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People hesitate to seek help when they perceive the cost of helping as high. In general, help‐seekers overestimate the cost of helping because of errors in perspective‐taking. We examined whether three processes of mental simulation (recalling an experience of providing help, of rejecting a request for help, and of sensing the empathy gap) would decrease the cost of helping perceived by help‐seekers. Participants underwent one of the simulations or no simulation (control condition), read two scenarios that described helping and help‐seeking, and rated the perceived cost of helping in the scenarios. Contrary to the prediction, simulations did not decrease the cost of helping perceived by help‐seekers. Recalling an experience of rejecting requests also increased the perceived cost of helping in unemployment scenarios. The post hoc analysis for controlling the depressive mood in depression scenarios showed that the cost of helping from the helper's perspective decreased, whereas that from the help‐seekers remained the same under the empathy‐gap simulation condition. These results suggest that realizing the asymmetry between helpers and help‐seekers may be counterproductive in help‐seeking and widen the empathy gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosocial behaviour is a hallmark of social and emotional competence during childhood. Thus, promoting the development of children's prosocial behaviour can have important downstream benefits for individuals and society. Previous studies indicated that there is a positive effect of negative moral emotions on prosocial behaviour, but the influence of positive moral emotions on prosocial behaviour remains largely unknown. This study adopted three experiments to investigate the influence of positive moral emotions on three aspects of prosocial behaviour in 3–5‐year‐old children. After inducing positive moral emotions in children, they were observed either in helping (Experiment 1, N = 151, 75 boys), sharing (Experiment 2, N = 141, 69 boys) or comforting (Experiment 3, N = 132, 66 boys) scenarios. Results showed that: (1) children's helping, sharing and comforting behaviours in the moral emotions (experimental) group were significantly higher than those in the control group, suggesting that positive moral emotions could positively influence the examined prosocial behaviours; (2) there were age differences in children's helping, sharing and comforting, but the effect of positive moral emotions on the examined prosocial behaviours did not differ by age and gender. These findings point to the need for fostering positive moral emotions in early cultivation of children's prosocial behaviour during pre‐schooler education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although public service employees are regularly exposed to uncivil behavior by citizens, we still know little about the effects of these incivilities. This study aims to examine the reactions of public employees who work in a climate of citizen incivility. Using a multilevel multisource design, we examine the indirect effects of citizen incivility climate on employee withdrawal and helping behaviors via job tension, and test the moderating influence of employees' public service motivation on these relationships. Our analyses were performed using data collected from a sample of 734 employees and 77 supervisors working in Canadian public libraries. Results show that public servants who work in a climate of citizen incivility experience greater job tension and consequently show more withdrawal and less helping behaviors. Our results also show that public service motivation acts as a buffer against the detrimental effects of incivility climate on helping behaviors, but not against withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gratitude is a central topic in positive psychology due to its association with life satisfaction, well-being, and optimism. Though the aftereffects of gratitude have been carefully examined, scholars have dedicated comparatively less time exploring the necessary and sufficient conditions for gratitude to occur, particularly in contexts where the giver and the receiver are unknown to each other, and where the range of contextual factors are treated independently. Using a within-subjects experiment, we test a conceptual model of gratitude experiences based on perceptions of benefactor effort and receiver need for benefits taking place during hardship. We find strong links between effort, need, and gratitude, and that feelings of gratitude are often experienced alongside a range of emotions, both positive and negative. Given gratitude’s role in human thriving, mapping the range of gratitude’s experiences provides a window into affective and cognitive processes through which the conditions under which it is generated can be cultivated and enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many group‐living animals, survival and reproductive success depend on the formation of long‐term social bonds, yet it remains largely unclear why particular pairs of groupmates form social bonds and not others. Can social bond formation be reliably predicted from each individual's immediately observable traits and behaviors at first encounter? Or is social bond formation hard to predict due to the impacts of shifting social preferences on social network dynamics? To begin to address these questions, we asked how well long‐term cooperative relationships among vampire bats were predicted by how they interacted during their first encounter as introduced strangers. In Study 1, we found that the first 6 h of observed interactions among unfamiliar bats co‐housed in small cages did not clearly predict the formation of allogrooming or food‐sharing relationships over the next 10 months. In Study 2, we found that biologger‐tracked first contacts during the first 4–24 h together in a flight cage did not strongly predict allogrooming rates over the next 4 months. These results corroborate past evidence that social bonding in vampire bats is not reducible to the individual traits or behaviors observed at first encounter. Put simply, first impressions are overshadowed by future social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Customers' proactive helping behaviours involving personal initiative taking may present an effective solution for assisting other customers in avoiding harmful brands. Accordingly, this study aims to propose a model explaining the role of positive psychological capital (self-efficacy and optimism) in influencing customers' proactive helping behaviours involving personal initiative taking. The study additionally provides greater clarity regarding the moderating effect of emotional self-control within the suggested model. Design/methodology/approach: Survey data were collected from 256 respondents in South Africa, who reported on their perceptions and the degree to which they engage in proactive helping behaviours to assist other customers in avoiding harmful brands. Hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. Findings: General self-efficacy and social optimism influence customers' proactive helping behaviours. Emotional self-control moderates the indirect effect of general self-efficacy on customers' proactive helping behaviours through social optimism. Research limitations/implications: Greater insight is obtained into the interplay between factors representing a positive psychological state and