhus University. Department of Public Health; Dinamarca. National Research Centre for the Working Environment; Dinamarca. Fil: Vested, Anne. Aarhus University. Department of Public Health; Dinamarca. Fil: Graumans, Martien. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Países Bajos. Fil: Van Dael, Maurice. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Países Bajos. Fil: Trevisan, Marco. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Department for Sustainable Food Process; Italia. Fil: Suciu, Nicoleta. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Department for Sustainable Food Process; Italia. Fil: Mol, Hans. Wageningen University and Research. Wageningen Food Safety Research; Países Bajos. Fil: Beekmann, Karsten. Wageningen University and Research. Wageningen Food Safety Research; Países Bajos. Fil: Figueiredo, Daniel. Utrecht University. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Países Bajos. Fil: Harkes, Paula. Wageningen University and Research. Soil Physics and Land Management Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Hofman, Jakub. Masaryk University. Faculty of Science. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment; Republica Checa. Fil: Kandeler, Ellen. University of Hohenheim. Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation; Alemania. Fil: Abrantes, Nelson. University of Aveiro. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Environment and Planning; Portugal. Fil: Campos, Isabel. University of Aveiro. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Environment and Planning; Portugal. Fil: Martínez, María Ángeles. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas; España. Fil: Pereira, Joana Luísa. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Environment and Planning; Portugal. Fil: Goossens, Dirk. Wageningen University and Research. Soil Physics and Land Management Group. Países Bajos. KU Leuven Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Belgica. Fil: Gandrass, Juergen. Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry; Alemania. Fil: Debler, Freya. Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry; Alemania. Fil: Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza. Wageningen University and Research. Soil Physics and Land Management Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Jonker, Marlot. Dutch Mammal Society; Países Bajos. Fil: Van Langevelde, Frank. Wageningen University and Research. Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Sorensen, Martin. Aarhus University. Department of Animal Science; Dinamarca. Fil: Wells, Jerry. Wageningen University and Research. Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Boekhorst, Jos. Wageningen University and Research. Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Huss, Anke. Utrecht University. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Países Bajos. Fil: Mandrioli, Daniele. Ramazzini Institute. Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center; Italia. Fil: Sgargi, Daria. Ramazzini Institute. Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center; Italia. Fil: Nathanail, Paul. Land Quality Management; Reino Unido. Fil: Nathanail, Judith. Land Quality Management; Reino Unido. Fil: Tamm, Lucius. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture; Suiza. Fil: Fantke, Peter. Technical University of Denmark. Department of Technology, Management and Economics; Dinamarca. Fil: Mark, Jennifer. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture; Suiza. Fil: Grovermann, Christian. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture; Suiza. Fil: Larsen, Ana Frelih. Ecologic Institute; Alemania. Fil: Herb, Irina. Ecologic Institute; Alemania. Fil: Chivers, Charlotte Anne. University of Gloucestershire. Countryside and Community Research Institute; Reino Unido. Fil: Mills, Jane. University of Gloucestershire. Countryside and Community Research Institute; Reino Unido. Fil: Alcon, Francisco. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; España. Fil: Contreras, Josefina. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; España. Fil: Baldi, Isabelle. Bordeaux University. INSERM U1219; Francia. Fil: Pasković, Igor. Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition; Croacia. Fil: Matjaz, Glavan. University of Ljubljana. Biotechnical Faculty; Eslovenia. Fil: Norgaard, Trine. Aarhus University. Department of Agroecology; Dinamarca. Fil: Aparicio, Virginia Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Fil: Ritsema, Coen. Wageningen University and Research. Soil Physics and Land Management Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Geissen, Violette. University and Research. Soil Physics and Land Management Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Scheepers, Paul. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Países Bajos.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:41:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain During laser-based powder bed fusion, the non-equilibrium solidification conditions promote local elemental segregation, leading to a characteristic microstructure composed of cellular walls. These walls can display either low carbon BCC martensite or FCC retained austenite crystal structures, thus affecting the subsequent isochronal or isothermal martensite to austenite phase transformation mechanisms. In the present study, the effect of the non-homogeneous as-built microstructure on the martensite-to-austenite reversion phenomena was studied for a 18Ni maraging steel fabricated by laser-based powder bed fusion. In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to retrieve the austenite volume fraction and lattice parameter evolution during the physical simulation of continuous heating cycles to the austenitic field; and during isothermal tempering cycles throughout the inter-critical tempered martensite + austenite (α’ + γ) field. The as-built microstructure resulted in the expansion of the inter-critical α’ + γ field during very slow heating rates. This was associated to the synergic effects of compositional segregations (anticipating reversion) and pre-existing retained austenite (delaying solubilization). During conventional inter-critical tempering, the as-built microstructure did not fundamentally alter the austenite reversion kinetics, resulting in similar high temperature microstructures at the end of the isothermal stage relative to the solution treated state. Department of Materials Engineering University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Joao Dagnone, 1100 Jd. Sta Angelina São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of São João da Boa Vista, Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, Jardim das Flores Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (UAO), Cali, Calle 25, Vía Cali - Puerto Tejada #115-85 Km 2, Cali Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department University of São Paulo, 10 Av.Prof. Mello Moraes 2463 UNIDEMI Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon Institute of Materials Physics Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1 São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of São João da Boa Vista, Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, Jardim das Flores CNPq: 142440/2019 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain: UID/EMS/00667/2019

