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15. Is bodybuilding a sport?

Author

Kind, Adrian and Helms, Eric R.

Subjects
*BODYBUILDING, *SPORTS, *SPORTS ethics, *ARGUMENT
Abstract

Since its beginnings, modern bodybuilding has been accompanied by the background issue of whether it should be considered a sport. The problem, culminating in its provisional acceptance as a sport by the International Olympic Committee, was later retracted. The uncertainty of whether bodybuilding is a sport or not seems to linger. Addressing this issue, Aranyosi (2018) provided an account to determine the status of bodybuilding as a sport that arrives at the negative answer: bodybuilding is not a sport but rather a form of artistic presentation. In this paper, we disagree with Aranyosi. We argue that by the standards he presents in his first argument, bodybuilding should be considered a sport. Further, we argue that his alternative approach on how to evaluate a discipline as more sport- or art-like on a spectrum, is not a valid basis to make such a judgment regarding bodybuilding. Further, even if his spectrum was modified to enable such a judgment, again it would result in bodybuilding being evaluated as a sport. Therefore, we conclude that everyone who accepts Aranyosi´s (or any less restrictive) requirements to decide whether bodybuilding is a sport, has to consider bodybuilding as a sport or refrain from making claims about its status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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21. The Influence Of Repetitions Per Set On Back Squat And Bench Press Repetitions In Reserve Rating Accuracy

Author

Pelland, Joshua C., primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Meehan, Caitlyn M., additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Hall, Michael E., additional, Laurson, Kelly R., additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2023
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22. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Bench Press Strength

Author

Robinson, Zac P., primary, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Meehan, Caitlyn M., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2023
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23. Changes In Instraset Repetitions In Reserve Prediction Accuracy During Six Weeks Of Bench Press Training

Author

Remmert, Jacob F., primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Hinson, Seth, additional, Meehan, Caitlyn M., additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Hall, Michael E., additional, Laurson, Kelly R., additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2023
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24. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Squat Strength

Author

Meehan, Caitlyn M., primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2023
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25. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Upper Body Hypertrophy

Author

Elkins, Ethan, primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Meehan, Caitlyn, additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2023
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26. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Longitudinal Markers Of Muscle Damage

Author

Diaz, David, primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Meehan, Caitlyn M., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Visavadiya, Nishant P., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2023
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28. Accuracy of Intraset Repetitions-in-Reserve Predictions During the Bench Press Exercise in Resistance-Trained Male and Female Subjects

Author

Refalo, Martin C., Remmert, Jacob F., Pelland, Joshua C., Robinson, Zac P., Zourdos, Michael C., Hamilton, D. Lee, Fyfe, Jackson J., and Helms, Eric R.

Abstract

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.Refalo, MC, Remmert, JF, Pelland, JC, Robinson, ZP, Zourdos, MC, Hamilton, DL, Fyfe, JJ, and Helms, ER. Accuracy of intraset repetitions-in-reserve predictions during the bench press exercise in resistance-trained male and female subjects. J Strength Cond Res38(3): e78–e85, 2024—This study assessed the accuracy of intraset repetitions-in-reserve (RIR) predictions to provide evidence for the efficacy of RIR prescription as a set termination method to inform proximity to failure during resistance training (RT). Twenty-four resistance trained male (n= 12) and female (n= 12) subjects completed 2 experimental sessions involving 2 sets performed to momentary muscular failure (barbell bench press exercise) with 75% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), whereby subjects verbally indicated when they perceived to had reached either 1 RIR or 3 RIR. The difference between the predicted RIR and the actual RIR was defined as the “RIR accuracy” and was quantified as both raw(i.e., direction of error) and absolute(i.e., magnitude of error) values. High raw and absolute mean RIR accuracy (−0.17 ± 1.00 and 0.65 ± 0.78 repetitions, respectively) for 1-RIR and 3-RIR predictions were observed (including all sets and sessions completed). We identified statistical equivalence (equivalence range of ±1 repetition, thus no level of statistical significance was set) in raw and absolute RIR accuracy between (a) 1-RIR and 3-RIR predictions, (b) set 1 and set 2, and (c) session 1 and session 2. No evidence of a relationship was found between RIR accuracy and biological sex, years of RT experience, or relative bench press strength. Overall, resistance-trained individuals are capable of high absolute RIR accuracy when predicting 1 and 3 RIR on the barbell bench press exercise, with a minor tendency for underprediction. Thus, RIR prescriptions may be used in research and practice to inform the proximity to failure achieved upon set termination.

Published
2024
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29. Similar muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of resistance training to momentary muscular failure or with repetitions-in-reserve in resistance-trained individuals.

Author

Refalo, Martin C., Helms, Eric R., Robinson, Zac P., Hamilton, D. Lee, and Fyfe, Jackson J.