self-control of negative emotions and these factors' effect on customers' proactive helping behaviours involving personal initiative taking. Originality/value: The research extends knowledge of proactive helping behaviours involving personal initiative taking to assist other customers in avoiding harmful brands and subsequently provides a baseline for further research in this regards. Practically, the research is useful to social agents of society concerned with promoting responsible purchasing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimpanzees and other great apes seem to be much less cooperative than humans overall, yet they nevertheless reliably help others in many instrumental circumstances. Although in many contexts the helping behavior of chimpanzees is quite similar to that of human children, recent studies using both behavioral and psychophysiological paradigms have revealed important differences, specifically, in the underlying motivations for prosocial behavior. Here, we provide both a synthesis of recent empirical work and an evolutionary hypothesis that can account for the differences in chimpanzee and human helping motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Prosocial behavior may depend on the emotions experienced, and positive emotions such as pride may promote helping, offering support, donating, and other prosocial activities. Two studies were conducted to examine the relationship between pride and prosocial behavior. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: A correlational study, Study 1 (N = 365), was conducted during the second week of the 2022 war in Ukraine. In Study 2, a laboratory experiment (N = 82) was conducted to test the effect of pride (recalling an event in which a person felt proud) on prosocial behavior. A pilot study demonstrated the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation. Prosocial behavior was operationalized as the amount of money donated to charity in support of people in need and the number of leaflets taken in support of recruitment for the study. RESULTS: Study 1 results showed a positive but weak correlation between pride and involvement in helping, as well as the number of hours spent helping Ukrainian refugees. Study 2 results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the amount of money donated to charity and in the number of leaflets taken. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies have provided new evidence for the role of pride in stimulating prosocial behavior. The inconsistent results of our research suggest that further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between pride and prosocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrants who flee their home country for economic (vs. political) reasons often elicit more negative responses in receiving countries. We examined psychological processes underlying this flight‐reason bias, focusing on majority residents' perceptions of migration circumstances and their emotional responses. In three preregistered studies (total N = 1394), participants read texts about an individual refugee (Studies 1 and 2) or groups of refugees (Study 3) who fled because of economic versus political reasons. Overall, participants perceived migration as less forced in the economic‐flight reason condition. Economic (vs. political) flight reasons also elicited less willingness to accept refugees. Additional analyses suggest that the flight‐reason bias was driven by greater perceived control of refugees over emigration (for perceived forcedness), by lower empathy (for willingness to accept refugees) and by lower perceived pre‐migration perils (for both outcomes) in the economic‐flight reason conditions. We discuss implications for political and humanitarian issues surrounding refugee immigration and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on social exchange theory, this study aims to investigate the reciprocal relationship between an employee's knowledge sharing and his or her coworkers' responses to this focal contributor in terms of knowledge sharing and helping behaviors. Design/methodology/approach: A two-wave online survey collected data from 84 respondents who provided ratings on each member on their team, representing 440 dyadic relationships. Hierarchical linear modeling analyzed the between-subjects and within-subject data simultaneously. Findings: Employees generally reciprocate contributors' knowledge sharing with an exact act (i.e. knowledge sharing) through the mechanism of peer respect. However, respect generated by knowledge sharing is enhanced only when the knowledge contributor is competent. Originality/value: Research on how an employee's knowledge sharing actually influences other members of a team is lacking. This study addresses this gap by examining responses to a team member's knowledge sharing from a peer's perspective. It also reveals when knowledge sharing is more pronounced in earning peer respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In four preregistered studies (total N = 5,067), we investigated whether people use their own anticipated affective responses to a situation to make judgments about the praiseworthiness of helping and the moral character of helpers. We found that helpers in more affectively arousing scenarios were seen as more morally motivated, received greater praise, and were seen as having more positive moral character, even when controlling for the perceived benefits of helping. Describing helpers as unemotional reduced the effect of observers' anticipated affect on character judgments. These results suggest that when making praise and character judgments, people not only consider the consequences of a helper's actions but also the emotions they experience when engaging in them—and that they use their own anticipated emotional experience to do this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumers are not always aware of how their purchase decisions may harm other humans and the environment. Green customer helping behaviours could aid in solving this problem. Aim: The study aims to develop a research model, advancing knowledge of the extent to which idealism (an ethical philosophy) may influence green attitudes and promote green customer helping behaviours that could aid other customers in avoiding harmful brands. The study further aims to gain clarity regarding the moderating role of customer helper cynicism within the proposed model. Setting: A self-administered questionnaire was fielded amongst consumers in South Africa and the United States of America (US). Method: Mplus 8.5 and PROCESS macro in RStudio were used to analyse and compare the survey data obtained from the two samples. Results: All direct relationships assessed were positive and significant for South Africa and the US samples. Varying results were uncovered between the two samples concerning the moderating role of customer helper cynicism. Conclusion: The identified model confirms the important role of idealism in influencing green customer helping behaviours, as mediated by green attitudes and moderated by customer helper cynicism. Contribution: Novel insight is provided into the contribution of ethical philosophy in promoting green customer helping behaviours. Additionally, direction is provided for the deployment of strategies that could promote green customer helping behaviours in diverse green contexts and across continents and that effectively may aid other customers in avoiding brands harmful to society.