Materials characterization 182, 111567 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111567, Understanding the kinetics of microstructural degradation during the event of a fire is of major relevance to future optimization of fire-resistant steels (FRS). In this work, we use in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction to assess the rapid thermally-assisted degradation of different starting microstructures, such as (i) ferrite + pearlite; (ii) bainite + retained austenite, and (iii) martensite + retained austenite, during the simulation of a fire cycle in a Fe-0.13C-0.11Cr-0.38Mo-0.04V FRS. Our results show that retained austenite is the most unstable phase, especially when generated by faster cooling rates, decomposing at temperatures as low as 180 ��C during fire simulations. Bainite and martensite are both unstable and undergo recovery and carbon desaturation via secondary precipitation of cementite. However, bainite is comparatively more stable than martensite since its decomposition starts at 400 ��C, while for martensite it occurs at 320 ��C. We also present a methodology to deconvolute the effect of temperature on the increased background and signal intensities of the X-ray spectra, allowing the direct observation of the kinetics of secondary cementite precipitation., Published by Science Direct, New York, NY

Anisotropic behavior is a key characteristic for understanding eccentricity in tubes. In this paper, the effect of using a tilted die during tube drawing on eccentricity, texture, dislocation density, and mechanical properties is shown. Copper tubes were drawn with a ±5° tilted die for two passes. The increase or decrease in eccentricity can be controlled by controlling the angle of the tilted die. Two types of textures have been developed during tube drawing, namely plane strain and uniaxial types. Plain strain type texture is mainly characterized by the β fiber with a dominant copper component {112}&lt, 111&gt, The uniaxial deformation type is dominated by the &lt, fiber, as commonly found by wire drawing. Texture sharpness increases with increasing drawing strain, and the texture varies significantly between the maximum and minimum wall thickness. This texture variation between maximum and minimum wall thickness has no significant influence on mechanical properties, which are more or less similar, but the increase in strength after each drawing pass is apparent. The dislocation density is low for the as-received tubes due to recovery and recrystallization. This is consistent with the as-received texture dominated by the cube component {001}&lt, 100&gt, During tube drawing, dislocation density increases as a function of the deformation strain. The variation of dislocation density between the maximum and minimum wall thickness in the tube deformed with −5° tilted die is higher than the variation in the tube deformed with +5° tilted die.

Coastal vegetated habitats like seagrass meadows can mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions by sequestering CO2 as “blue carbon” (BC). Already, some coastal ecosystems are actively managed to enhance BC storage, with associated BC stocks included in national greenhouse gas inventories. However, the extent to which BC burial fluxes are enhanced or counteracted by other carbon fluxes, especially air‐water CO2 flux (FCO2) remains poorly understood. In this study, we synthesized all available direct FCO2 measurements over seagrass meadows made using atmospheric Eddy Covariance, across a globally representative range of ecotypes. Of the four sites with seasonal data coverage, two were net CO2 sources, with average FCO2 equivalent to 44%–115% of the global average BC burial rate. At the remaining sites, net CO2 uptake was 101%–888% of average BC burial. A wavelet coherence analysis demonstrated that FCO2 was most strongly related to physical factors like temperature, wind, and tides. In particular, tidal forcing was a key driver of global‐scale patterns in FCO2, likely due to a combination of lateral carbon exchange, bottom‐driven turbulence, and pore‐water pumping. Lastly, sea‐surface drag coefficients were always greater than the prediction for the open ocean, supporting a universal enhancement of gas‐transfer in shallow coastal waters. Our study points to the need for a more comprehensive approach to BC assessments, considering not only organic carbon storage, but also air‐water CO2 exchange, and its complex biogeochemical and physical drivers., Plain Language Summary: Carbon storage is a valuable ecosystem service of seagrass meadows, serving as a possible pathway to draw down atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. However, this approach may be unsuccessful if carbon storage in sediments is exceeded by the release of CO2 from the water. To better understand the scope of this problem, we compiled all available measurements of air‐water CO2 exchange over seagrass meadows. We found that rates of CO2 release or uptake were indeed large, even when compared with potential rates of carbon storage in seagrass soils. However, these large air‐water exchanges of CO2 did not occur for the same reason everywhere. While light availability was sometimes a strong predictor of air‐water CO2 exchange, tidal mixing and temperature were also very important, revealing a much more complex network of drivers than previously thought. Despite these diverse conditions, we found one key similarity across all sites, in that rates of air‐water gas transfer appear to always be greater than would be expected for the open ocean. Taken together, the results of our study show that assessments of carbon storage in coastal seagrass ecosystems will be incomplete if they do not consider exchanges of CO2 between the water and air., Key Points: Direct measurements show that air‐water CO2 exchange over seagrass meadows is of similar magnitude to carbon burial rates. Key drivers are tides, temperature, light, and wind, which off in importance over hourly seasonal time scales. Surface drag coefficients were greater than open water prediction, suggesting a near‐universal gas transfer enhancement across all sites., Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Florida Coastal Everglades LTER, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003141, MEXT, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Ethicon Endo‐Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005566, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655, National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, Vetenskapsrådet http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004359, Uppsala Universitet http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007051, Agence Nationale de la Recherche http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665, Université de Bordeaux http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006251, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006488