Subjects
*QUADRICEPS muscle physiology, *LEG physiology, *SKELETAL muscle physiology, *MUSCLE fatigue, *EXERCISE physiology, *MUSCULAR hypertrophy, *PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation, *TASK performance, *SKELETAL muscle, *MULTIPLE regression analysis, *LEG exercises, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *RESISTANCE training, *PRE-tests & post-tests, *RECTUS femoris muscles, *QUADRICEPS muscle
Abstract

This study examined the influence of resistance training (RT) proximity-to-failure, determined by repetitions-in-reserve (RIR), on quadriceps hypertrophy and neuromuscular fatigue. Resistance-trained males (n = 12) and females (n = 6) completed an 8-week intervention involving two RT sessions per week. Lower limbs were randomised to perform the leg press and leg extension exercises either to i) momentary muscular failure (FAIL), or ii) a perceived 2-RIR and 1-RIR, respectively (RIR). Muscle thickness of the quadriceps [rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL)] and acute neuromuscular fatigue (i.e., repetition and lifting velocity loss) were assessed. Data was analysed with Bayesian linear mixed-effect models. Increases in quadriceps thickness (average of RF and VL) from pre- to post-intervention were similar for FAIL [0.181 cm (HDI: 0.119 to 0.243)] and RIR [0.182 cm (HDI: 0.115 to 0.247)]. Between-protocol differences in RF thickness slightly favoured RIR [−0.036 cm (HDI: −0.113 to 0.047)], but VL thickness slightly favoured FAIL [0.033 cm (HDI: −0.046 to 0.116)]. Mean volume was similar across the RT intervention between FAIL and RIR. Lifting velocity and repetition loss were consistently greater for FAIL versus RIR, with the magnitude of difference influenced by the exercise and the stage of the RT intervention. Terminating RT sets with a close proximity-to-failure (e.g., 1- to 2-RIR) can be sufficient to promote similar hypertrophy of the quadriceps as reaching momentary muscular failure in resistance-trained individuals over eight weeks, but the overall influence of proximity-to-failure on muscle-specific hypertrophy may also depend on other factors (e.g., exercise selection, order, and subsequent musculature targeted). Due to high repetition loss (from the first to final set) when sets are terminated at momentary muscular failure, performing RT with 1- to 2-RIR allows for similar volume load and repetition volume accumulation as reaching momentary muscular failure across eight weeks, possibly influencing the overall RT stimulus achieved. Performing RT to momentary muscular failure consistently induces higher levels of acute neuromuscular fatigue versus RT performed with 1- to 2-RIR; however, improved fatigue resistance overtime may attenuate acute neuromuscular fatigue and subsequent repetition loss (but may depend on the exercise performed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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33. Changes in Intraset Repetitions in Reserve Prediction Accuracy During Six Weeks of Bench Press Training in Trained Men.

Author

Remmert, Jacob F., Robinson, Zac P., Pelland, Joshua C., John, Thomas A., Dinh, Shawn, Hinson, Seth R., Elkins, Ethan, Canteri, Laura C., Meehan, Caitlyn M., Helms, Eric R., Hall, Michael E., Laurson, Kelly R., and Zourdos, Michael C.

Subjects
RESISTANCE training, MEN'S health, RESEARCH evaluation, SKELETAL muscle, MUSCLE strength, WEIGHT lifting, EXERCISE therapy
Abstract

In this study we investigated whether the accuracy of intraset repetitions in reserve (RIR) predictions changes over time. Nine trained men completed three bench press training sessions per week for 6 weeks (following a 1-week familiarization). The final set of each session was performed until momentary muscular failure, with participants verbally indicating their perceived 4RIR and 1RIR. RIR prediction errors were calculated as raw differences (RIRDIFF), with positive and negative values indicating directionality, and absolute RIRDIFF (absolute value of raw RIRDIFF) indicating error scores. We constructed mixed effect models with time (i.e., session) and proximity to failure as fixed effects, repetitions as a covariate, and random intercepts per participant to account for repeated measures, with statistical significance set at p ≤.05. We observed a significant main effect for time on raw RIRDIFF (p <.001), with an estimated marginal slope of −.077 repetitions, indicating a slight decrease in raw RIRDIFF over time. Further, the estimated marginal slope of repetitions was −.404 repetitions, indicating a decrease in raw RIRDIFF as more repetitions were performed. There were no significant effects on absolute RIRDIFF. Thus, RIR rating accuracy did not significantly improve over time, though there was a greater tendency to underestimate RIR in later sessions and during higher repetition sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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43. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Back Squat Strength

Author

Robinson, Zac P., primary, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Sautter, Nicholas M., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Hickmott, Landyn M., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2022
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44. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Bench Press Strength

Author

Pelland, Joshua C., primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Sautter, Nicholas M., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Hickmott, Landyn M., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2022
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45. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Vastus Lateralis Muscle Thickness

Author

Dinh, Shawn, primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Sautter, Nicholas M., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Hickmott, Landyn M., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Hinson, Seth R., additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2022
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46. Effect Of Proximity To Failure During Resistance Training On Pectoralis Major Muscle Thickness

Author

Hinson, Seth R., primary, Robinson, Zac P., additional, Macarilla, Christian T., additional, Sautter, Nicholas M., additional, Juber, Matthew C., additional, Hickmott, Landyn M., additional, Cerminaro, Rebecca M., additional, Benitez, Brian, additional, Pelland, Joshua C., additional, Remmert, Jacob F., additional, John, Thomas A., additional, Dinh, Shawn, additional, Elkins, Ethan, additional, Canteri, Laura C., additional, Helms, Eric R., additional, Zoeller, Robert F., additional, Whitehurst, Michael, additional, and Zourdos, Michael C., additional

Published
2022
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