The objective of this study was to empirically validate the causal relationship model of psychosocial factors on helping behavior. The sample consisted of 496 undergraduate students who studied in Thailand. Proportion stratified random sampling was used. Questionnaires were used to collect data, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient between 0.76 - 0.90. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling technique. The result showed that the proposed model fitted with the empirical data (𝜒2 = 121.37, df = 53, p = 0.00, 𝜒2/df = 2.29, SRMR = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.93). The results of path analysis showed that 1) Modeling had positive and direct effected on helping behavior (β = 0.48, p < 0.05). 2) intrinsic motivation had positive and direct effected on helping behavior (β = 0.40, p < 0.05) and self-regulation had positive and direct effected on helping behavior (β = 0.33, p < 0.05). Suggestions from the research which show that modeling, intrinsic motivation and self-regulation had positive and direct effected on helping behavior, such findings serve as guidelines for relevant agencies such as the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation to set policies for the university to cultivate good role model, intrinsic motivation and self-regulation to serve as a guideline for promoting the development of helping behavior others further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: This study aimed to investigate weight bias within young children's pro‐social choices between characters who differed in body size. Methods: Seventy‐six children aged 4–6 years read stories asking them to choose who they would first help, share with, comfort, and steal from, between a healthy weight and child with overweight. They also selected the one character they would most like to play with. Children's reasoning for these choices was recorded and analysed. Results: The character with overweight was helped first in only a third of the choices made. Children chose the characters with overweight more often as the target for anti‐social action. In friendship selections, children overwhelmingly rejected the characters with overweight. However, weight bias was not prominent in the reasons children gave for the choices. Most children were not negative about body shape, weight or appearance. Similarly, in friendship choices, these were mostly expressed positively to the character chosen. Only a small minority of children were explicitly negative about the character with overweight. Conclusions: A better understanding of weight bias acquisition and variation between children will benefit those working in health care and educational settings. Future research should link with developmental theory, such as on social categorization and theory of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on developmental systems and dynamic systems theories, we propose the lifeworld approach--a conceptual framework for research and a hypothesis concerning early social-cognitive development. As a framework, the lifeworld approach recognizes the social embeddedness of development and shifts the focus away from individual developmental outcomes toward the reciprocal interplay of processes within and between individuals that co-constitutes early social-cognitive development. As a hypothesis, the lifeworld approach proposes that the changing developmental system--spanning the different individuals as their subsystems--strives toward attractor states through regulation at the behavioral level, which results in both the emergence and further differentiation of developmental attainments. The lifeworld approach--as a framework and a hypothesis, including key methodological approaches to test it--is exemplified by research on infants' self-awareness, prosocial behavior and social learning. Equipped with, first, a conceptual framework grounded in a modern view on development and, second, a growing suite of methodological approaches, developmental science can advance by analyzing the mutually influential relations between intra-individual and interactional processes in order to identify key mechanisms underlying early social-cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bystander Intervention Model (BIM) has been validated for face-to-face emergencies and dictates that observers’ decision to intervene hinges on five sequential steps, while barriers block progress between steps. The current study is the first, to our knowledge, to apply the BIM in its entirety to cyber aggression and explore the ways that individual factors such as experiences with depression, social anxiety, and cyber aggression either as the target or the aggressor influence bystanders. In our preregistered study, emerging adults (N = 1,093) viewed pilot-tested cyber aggressive content and reported how they would engage with each of the steps and barriers of the BIM, if they were observing this content as a bystander in real life. Regarding the actions they would take, most participants chose non-intervention (36.3%) or private direct intervention (39.4%). Path analysis suggested that overall, the BIM can explain bystanders’ responses to cyber aggression. Nonetheless, there were some discrepancies with prior work on face-to-face emergencies, specifically that cyber bystander intervention does not appear to be as linear. As well, in contrast