International audience; Characterizing nanoparticles (NPs) distribution in multiple and complex metastases is of fundamental relevance for the development of radiological protocols based on NPs administration. In the literature, there have been advances in monitoring NPs in tissues. However, the lack of 3D information is still an issue. X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) is a 3D label-free, non-invasive and multi-scale approach allowing imaging anatomical details with high spatial and contrast resolutions. Here an XPCT qualitative study on NPs distribution in a mouse brain model of melanoma metastases injected with gadolinium-based NPs for theranostics is presented. For the first time, XPCT images show the NPs uptake at micrometer resolution over the full brain. Our results revealed a heterogeneous distribution of the NPs inside the melanoma metastases, bridging the gap in spatial resolution between magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Our findings demonstrated that XPCT is a reliable technique for NPs detection and can be considered as an emerging method for the study of NPs distribution in organs.

International audience; Targeted therapies of melanoma are of urgent need considering the resistance of this aggressive type of cancer to chemotherapeutics. The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)–hexokinase-II (HK-II) complex is an emerging target for novel anticancer therapies based on induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The low cell membrane permeability of the anticancer 12-mer peptide N-Ter (RDVFTKGYGFGL) derived from the N-terminal fragment of the VDAC1 protein impedes the intracellular targeting. Here, novel multiblock VDAC1-derived cationic amphiphilic peptides (referred to as Pal-N-Ter-TAT, pFL-N-Ter-TAT, and Pal-pFL-N-Ter-TAT) are designed with a self-assembly propensity and cell-penetrating properties. The created multiblock amphiphilic peptides of partial α-helical conformations form nanoparticles of ellipsoid-like shapes and are characterized by enhanced cellular uptake. The amphiphilic peptides can target mitochondria and dissociate the VDAC1–HK-II complex at the outer mitochondrial membrane, which result in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The latter is associated with decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and changes of the expression levels of the apoptotic proteins in A375 melanoma cells. Importantly, the mitochondrial VDAC1-derived amphiphilic peptides have a comparable IC50 value for melanoma cells to a small-molecule drug, sorafenib, which has been previously used in clinical trials for melanoma. These results demonstrate the potential of the designed peptide constructs for efficient melanoma inhibition.

The lubrication mechanism in synovial fluid and joints is not yet fully understood. Nevertheless, intermolecular interactions between various neutral and ionic species including large macromolecular systems and simple inorganic ions are the key to understanding the excellent lubrication performance. An important tool for characterizing the intermolecular forces and their structural consequences is molecular dynamics. Albumin is one of the major components in synovial fluid. Its electrostatic properties, including the ability to form molecular complexes, are closely related to pH, solvation, and the presence of ions. In the context of synovial fluid, it is relevant to describe the possible interactions between albumin and hyaluronate, taking into account solution composition effects. In this study, the influence of Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions on human serum albumin–hyaluronan interactions were examined using molecular dynamics tools. It was established that the presence of divalent cations, and especially Ca2+, contributes mostly to the increase of the affinity between hyaluronan and albumin, which is associated with charge compensation in negatively charged hyaluronan and albumin. Furthermore, the most probable binding sites were structurally and energetically characterized. The indicated moieties exhibit a locally positive charge which enables hyaluronate binding (direct and water mediated).