to the faceto-face applications of the BIM that prescribes barriers to affect only a single specific step, here we found some barriers were negatively linked to multiple steps. These findings elucidate ways in which cyber aggression in the online context may be similar to, as well as different from, aggression that occurs face-to-face. Implications of these findings for interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People do not always ask for help even when they need it. What motivates people to offer help when there is ambiguity surrounding whether the help is wanted or needed? In three studies, we demonstrated that people with a stronger motivation to support others' well-being (i.e., have compassionate goals) were more willing to offer help to another person through a greater nonzero-sum mindset even in the absence of a request for help. In Study 1, compassionate goals were associated with a greater willingness to help at low and high levels of ambiguity in the U.S. and Japan. In Study 2, the perception that helping benefits oneself as well as others mediated the association between compassionate goals and willingness to help, regardless of culture and situational ambiguity. In Study 3, a nonzero-sum belief about relationships mediated the association between compassionate goals and spending more time helping a friend in Japan. In these studies, the motivation to project a desirable image of oneself (i.e., self-image goals) either showed weak, negative, or no associations with the willingness to help. These findings suggest that compassionate goals that do not involve self-sacrifice are a stronger motivator for helping in ambiguous situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although emerging actor-centric research has revealed that performing morally laden behaviors shapes how employees behave subsequently, less is known about what work behaviors may emerge following employees' unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB)—a unique behavior with competing moral connotations. We integrate the moral self-regulation literature with research on micro corporate social responsibility (CSR) to develop and test a theoretical framework articulating how perceived CSR initiatives reconcile the morally paradoxical nature of UPB and how people respond to such behavior. We propose that, given its dual moral nature, performing UPB simultaneously increases feelings of moral deficit (which triggers moral cleansing) and psychological entitlement (which triggers moral licensing). Importantly, perceived CSR initiatives moderate these countervailing psychological experiences by strengthening feelings of moral deficit while weakening psychological entitlement, which respectively result in increased service-oriented helping behavior and decreased deviant behavior. Results from a scenario-based lab study, an online experiment, and two field studies largely corroborate our propositions. This research provides a finer-grained understanding of the complex moral self-regulation processes that employees experience at work and highlights why and how organizations' CSR initiatives affect employees' moral mindsets and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the experience of upward mobility impact top executives' investment in socially conscious initiatives at the firm level? Despite early theorizing, much remains unknown about how top executives' experiences with upward mobility impact their decisions related to corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this study, we focus on chief executive officers (CEOs) from lower social class origins, who represent the most extreme case of upward mobility among their peers, and examine the effects of their background on the likelihood of helping others. Drawing on upper echelons and social class literature, we theorize that top executives' past—where they come from (i.e. social class origins) and what they have experienced on their climb to the top—influences CSR decisions. We argue that CEOs from lower social class origins develop simultaneous, but at times competing, habitus that influence them to invest more in community-centric but less in employee-centric CSR than their counterparts from middle and upper social class backgrounds. Drawing on trait activation theory, we also predict the moderating influence of the immediate environmental context, namely local levels of poverty and prosperity. Overall, our results support our hypotheses and provide a complex picture of how upward mobility, and its attendant tensions, can affect executive values and CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to behave in ways that benefit other individuals well-being is among the most celebrated human characteristics crucial for social cohesiveness. Across mammalian species, animals display various forms of prosocial behaviors - comforting, helping, and resource sharing - to support others emotions, goals, and/or material needs. In this review, we provide a cross-species view of the behavioral manifestations, proximate and ultimate drives, and neural mechanisms of prosocial behaviors. We summarize key findings from recent studies in humans and rodents that have shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying different processes essential for prosocial interactions, from perception and empathic sharing of others states to prosocial decisions and actions.

We draw on deonance theory and social learning theory to propose a framework that explains how individual team members with varying levels of leader–member exchange (LMX) with their team leader have different emotional and behavioral responses upon observing teammate‐directed abusive supervision. After employing a social relations paradigm with two‐wave round‐robin data collected from a sample of 378 engineers on 89 work teams, we did not find that witnessing teammate‐targeted abusive supervision increased sympathy for the targeted teammates, but we did find that observers with a higher level of LMX were more likely to legitimize such abuse and less likely to sympathize with its victims. Furthermore, we found that for individuals with a higher level of LMX, perceiving leaders' abusive supervision of teammates was negatively related to providing help to those teammates through the mediating role of sympathy for the teammates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans cooperate in reciprocal patterns, but it is unclear whether these interactions are based on the same psychological foundations. While there is evidence suggesting that both species engage in long‐term forms of reciprocity, there is very little work exploring their short‐term behavioural contingencies with suitable methods. Here, we present a direct comparative study on short‐term reciprocity in chimpanzees and human children using a novel, low‐cost instrumental helping task. We investigated whether participants help a conspecific partner to obtain a tool for accessing a reward, and whether the level of helping depends on the partner's previous helpful or unhelpful behaviour. In line with prior research, both chimpanzees and children demonstrated helping behaviour towards their partner. However, the extent to which the two species showed short‐term reciprocity differed considerably. After receiving help, tested children always helped in return. They helped substantially less when interacting with an unhelpful partner. Chimpanzees showed a higher tendency to help when interacting with a helpful compared to an unhelpful partner only in the first half the experiment. With increasing trial number, chimpanzees stopped discriminating between helpful and unhelpful partners. This study provides evidence for short‐term reciprocity in human children and, to a lesser extent, in our closest living relatives. Our findings demonstrate that helping paradigms provide a useful context to investigate reciprocal motives in humans and chimpanzees alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research found that experimentally reducing people's belief in free will affects social behaviors. However, more recent investigations could not replicate several findings in this literature. An explanation for the mixed findings is that free will beliefs are related to social behaviors on a correlational level, but experimental manipulations are not able to detect this relation. To test this interpretation, we conceptually replicated and extended a landmark study in the free will belief literature originally conducted by Baumeister et al. In five studies (total N = 1,467), we investigated whether belief in free will predicts helping behavior in comparison to other beliefs related to free will. Overall, our results support the original findings, as belief in free will correlated with helping behavior. However, the results also show that the best predictor of helping behavior is not belief in free will but belief in dualism. Theoretical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children sometimes help others at a cost to themselves, but little is known about the emotional mechanisms underlying this behaviour. Here, 5-year-old children (n = 96, 45 girls, mean age = 5.57 years, SD = 1.79 months, range = 5.19 years to 5.9 years, families recruited from a local database based in a medium-sized German city) were engaged in one task and then asked either to help (child-helps) or watch (child-watches) an adult complete another task. Children would lose (cost) or not lose (no-cost) the progress they had made on their own task if they engaged with the adult. Children were more likely to interrupt their own task in the helping condition and were overall faster to do so when helping was not costly. Children who chose to incur a cost to help showed more positive emotions after helping—as measured via changes in their postural elevation—compared to helping at no cost. This pattern was not found in the child-watches condition. This suggests that costly helping holds emotional rewards for children in ways that non-costly helping does not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to drastic changes in the world. One prominent aspect has been the transformation in interpersonal relations, especially people's attitude towards residents from COVID epicenters. Using a 2-wave national study in mainland China during the pandemic outbreak, this study examined Chinese people's distancing and helping intentions towards residents from Hubei Province, the epicenter of China at that time. Results suggested that individuals had an ambivalent attitude towards denizens from the epicenter. Specifically, people felt greater risk when they perceived a higher severity of the pandemic and so were more likely to distance from epicenter residents. However, individuals showed greater empathy towards epicenter residents when they felt a higher severity of the pandemic and, therefore, were more likely to help them. Group identity moderated these effects: those with a higher identification as Chinese were more inclined to help Hubei residents, but those with a lower identification as Chinese were more prone to distance from them. The findings provide important implications in understanding interpersonal relationships during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tangram Help/Hurt Task (THHT) allows participants to help another participant win a prize (by assigning them easy tangrams), to hurt another participant by preventing them from winning the prize (by assigning them difficult tangrams), or to do neither (by assigning them medium tangrams) in offline or online studies. Consistent with calls for continued evidence supporting psychological measurement, we conducted a meta-analytic review of the THHT that included 52 independent studies involving 11,060 participants. THHT scores were associated with helping and hurting outcomes in theoretically predicted ways. Results showed that THHT scores were not only associated with short-term (experimental manipulations, state measures) and long-term (trait measures) helping and hurting outcomes, but also with helping and harming intentions. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the THHT relative to other laboratory measures of prosocial behavior and aggression, discuss unanswered questions about the task, and offer suggestions for the best use of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosociality is often considered as quintessential in coping with the threats of health emergencies. As previous research has suggested, prosocial behaviors are shaped by both dispositional factors and situational cues about the helping situation. In the present research, we investigated whether "bonding" types of prosociality, helping directed towards close others within one's social network, and "bridging" types of prosociality, helping directed towards vulnerable people across group boundaries, are predicted by basic individual values and threat appraisals concerning COVID-19. During the pandemic, we conducted a cross-sectional study in the US and India (Ntotal = 954), using the Schwartz value inventory and a multifaceted measure of threat assessment to predict prosocial helping intentions. After controlling for other value and threat facets, self-transcendence values and threat for vulnerable groups uniquely predicted both bonding and bridging types of prosociality. Furthermore, threat for vulnerable groups partially mediated the effect of self-transcendence on prosocial helping intentions: People who endorsed self-transcendent values were particularly concerned by the effect of the pandemic on vulnerable groups, and thus willing to engage in prosocial behaviours to help those in need. Our findings support the idea that prosociality is stimulated by empathic concerns towards others in need and underline the importance for future research to consider the broad spectrum of threats appraised by people during health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on developmental systems and dynamic systems theories, we propose the lifeworld approach—a conceptual framework for research and a hypothesis concerning early social-cognitive development. As a framework, the lifeworld approach recognizes the social embeddedness of development and shifts the focus away from individual developmental outcomes toward the reciprocal interplay of processes within and between individuals that co-constitutes early social-cognitive development. As a hypothesis, the lifeworld approach proposes that the changing developmental system—spanning the different individuals as their subsystems—strives toward attractor states through regulation at the behavioral level, which results in both the emergence and further differentiation of developmental attainments. The lifeworld approach—as a framework and a hypothesis, including key methodological approaches to test it—is exemplified by research on infants' self-awareness, prosocial behavior and social learning. Equipped with, first, a conceptual framework grounded in a modern view on development and, second, a growing suite of methodological approaches, developmental science can advance by analyzing the mutually influential relations between intra-individual and interactional processes in order to identify key mechanisms underlying early social-cognitive development.

The research aims to explain and describe modeling techniques, polite behavior, and the impact of modeling techniques on students' helping and polite behavior at Raudhatul Athfal Nurul Hidayah Pemakasan. The research method is qualitative through a case study approach. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. Data processing techniques involve condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validity techniques include credibility. Research findings: (1) Modeling techniques: Attention Stage with student conditioning, attracting students' attention through singing and guessing games, and demonstrating helpful and polite behavior. Retention Stage involves recalling demonstrations and applying behavior. The reproduction Stage involves repeating behavior and giving tasks. The motivation Stage involves giving rewards and punishments. (2) Polite and courteous behavior: students helping each other in small matters, such as completing tasks or providing pencils, also being polite to teachers. (3) Impact: Students start helping each other in small matters, such as completing tasks providing pencils, and being polite to teachers.

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Bystander Intervention Model (BIM) has been validated for face-to-face emergencies and dictates that observers’ decision to intervene hinges on five sequential steps, while barriers block progress between steps. The current study is the first, to our knowledge, to apply the BIM in its entirety to cyber aggression and explore the ways that individual factors such as experiences with depression, social anxiety, and cyber aggression either as the target or the aggressor influence bystanders. In our pre-registered study, emerging adults (N = 1,093) viewed pilot-tested cyber aggressive content and reported how they would engage with each of the steps and barriers of the BIM, if they were observing this content as a bystander in real life. Regarding the actions they would take, most participants chose non-intervention (36.3%) or private direct intervention (39.4%). Path analysis suggested that overall, the BIM can explain bystanders’ responses to cyber aggression. Nonetheless, there were some discrepancies with prior work on face-to-face emergencies, specifically that cyber bystander intervention does not appear to be as linear. As well, in contrast to the face-to-face applications of the BIM that prescribes barriers to affect only a single specific step, here we found some barriers were negatively linked to multiple steps. These findings elucidate ways in which cyber aggression in the online context may be similar to, as well as different from, aggression that occurs face-to-face. Implications of these findings for interventions are discussed.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (CM) – together referred to as family violence (FV) – often co‐occur. In Finland, public health nurses play an important role in identifying FV. They regularly meet families and assess children's health until the child turns seven. This nationwide retrospective cross‐sectional survey (FinChildren) aimed to describe and compare help and support needs in violent families from the perspectives of the parents of four‐year‐old children and public health nurses for advancing families' and professionals' collaboration in preventing FV. The data (N = 7476 families) included the responses of one parent from each family and public health nurses, caring for that certain family. The data analysis encompassed statistical methods. The results showed that 47.0% of the parents reported FV. The public health nurses assessed that 0.7% of the parents would have needed support for CM and 1.3% for IPV. They assessed that the parents involved in FV needed more support for their personal coping (p < 0.001) and intimate relationship (p < 0.017) compared with parents without FV. These parents were also found to have other support needs. We concluded that public health nurses recognise only a fraction of FV occurring in families. Risk assessment tools are needed to enable child and family professionals to better intervene in and prevent FV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID‐19 produced the largest mass mobilisation of collective helping in a generation. Currently, the impact of this voluntary activity is not well understood, particularly for specific groups of volunteers (e.g., new vs. existing) and for different amounts of voluntary activity. Drawing on social psychological work on collective helping, and work from the Social Identity Approach to Health, we seek to address this gap through an analysis of survey data from 1,001 adults living in the south of England (333 men; 646 women; age range = 16–85) during the first UK lockdown. Measures included time spent volunteering pre‐/post‐COVID, community identification, subjective wellbeing, and volunteering intentions. Those who volunteered during COVID‐19 reported higher levels of community identification than those who did not. However, subjective wellbeing benefits were only found for those volunteers who maintained the same level of volunteering (in terms of time) pre‐and post‐COVID lockdown. New volunteers showed significantly lower levels of wellbeing when they were undertaking 5 or more hours of volunteering a week. Our findings provide unique insight into the variable relationship with wellbeing for different groups of volunteers, as well as how the experiences and functioning of 'crisis' volunteering are different from volunteering during 'normal' times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is discussion of a book dedicated to aid activities addressed to refugees from Ukraine after the start of hostilities. The reviewed book was based on projects which showed to socio-cultural dimension of helping. The projects was carried out in Wrocław by an interdisciplinary team of researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the question Rogers asks: 'How can I be of help?', which formed the theme of PCE2022. Firstly, the article discusses the context of the question, i.e. as an epigrammatic introduction to Part II of his book On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy, and then, in the spirit of critical enquiry, offers some deconstruction of the question in relation to implicit Western assumptions. Thus, the second part of the article poses a logically prior question 'Can I be of help?', doing so with reference to humility, cultural humility and, therefore, the positionality of the therapist – and, by extension, the supervisor, trainer, and researcher. Taking a further, critical step, the third and final part of the article considers the implications of changing the pronoun 'I' from first person singular to 'we', i.e. first person plural, not least in extending the vision of Rogers' original view of psychotherapy to 'Can we be of help?' – and, moreover, not only to each other but also in life and to our living planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative breeding (i.e. when alloparents care for the offspring of other group members) has been studied for nearly a century. Yet, inconsistent definitions of this breeding system still hamper comparative research. Here, we identify two major inconsistencies, discuss their consequences and propose a way forward. First, some researchers restrict the term 'cooperative breeding' to species with non‐breeding alloparents. We show that such restrictive definitions lack distinct quantitative criteria to define non‐breeding alloparents. This ambiguity, we argue, reflects the reproductive‐sharing continuum among cooperatively breeding species. We therefore suggest that cooperative breeding should not be restricted to the few species with extreme reproductive skew and should be defined independent of the reproductive status of alloparents. Second, definitions rarely specify the type, extent and prevalence of alloparental care required to classify species as cooperative breeders. We thus analysed published data to propose qualitative and quantitative criteria for alloparental care. We conclude by proposing the following operational definition: cooperative breeding is a reproductive system where >5% of broods/litters in at least one population receive species‐typical parental care and conspecifics provide proactive alloparental care that fulfils >5% of at least one type of the offspring's needs. This operational definition is designed to increase comparability across species and disciplines while allowing to study the intriguing phenomenon of cooperative breeding as a behaviour with multiple dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has documented the many psychological and behavioral benefits of negative emotion differentiation, that is, the degree to which one can identify, distinguish, and describe specific negative feeling states. Drawing on Affective Events Theory, we argue that negative emotion differentiation affects how individuals react to a need-laden affective event (i.e., being in a situation where one is asked for some assistance). Specifically, we posit that individuals high in negative emotion differentiation will be more adept at interpreting their negative emotions as arising from others' needs (i.e., moral emotions) and regulating them through helping behavior. We tested this basic premise in two studies conducted in East Asia – a field study involving working adults in a general work setting and a quasi-experiment involving a student sample. In both studies, we examined the role of negative emotion differentiation in how individuals respond to negative emotions facing a need-laden affective event. The results supported our predictions, as high negative emotion differentiation weakened the negative relationship between general negative emotions and subsequent helping behavior (Study 1) and strengthened the positive relationship between negative moral emotions and helping behavior (Study 2). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing debate on the role of socialization in the development of infants' helping. Although opportunities for the socialization of early helping are rare in problem solving (bystander intervention), there are many opportunities for socialization in participation (working alongside others), and infants' experiences of participation could socialize problem solving indirectly. The present study links participation and problem solving conceptually by drawing on a Hebbian concept of indirect learning and through a study examining mothers' communicative cues in both forms of helping. Forty mother‐infant dyads engaged in two semi‐structured helping tasks, a participation task and a problem‐solving task at five, eight, and ten months of age. Mothers' communicative cues and infants' return of the object were examined using coding schemes adapted from prior research. Mothers used similar communicative cues (reaches, give‐me gestures, and verbal requests) in both tasks, and more maternal scaffolding contributed to greater object handover. Infants showed higher object handover in participation tasks. The findings, framed in Tomasello's neo‐Vygotskian account of prosocial development, offer a synthesis of the debate on the role of socialization where prosocial behavior emerges first between people, and then becomes individualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cooperatively breeding species, subordinates can obtain group membership through social interactions with other group members or by providing services such as helping with territory defence. Large subordinate individuals, which can reproduce, are expected to adjust their behaviour as a function of the demand of help and group size because if the environmental conditions allow, they may either leave the group to start breeding or queue for the breeding position in their natal group. The number of helpers in a group is expected to affect the need of help by dominants and consequently also the level of subordination shown by helpers. In a series of field experiments, we manipulated the need of help and the opportunities for subordinates to show submissive behaviour in a wild population of the cooperatively breeding species Neolamprologus pulcher. We assessed if group size determines the social behavioural strategy of large subordinate individuals. When experimentally eliciting submissive behaviour, large subordinates from small groups showed a lower frequency of submissive behaviour compared to large groups; moreover, they tended to show a higher frequency of sand digging than in large groups. In contrast, neither territory defence in the presence of a heterospecific egg and larvae predator nor dispersal propensity, measured as prospecting frequency in neighbouring territories, was affected by group size. A principal component analysis revealed that prospecting is uncorrelated with submissive behaviour and helping behaviour. Our results suggest that group size may be involved in shaping behavioural phenotypes of juvenile subordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exchange orientation (EO) and communal orientation (CO) are two fundamental relationship orientations (ROs). We argue that state RO (i.e., the relative activation of the two ROs at a specific moment) varies across situations and should be differentiated from trait ROs. In two studies, we examined how state RO affected subsequent helping behaviors and how it was influenced by a situational factor (i.e., hunger). We also examined whether trait ROs moderated the above links. An eye-tracking paradigm (Study 1) and a scenario-based paradigm (Study 2) were adopted to assess state RO. The two studies consistently found that relatively more activation of state EO over state CO reduced helping tendency toward strangers (Study 1) and acquaintances (Study 2). High trait CO amplified the effect in Study 1. Moreover, hunger heightened the relative activation of state EO over state CO in both studies, but the effect was only significant for participants with high trait EO in Study 1. The results highlight the importance to study the momentary variation of ROs and open new research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Executive Function skills, like most research in the developmental sciences, has been heavily focused on the experiences of children from Western, industrialized, highly schooled and middle‐class communities, often ignoring the experiences of the majority of children in the world. When research does include diverse populations, the approach is often from a deficit perspective, looking for ways to "fix" these children's lack of Executive Function skills. In this commentary, I argue for a contextual definition of Executive Function skills to reflect children's lived experiences, including the daily experiences of Indigenous children. I provide examples to illustrate how cultural values such as respect for children's autonomy and being acomedida/o can support the development of Executive Function skills. I then propose how the field of executive function research can move forward by (1) recognizing the broader ways in which children's daily activities can contribute to their Executive Function skills and (2) creating culturally relevant methods to measure Executive Function skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosocial behavior, in particular helping others in need, occurs preferentially in response to distress of one's own group members. In order to explore the neural mechanisms promoting mammalian helping behavior, a discovery-based approach was used here to identify brain-wide activity correlated with helping behavior in rats. Demonstrating social selectivity, rats helped others of their strain ('ingroup'), but not rats of an unfamiliar strain ('outgroup'), by releasing them from a restrainer. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity via quantification of the early-immediate gene c-Fos identified a shared network, including frontal and insular cortices, that was active in the helping test irrespective of group membership. In contrast, the striatum was selectively active for ingroup members, and activity in the nucleus accumbens, a central network hub, correlated with helping. In vivo calcium imaging showed accumbens activity when rats approached a trapped ingroup member, and retrograde tracing identified a subpopulation of accumbens-projecting cells that was correlated with helping. These findings demonstrate that motivation and reward networks are associated with helping an ingroup member and provide the first description of neural correlates of ingroup bias in rodents.

Background: Consumers are known to help others engage in consumption and anti-consumption practices. It is argued that behavioural involvement and social norm perceptions may motivate customers to help other customers engage in anti-consumption practices. Aim: This study aims to investigate the role of behavioural involvement (psychological factor) and social norm perceptions (social factor) in motivating customers to help other customers engage in anti-consumption practices. Setting: A self-administered survey was sent by a research agency to South African respondents aged 18 and older, who generally advise other customers about suitable anti-consumption practices. Method: A quantitative study was undertaken and respondents were selected using purposive sampling. A total of 476 useable responses were collected. Furthermore, descriptive statistics, reliability testing, and multiple regressions were undertaken to test the study’s hypotheses. Results: Three of the four behavioural involvement factors tested are significant predictors of helping; while two of the social norm factors tested are significant predictors of helping. Marketers’ inappropriate actions impact negatively on their customers’ behaviour, but a more far-reaching consequence is that their customers are willing to help others engage in anti-consumption practices. Conclusion: Behavioural involvement and social norm perceptions motivate customers to help other customers engage in anti-consumption practices. Contribution: The study uncovers the role of socio-psychological factors in motivating customers to help other customers avoid brands that may be harmful towards society.